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E-grāmata: Bitemark Evidence: A Color Atlas and Text, 2nd Edition

Edited by (Director of Forensic Dentistry, Laboratoire de Sciences Judiciaires et de Médecine Légale, Montreal, Quebec, Canada)
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Experts in the field of bitemark evidence confront complexities ranging from the identification and collection of evidence, to microscopic analysis, to legal implications and courtroom admissibility. Now in its second edition, Bitemark Evidence reflects the knowledge, training, experience, opinions, and research of 27 authors from around the world to present an atlas with coverage from a range of disciplines. This comprehensive text details the protocols for photography, collection, preservation, and analysis of bitemarks and examines everything from the history of bitemark evidence, to diagnostic considerations, to expert witnesses and testimony.New in the Second Edition:A historical perspective, beginning with the earliest known bitemark references from the Bible and the Kama Sutra, up to the modern development of forensic organizations around the worldUpdated chapter on digital photographyPractical tips on forensic bitemark photographyProcessing and analysis of digital images for evidentiary purposesThe rationale, use, materials, and methods employed for confocal laser microscopy (CLM) and the scanning electron microscope (SEM)Current issues in bitemark analysis and research, emerging technologies, and recent developmentsCompletely revamped section on research with hundreds of accompanying color photographsExperimental bitemarks and histology, with data on the microscopic examination of bitemarks on fresh and frozen piglet skin and the microscopic examination of human bitemarksUpdated information on genotypic comparison of oral bacteria isolated from bitemarks and teethProper steps in forming a contract with an expert witnessErroneous bitemark opinions and wrongful convictions overturned by DNA evidenceCapturing the contemporary scientific understanding in the field and enhanced with more than 1,300 color photos, this atlas is the definitive guide to one of the most fascinating evidentiary domains in the forensic world.

Recenzijas

"I salute Dr. Dorion and the many top-flight individuals involved in this effort for bringing together an awesome amount of information on an important subject in an organized fashion. The text Bitemark Evidence remains unchallenged in its field." -Gerald L. Vale, DDS, MDS, MPH, JD, D-ABFO, Past President, American Board of Forensic Odontology; Distinguished Fellow, American Academy of Forensic Sciences " ... a necessary guide for anyone involved with this field including odontologists, police investigators, lawyers, and medical examiners. The expanded second edition of Bitemark Evidence is the essential reference for bitemark analysis and comparison." -Dr. Dirk van der Meer, B.Sc., D.M.D., Armstrong, British Columbia, in Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal

Foreword to the Second Edition xi
Foreword to the First Edition xiii
Preface xv
Acknowledgments xix
Contributors xxi
Section I A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
1 History of Bitemark Evidence
3(22)
David R. Senn
Section II BITEMARK RECOGNITION
2 The Role of Health Professionals in Diagnosing Patterned Injuries from Birth to Death
25(8)
John D. McDowell
3 Role of the Medical Examiner, Coroner, and Pathologist
33(10)
Joseph H. Davis
4 The Team Approach in Bitemark Investigation
43(10)
Veronique F. Delattre
Section III DESCRIPTION OF THE BITEMARK
5 The Nature of Bitemarks
53(14)
Mark L. Bernstein
6 Reconstructive Bitemark Analysis
67(6)
Mark L. Bernstein
Section IV COLLECTION OF BITEMARK EVIDENCE A: NONINVASIVE ANALYSES
7 Photography
73(30)
Gregory S. Golden
Franklin D. Wright
8 Practical Tips in Forensic Bitemark Photography
103(8)
Luc Gagnon
9 Image Processing and Analysis for Evidentiary Purposes
111(20)
William R. Oliver
10 Bitemarks as Biological Evidence
131(14)
