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Brain, Emotion, and Depression [Hardback]

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(Oxford Centre for Computational Neuroscience, UK)
  • Formāts: Hardback, 336 pages, height x width x depth: 246x175x22 mm, weight: 746 g
  • Izdošanas datums: 12-Jul-2018
  • Izdevniecība: Oxford University Press
  • ISBN-10: 0198832249
  • ISBN-13: 9780198832249
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Brain, Emotion, and DepressionPalielināt
  • Formāts: Hardback, 336 pages, height x width x depth: 246x175x22 mm, weight: 746 g
  • Izdošanas datums: 12-Jul-2018
  • Izdevniecība: Oxford University Press
  • ISBN-10: 0198832249
  • ISBN-13: 9780198832249
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9780198832249.html
Keywords:
There are myriad questions that emerge when one considers emotions and decision-making: What produces emotions? Why do we have emotions? How do we have emotions? Why do emotional states feel like something? What is the relationship between emotion, reward value, and subjective feelings of pleasure? How is the value of 'good' represented in the brain? Will neuroeconomics replace classical microeconomics? How does the brain implement decision-making? Are gene-defined rewards and emotions in the interests of the genes? Does rational multistep planning enable us to go beyond selfish genes to plans in the interests of the individual?

The Brain, Emotion, and Depression addresses these issues, providing a unified approach to emotion, reward value, economic value, decision-making, and their brain mechanisms. The evolutionary, adaptive value of the processes involved in emotion, the neural networks involved in emotion and decision making, and the issue of conscious emotional feelings are all considered.

The book will be valuable for those in the fields of neuroscience, neurology, psychology, psychiatry, biology, animal behaviour, economics, and philosophy from the advanced undergraduate level upwards, and for all interested in emotion and decision-making.
1 Introduction: the issues 1(11)
1.1 Introduction
1(2)
1.2 Rewards and punishers
3(2)
1.3 The approaches taken to emotion and motivation
5(6)
1.3.1 The causes of emotion
5(2)
1.3.2 The importance of understanding the primate, including human, brain
7(2)
1.3.3 Functional neuroimaging in humans, neuronal encoding, and understanding the brain computationally
9(2)
1.4 Emotion, motivation, and depression: the plan of the book
11(1)
2 The nature of emotion 12(21)
2.1 Introduction
12(1)
2.2 A theory of emotion
12(2)
2.3 Different emotions
14(8)
2.4 Other theories of emotion
22(3)
2.4.1 The James-Lange and other bodily theories
22(1)
2.4.2 Appraisal theory
23(1)
2.4.3 Dimensional and categorical theories of emotion
24(1)
2.4.4 Other approaches to emotion
24(1)
2.5 Individual differences in emotion, personality, and emotional intelligence
25(2)
2.6 Cognition and emotion
27(2)
2.7 Emotion, motivation, reward, and mood
29(1)
2.8 Advantages of the approach to emotion described here (Rolls' theory of emotion)
30(3)
3 The functions of emotion: reward, punishment, and emotion in brain design 33(17)
3.1 Introduction
33(1)
3.2 Brain design and the functions of emotion
33(6)
3.2.1 Taxes, rewards, and punishers: gene-specified goals for actions, and the flexibility of actions
33(4)
3.2.2 Explicit systems, language, and reinforcement
37(1)
3.2.3 Special-purpose design by an external agent vs evolution by natural selection
38(1)
3.3 Selection of behaviour: cost-benefit 'analysis' of net value
39(1)
3.4 Further functions of emotion
40(6)
3.4.1 Autonomic and endocrine responses
40(1)
3.4.2 Flexibility of behavioural actions
41(1)
3.4.3 Emotional states are motivating
41(2)
3.4.4 Communication
43(1)
3.4.5 Social attachment
43(1)
3.4.6 Separate functions for each different primary reinforcer
44(1)
3.4.7 The mood state can influence the cognitive evaluation of moods or memories
44(1)
3.4.8 Facilitation of memory storage
45(1)
3.4.9 Emotional and mood states are persistent, and help to produce persistent motivation
45(1)
3.4.10 Emotions may trigger memory recall and influence cognitive processing
45(1)
3.5 The functions of emotion in an evolutionary, Darwinian, context
46(2)
3.6 The functions of motivation in an evolutionary, Darwinian, context
48(1)