David Sweet O. C.
11 Bitemark Impressions
145(8)
Robert B. J. Dorion
12 Microscopy Techniques
153(6)
Peter J. Bush
13 Nonperishables and Perishables
159(8)
Robert B. J. Dorion
Section IV COLLECTION OF BITEMARK EVIDENCE B: INVASIVE ANALYSES
14 Tissue Specimens
167(28)
Robert B. J. Dorion
15 Histology and Timing of Injury
195(14)
Joseph H. Davis
Section V BITEMARK VARIABLES AND CASES
16 Animal Bites
209(8)
Richard R. Souviron
17 Carnivore Bitemarks
217(24)
Robert B. J. Dorion
18 Human Bitemarks
241(42)
Robert B. J. Dorion
19 Patterns, Lesions, and Trauma-Mimicking Bitemarks
283(20)
Robert B. J. Dorion
Richard R. Souviron
Section VI RESEARCH
20 Current Context of Bitemark Analysis and Research
303(14)
Mary A. Bush
Peter J. Bush
21 Research, Emerging Technologies, and Recent Developments
317(116)
Robert B. J. Dorion
22 Experimental Bitemarks and Histology
433(20)
Michelle Houde
23 Genotypic Comparison of Bacterial DNA Recovered from Bitemarks and Teeth
453(10)
Geoffrey R. Tompkins
Section VII COLLECTION OF EVIDENCE FROM THE SUSPECT
24 The Suspect
463(6)
L. Thomas Johnson
Section VIII METHODS OF COMPARISON
25 Methods of Comparison
469(24)
Jon Curtis Dailey
Section IX THE REPORTS
26 Bitemark Report
493(6)
Mark L. Bernstein
Section X PREVENTION AND CONTAMINATION
27 Precautionary Measures
499(8)
Paul G. Stimson
Section XI LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS AND THE COURTROOM
28 Science and the Law
507(10)
Richard A. Mincer
Harry H. Mincer
29 Case Law
517(26)
Robert E. Barsley
30 Contracting with the Expert Witness
543(18)
Roger D. Metcalf
31 Courtroom Aids in Bitemark Evidence
561(8)
John P. Kenney
32 Legal Liability of an Expert Witness
569(8)
Haskell M. Pitluck
33 Wrongful Convictions and Erroneous Bitemark Opinions
577(10)
Iain A. Pretty
C. Michael Bowers
Section XII CONTENTIOUS ISSUES
34 Reliability of Bitemark Analysis
587(14)
Iain A. Pretty
35 Resolving Issues in Bitemark Analysis
601(16)
Iain A. Pretty
Section XIII APPENDICES
Appendix 1 ABFO Bitemark Analysis Guidelines---Outline
617(2)
Appendix 2 ABFO Guidelines for Investigative and Final Bitemark Reports
619(2)
Appendix 3 Bitemark Checklist---Bitemark Recipient
621(4)
Appendix 4 Bitemark Checklist---Suspected Biter
625(4)
Appendix 5 Sample Consent Form
629(2)
Appendix 6 Dental Nomenclature
631
Index 633
1 History of Bitemark Evidence
David R. Senn
1.1 Introduction
4(1)
1.2 Early History of Bitemarks
4(6)
1.2.1 From the Beginning through the Middle Ages
4(1)
1.2.1.1 The Garden of Eden
4(1)
1.2.1.2 The Kama Sutra
5(1)
1.2.1.3 The Orkneyinga Saga
5(1)
1.2.1.4 William the Conqueror (William I of England; William II, Duke of Normandy)
5(2)
1.2.2 1600 to 1950
7(1)
1.2.2.1 Mayhem and the Ancient Law of England, Seventeenth Century
7(1)
1.2.2.2 Indentured Servitude, Seventeenth Century
7(1)
1.2.2.3 Salem Witch Trials, 1692
7(1)
1.2.3 Other Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century Cases
7(1)
1.2.3.1 The Coram Street Affair, London, 1872
7(1)
1.2.3.2 The Woods of Chantilly
7(1)
1.2.3.3 The Gangs of New York, Late Nineteenth Century
8(1)
1.2.3.4 Transparent Overlays in Bitemark Analysis, Germany, 1924
8(1)
1.2.3.5 Ohio v. Robinson, Ohio, United States, 1870
8(1)
1.2.4 Additional Cases
9(1)
1.2.4.1 Teeth Marks in Cigar Holders, Russia
9(1)
1.2.4.2 Bitemark in Cheese, Germany, 1905
9(1)
1.2.4.3 Bitemark in Cheese, England, 1906
9(1)
1.2.4.4 The Heath Case, England, 1946
9(1)
1.2.4.5 The Gorringe Case, England, 1948
9(1)
1.2.4.6 Tunbridge Wells, England, 1949
9(1)
1.2.5 Cases in Canada
10(1)
1.2.5.1 Nova Scotia, 1924
10(1)
1.2.5.2 Quebec, 1930
10(1)
1.3 Bitemark Evidence in the Modern Era (1950--2010): Cases Leading to the Acceptance of Bitemark Evidence in Courts of Law
10(8)
1.3.1 Doyle v. State, 1954 (Texas)
10(1)
1.3.2 Wayne Clifford Boden, 1968--1971 (Canada)
10(1)
1.3.3 People v. Johnson, 1972 (Illinois)
11(1)
1.3.4 People v. Marx, 1974 (California)
11(1)
1.3.5 State v. Bundy, 1979, 1980; Bundy v. State, 1984 (Florida)
12(1)
1.3.6 Other Significant Cases
12(1)
1.3.6.1 State v. Milone, 1973 (Illinois)
12(1)
1.3.6.2 Wilhoit v. State, 1991 (Oklahoma)
13(1)
1.3.6.3 People v. Moldowan and Cristini, 1991; People v. Moldowan, 2002; People v. Cristini, 2004 (Michigan)
14(1)
1.3.6.4 State v. Krone, 1992, 1995 (Arizona)
14(1)
1.3.6.5 State v. Brewer, 1995; Brewer v. State, 1998, 1999 (Mississippi)
14(1)
1.3.7 Cases in Modern Europe and the United Kingdom
15(1)
1.3.7.1 Fredrik Fasting Torgersen, Oslo, Norway, 1957
15(1)
1.3.7.2 Gordon Hay, Biggar, Scotland, 1967
16(1)
1.3.8 Cases in Modern Africa
16(1)
1.3.8.1 State v. Shabangu, 1998
16(1)
1.3.8.2 State v. Nxele, 1999
16(1)
1.3.8.3 Vierfontein, Free State, 2002
17(1)
1.3.9 Cases in Modern Australia
17(1)
1.3.9.1 Ipswich, Queensland, 1973
17(1)
1.3.9.2 Darwin, Northern Territory, 1986
17(1)
1.4 Forensic Odontology Organizations
18(1)
1.4.1 International Organization for Forensic Odontostomatology (IOFOS)
18(1)
1.4.2 The Odontology Section of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences (AAFS)
18(1)
1.4.3 The American Society of Forensic Odontology (ASFO)
18(1)
1.4.4 Canadian Society of Forensic Science (CSFS), Odontology Section
18(1)
1.4.5 American Board of Forensic Odontology
18(1)
1.5 History of Bitemark Education in North America
19(1)
1.5.1 Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP)
19(1)
1.5.2 McGill University and the Laboratoire de Sciences Judiciaires et de Medecine Legale (LSJML)
19(1)
1.5.3 University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio Dental School
19(1)
1.5.4 Bureau of Legal Dentistry (BOLD)
20(1)
1.5.5 Other Courses
20(1)
1.6 Challenges to the Legitimacy of Bitemark Evidence
20(1)
1.6.1 Bitemark Evidence Controversies
20(1)
1.6.2 National Academy of Sciences 2009 Report
20(1)
1.7 Perspective on the Relationship between the Past and Future of Bitemark Evidence
21(1)
Acknowledgments
21(1)
References
21(4)
2 The Role of Health Professionals in Diagnosing Patterned Injuries from Birth to Death
John D. McDowell
2.1 Overview of Biting Associated with Domestic Violence
25(1)
2.2 Child Abuse
25(2)
2.3 Intimate Partner Abuse
27(1)
2.4 Bitemarks in Elder Abuse
28(1)
2.5 Conclusion
29(1)
References
30(3)
3 Role of the Medical Examiner, Coroner, and Pathologist
Joseph H. Davis
3.1 Death Investigative Systems
33(1)
3.2 A Complete Medical Examiner System
34(1)
3.3 The Florida Model
34(1)
3.4 Case Investigative Principles
35(1)
3.5 Forensic Odontology Service Unavailable
35(2)
3.6 Forensic Odontology Service Becomes Available
37(1)
3.7 Bitemarks
37(2)
3.8 Consultations
39(1)
3.9 Pattern Variables
39(1)
3.10 Discord among Experts
40(1)
3.11 Summary
40(1)
References
40(3)
4 The Team Approach in Bitemark Investigation
Veronique F. Delattre
4.1 Introduction
43(1)
4.2 Advantages of the Team Approach during Bitemark Investigation
44(1)
4.3 Potential Team Members and Their Roles
44(1)
4.3.1 Forensic Odontologist
44(1)
4.3.2 First Responders
44(1)
4.3.3 Law Enforcement Officials and Crime Scene Investigators
44(1)
4.3.4 Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner
45(1)
4.3.5 Medical Examiner
45(1)
4.3.6 Coroner
45(1)
4.3.7 Forensic Pathologist
45(1)
4.3.8 Forensic Photographer
45(1)
4.3.9 Criminalist
45(1)
4.4 Bitemark Evidence Detection, Description, and Collection
45(2)
4.4.1 Initial Forensic Dental Evaluation
45(2)
4.4.2 Trace Evidence Detection and Collection
47(1)
4.4.3 Forensic Dental Evidence Collection
47(1)
4.5 Developing a Teamwork Protocol for Bitemark Investigation
47(1)
4.5.1 Initial Phase
47(1)
4.5.2 Protocol Development Phase
47(1)
4.5.3 Testing Phase
48(1)
4.5.4 Updates and Revisions
48(1)
4.6 Sample Team Protocol for Collecting Patterned Injury Evidence
48(1)
4.6.1 At the Crime Scene
48(1)
4.6.2 At the Morgue
48(1)
4.7 Teamwork in Smaller Jurisdictions
48(1)
4.8 Conclusion
48(1)
References
48(5)
5 The Nature of Bitemarks
Mark L. Bernstein
5.1 Definition
53(1)
5.2 Spelling
53(1)
5.3 Evidentiary Value
54(1)
5.4 Demographics
54(1)
5.5 Pathology of the Cutaneous Bitemark
55(1)
5.6 Anatomy of the Typical Cutaneous Human Bitemark
55(1)
5.7 Class Characteristics of the Human Cutaneous Bitemark