3.7 Are all goals for action gene-specified?
49(1)
4 The brain mechanisms underlying emotion 50(73)
4.1 Introduction
50(1)
4.2 Overview of brain systems involved in emotion
50(5)
4.3 Representations of primary reinforcers, i.e. of unlearned value
55(4)
4.3.1 Taste
55(1)
4.3.2 Smell
55(1)
4.3.3 Pleasant and painful touch
56(2)
4.3.4 Visual stimuli
58(1)
4.4 Learning associations between stimuli and primary reinforcers: emotion-related learning
59(7)
4.4.1 Emotion-related learning about visual stimuli in the orbitofrontal cortex
59(3)
4.4.2 The visual inputs from the temporal lobe cortex to the orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala for emotion-related learning
62(4)
4.5 The orbitofrontal cortex and emotion
66(29)
4.5.1 Historical background
66(1)
4.5.2 Connections of the orbitofrontal cortex
67(2)
4.5.3 Neurophysiology and functional neuroimaging of the orbitofrontal cortex
69(20)
4.5.4 The human orbitofrontal cortex
89(3)
4.5.5 A neurophysiological and computational basis for stimulus-reinforcer association learning and reversal in the orbitofrontal cortex
92(3)
4.6 The amygdala and emotion
95(10)
4.6.1 Overview of the functions of the amygdala in emotion
95(1)
4.6.2 The amygdala and the associative processes involved in emotion-related learning
96(1)
4.6.3 Connections of the amygdala
96(2)
4.6.4 Effects of amygdala lesions
98(2)
4.6.5 Neuronal activity in the primate amygdala to reinforcing stimuli
100(2)
4.6.6 Responses of primate amygdala neurons to novel stimuli that are reinforcing
102(1)
4.6.7 Neuronal responses in the amygdala to faces
103(1)
4.6.8 Evidence from humans
103(2)
4.7 The cingulate cortex and emotion
105(7)
4.7.1 Introduction and overview of the anterior cingulate cortex
105(2)
4.7.2 Anterior cingulate cortex anatomy and connections
107(1)
4.7.3 Anterior cingulate cortex functional neuroimaging and neuronal activity
108(2)
4.7.4 Anterior cingulate cortex lesion effects
110(1)
4.7.5 Mid-cingulate cortex, the cingulate motor area, and action-outcome learning
111(1)
4.8 Insula
112(4)
4.9 Effects of emotion on cognitive processing and memory
116(2)
4.10 Summary of brain systems involved in emotion
118(5)
5 Food reward value, pleasure, appetite, hunger, and over-eating 123(24)
5.1 Overview
123(1)
5.2 The control signals for hunger and satiety
124(5)
5.2.1 Reward vs satiety signals
124(1)
5.2.2 Sensory-specific satiety
124(5)
5.2.3 Conditioned appetite and satiety
129(1)
5.3 The brain control of eating and reward
129(11)
5.3.1 Brain mechanisms for taste reward value
129(6)
5.3.2 Convergence between taste and olfactory processing to represent flavour
135(1)
5.3.3 Brain mechanisms for the reward produced by the odour of food
136(1)
5.3.4 The responses of orbitofrontal cortex taste and olfactory neurons to the sight of food: expected value neurons
137(1)
5.3.5 Functions of the amygdala in feeding
137(1)
5.3.6 Functions of the orbitofrontal cortex in eating
138(1)
5.3.7 Output pathways for feeding
139(1)
5.4 Obesity and the reward value of food
140(7)
5.4.1 Genetic factors
141(1)
5.4.2 Brain processing of the sensory properties and pleasantness of food
141(2)
5.4.3 Food palatability
143(1)
5.4.4 Sensory-specific satiety
143(1)
5.4.5 Fixed meal times, and the availability of food
143(1)
5.4.6 Food saliency, and portion size
143(1)
5.4.7 Energy density of food
144(1)
5.4.8 Eating rate
144(1)
5.4.9 Stress
144(1)
5.4.10 Food craving
144(1)
5.4.11 Energy output
144(1)
5.4.12 Cognitive factors, and attention
145(1)
5.4.13 Weight gain in women at midlife
145(1)
5.4.14 Compliance with information about risk factors for obesity
146(1)
6 Pharmacology of emotion, reward, and addiction; the basal ganglia 147(12)
6.1 Overview of the pharmacology of emotion
147(1)
6.2 Dopamine systems in the brain
147(5)
6.2.1 Dopamine pharmacology
148(1)
6.2.2 Dopamine pathways
148(1)
6.2.3 Self-administration of dopaminergic substances, and addiction
149(1)
6.2.4 Behaviours associated with the release of dopamine
150(1)
6.2.5 Dopamine neurons and reward prediction error
151(1)
6.3 The basal ganglia
152(4)
6.3.1 Overview of the basal ganglia
152(1)
6.3.2 Systems-level architecture of the basal ganglia
153(1)
6.3.3 Neuronal activity in the striatum
154(2)
6.4 Opiate reward systems, analgesia, and food reward
156(1)
6.5 Pharmacology of anxiety in relation to brain systems involved in emotion
156(1)
6.6 Cannabinoids
157(2)
7 Sexual behaviour, reward, and brain function 159(29)
7.1 Introduction
159(1)
7.2 Mate selection, attractiveness, and love
160(7)
7.2.1 Female preferences