55(2)
5.8 Variations of Bitemark Patterns
57(5)
5.8.1 Central Contusion
57(1)
5.8.2 Linear Abrasions and Contusions
57(1)
5.8.3 Lingual Markings
58(1)
5.8.4 Tongue Thrusting
58(1)
5.8.5 Acute Inflammatory Reaction
58(1)
5.8.6 Uninterrupted Arches
58(1)
5.8.7 Tooth Indentations
58(1)
5.8.8 Double Bite
59(1)
5.8.9 Multiple and Superimposed Bites
59(1)
5.8.10 Weave Patterns
60(1)
5.8.11 Excessive Ecchymosis and Abrasion
60(1)
5.8.12 Partial Bitemarks
60(1)
5.8.13 Indistinct or Faded Bitemarks
61(1)
5.8.14 Avulsive Bites
61(1)
5.8.15 Healed Bitemarks
61(1)
5.8.16 Postmortem Bitemarks
62(1)
5.9 Individual Characteristics of the Human Bitemark
62(1)
5.10 Dog Bites
62(2)
5.11 Bitemarks in Other Substrates
64(1)
References
64(3)
6 Reconstructive Bitemark Analysis
Mark L. Bernstein
6.1 Organizational Construction for Initial Analysis
67(1)
6.2 Quality of the Bitemark
67(1)
6.3 Profiling the Biter
68(1)
6.4 Maintaining Perspective
69(1)
6.5 Summary
70(1)
References
70(4)
7 Photography
Gregory S. Golden
Franklin D. Wright
7.1 Introduction
74(1)
7.2 Electromagnetic Spectrum: What It Means to Forensic Photography
74(3)
7.2.1 Reflection
75(1)
7.2.2 Absorption
75(2)
7.2.3 Fluorescence
77(1)
7.2.4 Diffusion
77(1)
7.2.5 Summary
77(1)
7.3 Conventional (Visible Light) Photography
77(1)
7.4 Digital Photographic Systems
77(3)
7.4.1 Professional, Pro-sumer, and Consumer Cameras
78(1)
7.4.2 Lenses
79(1)
7.4.3 Flash Accessories
80(1)
7.4.4 Digital Video Cameras
80(1)
7.5 Forensic Photographic Protocol
80(1)
7.5.1 Photographic Scales
81(1)
7.6 Visible Spectrum Imaging
81(1)
7.6.1 Visible Imaging Technique
82(1)
7.7 Digital Image Acquisition
82(5)
7.7.1 Image Capture Sensors
83(1)
7.7.2 Pixels and Color
83(1)
7.7.3 Aspect Ratio
84(1)
7.7.4 Resolution and Compression
84(1)
7.7.5 ISO Equivalence
85(1)
7.7.6 Lens Magnification
85(1)
7.7.7 Storage Devices
86(1)
7.7.8 Saving Digital Images
86(1)
7.7.9 Digital Scanners
87(1)
7.8 Considerations for Digital Photography in Order of Importance
87(7)
7.8.1 Alternate Light Imaging
89(2)
7.8.2 Digital ALI Technique for Bitemark Photography
91(3)
7.9 Nonvisible Light Photography: Infrared Technique
94(2)
7.9.1 Armamentarium for Digital Infrared Photography
95(1)
7.9.2 Infrared Photography Technique
95(1)
7.9.3 Focus Shift
96(1)
7.10 Reflective Ultraviolet Digital Photography
96(2)
7.10.1 Ultraviolet Digital Photography Armamentarium
97(1)
7.10.2 Digital Ultraviolet Protocol
98(1)
7.11 Application of Photographic Techniques Other Than for Bitemarks
98(4)
References
102(1)
8 Practical Tips in Forensic Bitemark Photography
Luc Gagnon
8.1 Introduction
103(1)
8.2 Infrared Photography
103(1)
8.3 Ultraviolet Photography
104(3)
8.4 Alternate Light Imaging Photography
107(3)
8.5 Summary
110(1)
Reference
110(1)
9 Image Processing and Analysis for Evidentiary Purposes
William R. Oliver
9.1 Introduction
111(1)
9.2 Image Processing and Analysis
112(4)
9.2.1 Image Processing
112(1)
9.2.1.1 Definitions
112(1)
9.2.1.2 Image Enhancement and Restoration
112(1)
9.2.1.3 Substantive versus Demonstrative Image Processing
113(2)
9.2.2 Image Analysis
115(1)
9.2.3 Literature Review
116(1)
9.3 Standards
116(1)
9.4 The Digital Work Flow Pipeline
117(6)
9.4.1 Images as Evidence
117(1)
9.4.2 Image Acquisition and Archival
117(1)
9.4.2.1 Storage Format
117(2)
9.4.2.2 Primary, Original, and Working Images
119(1)
9.4.2.3 Image Integrity and Archival
120(1)
9.4.2.4 Format and Media Obsolescence
120(1)
9.4.2.5 Image Authenticity
121(1)
9.4.2.6 Image Retention
121(1)
9.4.3 Image Enhancement Documentation
121(2)
9.4.4 Report Preparation
123(1)
9.5 Software Resources
123(4)
9.5.1 Applicability
124(1)
9.5.2 Single Application or Enterprise Solution
124(1)
9.5.3 Validation and Algorithm Description
124(1)
9.5.4 Graphical Interface and Ease of Use
124(1)
9.5.5 Programming Requirements
125(1)
9.5.6 Metaphor
125(1)
9.5.7 Data Representation
125(1)
9.5.8 Audit Trails
125(1)
9.5.9 Third-Party Support
126(1)
9.5.10 Open Source versus Proprietary
126(1)
References
127(4)
10 Bitemarks as Biological Evidence
David Sweet O. C.
10.1 Introduction
131(1)
10.2 Saliva
132(2)
10.2.1 Unstimulated Salivary Flow
132(1)
10.2.2 Stimulated Salivary Flow
133(1)
10.2.3 Saliva Physiology
133(1)
10.3 Cellular Content of Saliva
134(1)
10.3.1 DNA Evidence from Saliva
134(1)
10.3.2 Locating Saliva Evidence
134(1)
10.3.3 Stability of Saliva
135(1)
10.4 Recovery of Saliva
135(1)
10.4.1 The Double-Swab Technique
136(1)
10.4.1.1 Supplies
136(1)
10.4.1.2 Method
136(1)
10.4.1.3 DNA Sample from the Bitemark Recipient
136(1)
10.4.1.4 Storage and Transportation
136(1)
10.5 DNA Analysis
136(1)
10.5.1 Polymerase Chain Reaction
137(1)
10.5.2 Postmortem Stability of DNA
137(1)
10.6 Summary
137(1)
10.7 Case Examples
137(4)
10.7.1 Salivary DNA from a Submerged Body
137(1)
10.7.2 Victim Bites Kidnapper through Clothing
138(1)
10.7.3 Saliva from Bites Corroborates Conclusions from Physical Comparison
138(1)
10.7.4 DNA from a Bitemark in Cheddar Cheese
139(2)
10.7.5 Salivary DNA from a Slice of Pizza
141(1)
Acknowledgments
141(1)
References
142(3)
11 Bitemark Impressions
Robert B. J. Dorion
11.1 Introduction
145(1)
11.2 Materials
145(1)
11.3 Hair Removal
146(1)
11.4 Impression Techniques
146(4)
11.5 Storage
150(1)
References
151(2)
12 Microscopy Techniques
Peter J. Bush
12.1 Microscopy Introduction
153(1)
12.2 Stereomicroscopy
153(1)
12.3 Replication Technique
153(2)
12.4 Confocal Laser Microscopy
155(1)
12.5 Scanning Electron Microscope
155(1)
12.6 Skin Surface Details Revealed by SEM
156(2)
References
158(1)
13 Nonperishables and Perishables
Robert B. J. Dorion
13.1 Bitemarks on Nonperishables
159(1)
13.2 Factors Affecting Bitemarks in Perishables
160(2)
13.3 Preservation, Storage, and Transportation of Perishables
162(1)
13.4 Conclusion
163(1)
References
163(4)
14 Tissue Specimens
Robert B. J. Dorion
14.1 Introduction
167(1)
14.2 Skin Wetness
167(1)
14.3 Skin Dehydration
168(1)
14.4 Bitemark Removal
168(10)
14.4.1 Ring Techniques and Adhesion
170(7)
14.4.2 Tissue Excision
177(1)
14.5 Tissue Fixation
178(2)
14.6 Tissue Storage
180(1)
14.7 Transportation
180(1)
14.8 Transillumination
180(2)
14.9 The Microscope
182(3)
14.10 Histology
185(1)
14.11 Postfixation and Storage
186(7)
References
193(2)
15 Histology and Timing of Injury
Joseph H. Davis
15.1 Did a Bite Occur and, If So, When?
195(1)
15.2 Timing of Bruises; Textbook Discordance
195(1)
15.3 Components of a Bitemark: Gross Appearance
195(1)
15.4 Abrasion
196(1)
15.5 Contusion/Bruise
196(1)
15.6 Laceration
197(1)
15.7 Aging of a Bruise
197(1)
15.8 Histopathology
197(2)
15.8.1 Bruise
197(1)
15.8.2 Abrasion
198(1)
15.8.3 Literature Reviews
198(1)
15.9 Histochemical/Biochemical: Literature Reviews
199(1)
15.10 Literature Reviews: Critique
199(1)
15.11 Aging of Bitemarks
199(1)
15.12 The Value of Microscopic Study
199(1)
15.13 The Report
200(1)
15.14 Frequency of Bitemarks
200(1)
15.15 Acute Bitemark Histopathology Is Unique
200(3)
15.15.1 Artifacts
203(1)
15.15.2 Interpretation
203(1)
15.16 Healing Bitemark
203(2)
15.17 Summary
205(1)
References
205(4)
16 Animal Bites
Richard R. Souviron
16.1 General Consideration
209(1)
16.2 Aquatic Animal Bites
209(2)
16.2.1 Nonfatal Aquatic Animal Bites
209(1)
16.2.2 Fatal Aquatic Animal Bites
209(2)
16.3 Carnivores
211(4)
16.3.1 Nonfatal Animal Bites
211(1)
16.3.2 Fatal Animal Bites
212(3)
16.4 Animal Bite Protocol
215(1)
16.5 Animal Bite Victim Evidence
215(1)
16.6 Postmortem Animal Bites
216(1)
References
216(1)
17 Carnivore Bitemarks
Robert B. J. Dorion
17.1 Introduction
217(1)
17.2 The Carnivore
217(11)
17.2.1 The Mountain Lion
218(1)
17.2.2 The Bear
218(1)
17.2.3 The Canine
218(5)
17.2.4 Nonfatal Canine Attack
223(1)
17.2.5 Fatal Canine Attack
224(2)
17.2.6 Deathbed Bitemarks
226(2)
17.3 Forensic Nightmare: Misdiagnosis
228(12)
17.3.1 Pattern Distribution on the Arm
230(1)
17.3.2 Wound Patterning on the Neck
230(1)
17.3.3 Direction of Wound Patterning on the Neck
230(2)
17.3.4 Bitemarks on the Back
232(1)
17.3.5 Clothing
232(1)
17.3.6 The Humerus
233(1)
17.3.7 The Mandible
233(1)
17.3.8 The Skull and Cervical Vertebra: Holes and Bitemarks
233(2)
17.3.9 "Blood Wiping" on the Skull
235(1)
17.3.10 Impressions and X-rays
235(1)
17.3.11 The Avulsed Scalp
235(1)
17.3.12 Size of Defect on the Skull versus Avulsed Scalp
236(1)
17.3.13 Size and Location of Perforations on the Scalp
237(1)
17.3.14 Tissue Vitality and Transillumination
237(1)
17.3.15 Failures of the First Autopsy
238(1)
17.3.16 Failures of the First Autopsy Report
239(1)
17.3.17 Forensic Lessons to Be Learned
239(1)
References
240(1)
18 Human Bitemarks
Robert B. J. Dorion
18.1 Introduction
241(1)
18.2 Factors Affecting Bitemark Dynamics
242(1)
18.3 Alive Recipient of the Bitemark
243(4)
18.3.1 Child
244(1)
18.3.2 Adult
245(1)
18.3.3 Specialized Hospital Centers
246(1)
18.4 Recipient of the Bitemark in the Twilight Zone
247(1)
18.5 Deceased Recipient of the Bitemark
247(1)
18.6 Bitemark Distortions
248(1)
18.7 Hair
248(1)
18.8 Orifices
249(2)
18.9 Amputation/Avulsion
251(2)
18.10 Foreign Objects
253(1)
18.11 Dentition
253(6)
18.12 Immobile Tissue
259(1)
18.13 Bite Overlap
259(1)
18.14 Pigmentation
260(1)
18.15 Photographic Perspectives
261(2)
18.16 Healing and Old Bitemarks
263(1)
18.17 Antemortem Bitemarks
264(2)
18.18 Postmortem Trauma
266(2)
18.19 Clothing
268(1)
18.20 Tissue Preservation
269(1)
18.21 Self-inflicted Bitemarks
269(1)
18.22 Multiple Bitemarks
270(1)
18.23 Muscle
271(1)
18.24 Digits
272(1)
18.25 DNA
272(1)
18.26 New Evidence
272(1)
18.27 Blunt Trauma Injury
273(1)
18.28 In the Presence of Other Trauma
273(1)
18.29 Single Arch Bite
273(1)
18.30 Circumferential versus Linear Distance
274(1)
18.31 Erectile Tissue
275(1)
18.32 External Pressure Bitemark
275(1)
18.33 Positional Changes
275(1)
18.34 Opposite Sides
276(1)
18.35 One-Sided Bite
276(5)
References
281(2)
19 Patterns, Lesions, and Trauma-Mimicking Bitemarks
Robert B. J. Dorion
Richard R. Souviron
19.1 General Consideration
283(1)
19.2 Healing Lesions
283(1)
19.3 Healed Lesions
284(1)
19.4 Patterned Injuries on the Deceased
284(14)
19.4.1 Passive Compression
288(6)
19.4.2 Medical Conditions, Treatment, Autopsy Trauma, and Other Objects
294(2)
19.4.3 Unspecified Marks and Lesions
296(2)
19.5 Summary
298(1)
References
299(4)
20 Current Context of Bitemark Analysis and Research
Mary A. Bush
Peter J. Bush
20.1 NAS Report Overview
303(3)
20.1.1 Forensic Odontology
304(1)
20.1.1.1 Victim Identification
304(1)
20.1.1.2 Bitemark Analysis
304(2)
20.2 Uniqueness of the Dentition
306(3)
20.2.1 Resolution
306(1)
20.2.2 Anthropological Perspective
307(1)
20.2.3 Representation of the Dentition
307(2)
20.3 Skin, Distortion, and Detail Transfer
309(6)
20.3.1 Viscoelasticity
309(1)
20.3.2 Nonlinearity
310(1)
20.3.3 Anisotropy
310(1)
20.3.4 Trends in Bitemarks
311(1)
20.3.5 Laceration
311(1)
20.3.6 Profiling a Biter
312(1)
20.3.7 Correcting for Distortion
312(1)
20.3.8 Postural Distortion
313(1)
20.3.9 Tissue Rebound
313(1)
20.3.10 Implications
313(2)
References
315(3)
21 Research, Emerging Technologies, and Recent Developments
Robert B. J. Dorion
21.1 History from 1970
318(2)
21.2 Bitemark Cases in Quebec
320(1)
21.3 ABFO Bitemark Workshops
320(3)
21.4 Dorion, Bitemark, 2000
323(1)
21.4.1 Scoring and Results
323(1)
21.4.2 Comments on the Selection of Preorthodontic Models
323(1)
21.4.3 Comments on the Selection of Postorthodontic Models
324(1)
21.5 Georget, 2003
324(1)
21.6 NIJ and Tom's Toolbox, 2006
324(2)
21.7 Avon, 2007
326(1)
21.8 The NAS Report, 2009
327(1)
21.8.1 AAFS Position Statement, 2009
327(1)
21.8.2 ABFO Response and Guidelines, 2010
328(1)
21.9 SUNY, 2006--
328(1)
21.10 McGill University, 2004--
328(13)
21.10.1 Extracellular Fluid Expulsion
328(1)
21.10.2 Clothing
328(2)
21.10.3 Hair Presence and Removal
330(1)
21.10.4 Bite Slippage
331(1)
21.10.5 Overlapping/Superimposed Bites
331(1)
21.10.6 Disproportionate Dimensional Distortion
331(1)
21.10.7 Bitemark Profiling
332(1)
21.10.8 Lingual Markings
333(2)
21.10.9 Disappearing Teeth
335(1)
21.10.10 Bitemark in the Presence of Other Trauma
335(1)
21.10.11 Autopsy Artifacts
335(1)
21.10.12 Ears and Cartilage
335(1)
21.10.13 Nipples
336(1)
21.10.14 Complementary Information
336(1)
21.10.15 Bitemarks Containing Fewer Than 12 Teeth
336(1)
21.10.16 Bitemark Orientation
336(1)
21.10.17 One-Sided Bite
337(1)
21.10.18 Muscle Perforation: Three Dimensional
337(1)
21.10.19 Contusion within a Bitemark
337(2)
21.10.20 Antemortem versus Postmortem Bitemarks
339(1)
21.10.21 Lividity
339(1)
21.10.22 Freezing
340(1)
21.11 Bitemark Comparison
341(5)
21.12 Summary
346(82)
References
428(5)
22 Experimental Bitemarks and Histology
Michelle Houde
22.1 Introduction
433(1)
22.2 Normal Porcine Skin Histology
433(3)
22.2.1 The Epidermis
433(1)
22.2.2 The Dermis
434(1)
22.2.3 The Hypodermis
435(1)
22.3 Microscopic Examination of Bitemarks on the Fresh Piglet
436(4)
22.3.1 The Architecture of a Bitemark
436(1)
22.3.2 Histologic Lesions
437(1)
22.3.3 Lividity
437(1)
22.3.4 Age and Vitality
438(2)
22.4 Microscopic Examination of Bitemarks on Frozen Pigskin
440(2)
22.4.1 Piglet No. 8
440(1)
22.4.2 Freezing Artifacts
440(1)
22.4.3 Principal Observations
441(1)
22.5 Microscopic Examination of Human Bites
442(4)
22.5.1 Bitemark on a Young Adult
442(1)
22.5.2 Bitemark on a Young Child
443(3)
22.6 Conclusion
446(5)
Acknowledgments
451(1)
References
452(1)
23 Genotypic Comparison of Bacterial DNA Recovered from Bitemarks and Teeth
Geoffrey R. Tompkins
23.1 Introduction
453(1)
23.2 Oral Microbiology
454(1)
23.3 Pioneering Work
454(1)
23.4 Recovery of Oral Streptococci from Bitemarks
455(1)
23.5 Genotypic Identification of Oral Streptococci
455(4)
23.6 Current and Future Research
459(1)
23.7 Conclusions
459(1)
Acknowledgments
459(1)
References
459(4)
24 The Suspect
L. Thomas Johnson
24.1 Court Order/Informed Consent
463(1)
24.2 Dental History
463(1)
24.3 Standard/Digital Photography
463(2)
24.4 Extraoral Examination
465(1)
24.5 Intraoral Examination
465(1)
24.6 Impressions
465(1)
24.7 Study Casts
465(1)
References
466(3)
25 Methods of Comparison
Jon Curtis Dailey
25.1 Introduction
469(1)
25.2 Test Bites
470(3)
25.2.1 Static Test Bites
470(1)
25.2.2 Wax
470(1)
25.2.3 Styrofoam
470(1)
25.2.4 Dental Impression Materials
471(1)
25.2.5 Identical Substances
472(1)
25.2.6 Animal Skin
472(1)
25.2.7 Human Cadaver Skin
472(1)
25.2.8 Dynamic Test Bites on a Volunteer
472(1)
25.3 Direct Comparison
473(1)
25.3.1 Suspect Biter and the Excised Tissue
473(1)
25.3.2 Suspect Biter and the Bitemark Impression
473(1)
25.4 Dental Nomenclature
473(1)
25.5 Inverting Cast (Flip Horizontal) for Comparison
474(1)
25.6 Overlays
475(5)
25.6.1 Simple Overlays
475(1)
25.6.2 Computer-Generated Overlays
476(4)
25.7 Metric Analysis
480(1)
25.8 Digital Analysis
481(1)
25.9 Other Comparison Techniques
481(3)
25.9.1 Pattern Analysis in Three Dimensions
481(2)
25.9.2 Videotape
483(1)
25.9.3 Ink Immersion Technique
483(1)
25.9.4 The Dental Line-Up
483(1)
25.9.5 Other Methods of Computer-Aided Visualization
484(1)
25.10 Pattern Recognition Ability
484(2)
25.11 Conclusion
486(1)
References
487(6)
26 Bitemark Report
Mark L. Bernstein
26.1 Goal of the Forensic Report
493(1)
26.2 Objectives of the Forensic Report
493(1)
26.3 Basic Qualities of the Forensic Report
493(1)
26.4 Bitemark Report
494(1)
26.4.1 Preparation
494(1)
26.4.2 Contents of a Bitemark Report
495(1)
26.5 Data about the Victim
495(1)
26.5.1 Demographics/History
495(1)
26.5.2 Collection of Evidence
495(1)
26.5.3 Analysis of Evidence
495(1)
26.6 Data about the Suspect
495(1)
26.6.1 Demographics/History
495(1)
26.6.2 Collection of Evidence
495(1)
26.7 Comparison
495(1)
26.8 Conclusion
496(1)
26.9 Disposition of Evidence
496(1)
26.10 Investigator Information
496(1)
26.11 Perspective
496(1)
26.12 Security
496(1)
References
496(3)
27 Precautionary Measures
Paul G. Stimson
27.1 Introduction
499(1)
27.2 Personnel
499(1)
27.3 In the Living
500(1)
27.4 At Autopsy
500(1)
27.5 Instruments and Equipment
501(1)
27.6 Impressions and Casts
501(2)
References
503(4)
28 Science and the Law
Richard A. Mincer
Harry H. Mincer
28.1 Introduction
507(1)
28.2 Why Do Almost Half of All Experts Get It Wrong?
507(1)
28.3 The Legal System
508(2)
28.3.1 Purpose: A Search for the Truth versus the Administration of Justice
508(1)
28.3.2 Justice versus Truth
508(1)
28.3.3 The Adversarial System
509(1)
28.3.4 Evidentiary Restrictions
510(1)
28.4 Science: Good versus Junk and Everything in Between
510(1)
28.4.1 The Scientific Method
510(1)
28.4.2 The Importance of Testing
510(1)
28.4.3 The Importance of Objectivity
510(1)
28.5 Interplay and Tension between Science and Advocacy
511(2)
28.5.1 Different Rules for Different Roles
511(1)
28.5.2 Choosing Sides
512(1)
28.5.3 The Court-Appointed Expert: A Solution to All the Problems?
512(1)
28.5.4 What Do Lawyers and Their Clients Really Want---"Hired Guns" or "Straight Shooters"?
513(1)
28.6 Effective Presentation versus Factual Advocacy
513(1)
28.7 How to Approach Serving as an Expert Witness in a Bitemark Case
514(1)
References
515(2)
29 Case Law
Robert E. Barsley
29.1 Introduction
517(2)
29.2 Foundation
519(3)
29.3 Qualification of the Expert
522(1)
29.4 Forensic Dentistry and "Degree of Certainty"
523(2)
29.5 Battling Experts
525(4)
29.6 Qualifying to Testify, Particularly the First Time, for an Expert
529(3)
29.7 Admission versus Weight of the Expert's Testimony and Opinion
532(1)
29.8 Beyond Linkage
533(1)
29.9 Linkage to Objects Other Than Teeth
534(2)
29.10 Even Further beyond Linkage
536(1)
29.11 Expert for the Prosecution but Not the Defense
537(1)
29.12 Testing the Expert
538(1)
29.13 Conclusions
539(1)
References
539(4)
30 Contracting with the Expert Witness
Roger D. Metcalf
30.1 Forming a Valid Contract
543(1)
30.2 Oral versus Written Contracts
544(1)
30.3 The Offer
545(1)
30.4 The Acceptance
546(2)
30.5 Consideration
548(1)
30.6 Defenses to a Valid Contract
548(3)
30.7 Remedies for Breach
551(5)
30.8 Typical Parts of a Contract
556(2)
30.9 Sample Contract
558(1)
Consultant Agreement
559(1)
References
560(1)
31 Courtroom Aids in Bitemark Evidence
John P. Kenney
31.1 Introduction
561(1)
31.2 The Problem
561(1)
31.3 The Expert Witness
561(1)
31.4 The Material
562(1)
31.5 Courtroom Aids
562(5)
31.6 Conclusion
567(1)
References
567(2)
32 Legal Liability of an Expert Witness
Haskell M. Pitluck
32.1 Reasoning behind Absolute Immunity
569(1)
32.2 Changing Concepts Regarding Absolute Immunity
569(2)
32.3 Expert Witness Immunity Specific to Dentists
571(2)
32.4 What Does This Mean for the Expert?
573(2)
References
575(2)
33 Wrongful Convictions and Erroneous Bitemark Opinions
Iain A. Pretty
C. Michael Bowers
33.1 Wrongful Convictions and the Nature of Innocence
577(1)
33.2 The Anatomy of a Wrongful Conviction
577(1)
33.3 Bitemarks and Wrongful Convictions
578(1)
33.4 The Innocence Project/Network
579(3)
33.4.1 Erroneous Bitemark Opinions Overturned by DNA Evidence
579(1)
33.4.1.1 Willie Jackson
580(1)
33.4.1.2 Ray Krone
580(1)
33.4.1.3 Calvin Washington
580(1)
33.4.1.4 James O'Donnell
580(1)
33.4.1.5 Dan Young, Jr., and Harold Hill
580(1)
33.4.1.6 Kennedy Brewer
581(1)
33.4.1.7 Levon Brooks
581(1)
33.4.1.8 Robert Lee Stinson
581(1)
33.4.1.9 Roy Brown
581(1)
33.4.1.10 William Richards
582(1)
33.5 Conclusion
582(1)
References
582(5)
34 Reliability of Bitemark Analysis
Iain A. Pretty
34.1 Introduction
587(1)
34.2 What Is Reliability? Statistical Definitions
588(3)
34.2.1 Reliability
588(1)
34.2.2 Validity
588(1)
34.2.3 Accuracy
588(1)
34.2.4 Sensitivity and Specificity
588(2)
34.2.5 Receiver Operator Characteristics
590(1)
34.2.6 Area under the Curve
591(1)
34.2.7 Positive and Negative Predictive Values
591(1)
34.3 Reliability, Daubert, and the Law Courts: The New Gatekeepers of Forensic Science?
591(1)
34.4 The Research
592(4)
34.4.1 Whittaker, 1975
592(1)
34.4.2 Pretty and Sweet, 2001
593(1)
34.4.3 The ABFO Bitemark Workshop, Arheart and Pretty, 2001
594(2)
34.4.4 Dorion and Roberts, 2001
596(1)
34.4.5 Pretty and Bowers, 2009
596(1)
34.5 Statistics and Bitemarks
596(1)
34.6 Summary
597(1)
References
598(3)
35 Resolving Issues in Bitemark Analysis
Iain A. Pretty
35.1 Introduction
601(1)
35.2 The Evidence
601(1)
35.3 Human Skin as a Bite Registration Material
601(5)
35.4 Methods of Analysis
606(2)
35.4.1 Physical Comparisons
606(1)
35.4.2 Molecular Biological Techniques
607(1)
35.5 Bitemarks as Exculpatory Evidence, Levels of Conclusion
608(1)
35.6 Uniqueness of the Human Dentition
608(4)
35.7 Conclusion
612(1)
References
612
Director of Forensic Dentistry, Laboratoire de Sciences Judiciaires et de Medecine Legale, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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