161(2)
7.2.2 Male preferences
163(3)
7.2.3 Pair-bonding, and love
166(1)
7.3 Parental attachment, care, and parent-offspring conflict
167(2)
7.4 Sperm competition and its consequences for sexual behaviour
169(4)
7.5 Female cryptic choice and its consequences for sexual behaviour
173(1)
7.6 Concealed ovulation and concealed estrus and their consequences for sexual behaviour
174(2)
7.7 Sexual selection of sexual and non-sexual behaviour
176(5)
7.7.1 Sexual selection and natural selection
176(3)
7.7.2 Non-sexual characteristics may be sexually selected for courtship
179(2)
7.8 Neural basis of sexual behaviour
181(6)
7.8.1 Olfactory rewards and pheromones
181(2)
7.8.2 Preoptic area and hypothalamus
183(2)
7.8.3 Orbitofrontal cortex and related areas
185(2)
7.9 Conclusion
187(1)
8 Decision-making and attractor networks 188(13)
8.1 Overview of decision-making
188(1)
8.2 Decision-making in an attractor network
189(7)
8.2.1 An attractor decision-making network
189(2)
8.2.2 The operation of a model of decision-making
191(3)
8.2.3 Using the model to locate reward-related decision-making attractor networks in the brain
194(2)
8.3 Implications and applications of this approach to decision-making
196(5)
8.3.1 Multiple decision-making systems in the brain
196(1)
8.3.2 Distributed decision-making
196(1)
8.3.3 Predicting a decision before the evidence is provided
196(1)
8.3.4 The matching law
197(1)
8.3.5 Symmetry-breaking
197(1)
8.3.6 The evolutionary utility of probabilistic choice
198(1)
8.3.7 Unpredictable behaviour
198(1)
8.3.8 Memory recall
199(1)
8.3.9 Creative thought
199(1)
8.3.10 Decision-making between the emotional and rational systems
200(1)
8.3.11 Dynamical neuropsychiatry: schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and memory changes in normal aging
200(1)
9 Depression 201(38)
9.1 Introduction
201(6)
9.1.1 The economic and social cost of depression
201(1)
9.1.2 The triggers and causes of depression: non-reward systems
201(4)
9.1.3 Brain systems that underlie depression
205(2)
9.2 A non-reward attractor theory of depression
207(1)
9.3 Evidence consistent with the non-reward attractor theory of depression
208(3)
9.4 Advances in understanding the functions of the orbitofrontal cortex and other brain systems in depression
211(17)
9.4.1 Overview
211(3)
9.4.2 Orbitofrontal cortex
214(2)
9.4.3 Anterior cingulate cortex
216(3)
9.4.4 Posterior cingulate cortex
219(1)
9.4.5 Amygdala
220(3)
9.4.6 Precuneus
223(2)
9.4.7 Effective connectivity in depression
225(1)
9.4.8 Depression and poor sleep quality
226(2)
9.5 Possible subtypes of depression
228(1)
9.6 Implications for treatments
229(4)
9.6.1 Brain-based treatments
229(1)
9.6.2 Behavioural treatments and cognitive therapy
230(3)
9.7 Pharmacological treatments for depression
233(2)
9.7.1 Serotonin (5HT)
233(2)
9.7.2 Ketamine
235(1)
9.8 Mania and bipolar disorder
235(4)
9.8.1 Mania, increased responsiveness to reward, and decreased responsiveness to non-reward
236(1)
9.8.2 Attractor networks, mania, increased responsiveness to reward, and decreased responsiveness to non-reward
237(1)
9.8.3 Other aspects of bipolar disorder
238(1)
10 Rational vs emotional routes to action, and consciousness 239(17)
10.1 Multiple routes to action; reasoning vs emotion
239(6)
10.1.1 Some of the different routes to action produced by emotion-related stimuli
239(1)
10.1.2 Examples of some complex behaviours that may be performed implicitly
239(1)
10.1.3 A reasoning, rational, route to action
240(2)
10.1.4 The Selfish Gene vs The Selfish Phenotype
242(1)
10.1.5 Decision-making between the implicit and explicit systems
243(2)
10.2 A higher order syntactic thought theory of consciousness
245(4)
10.2.1 Rolls' higher order syntactic thought (HOST) theory of consciousness
245(3)
10.2.2 Adaptive value of processing in the system that is related to consciousness
248(1)
10.3 Comparison with other theories of consciousness
249(7)
10.3.1 Higher-order thought theories
249(2)
10.3.2 Oscillations and temporal binding
251(1)
10.3.3 A high neural threshold for information to reach consciousness
252(1)
10.3.4 James-Lange theory and Damasio's somatic marker hypothesis about feelings
253(1)
10.3.5 LeDoux's approach to emotion and consciousness
253(1)
10.3.6 Global workspace theories of consciousness
253(1)
10.3.7 Monitoring and consciousness
254(2)
11 Conclusions, and broader issues 256(18)
11.1 Conclusions
256(8)
11.2 Selection of actions by explicit rational thought
264(1)
11.3 Emotion and ethics
264(5)
11.4 Emotion and aesthetics
269(2)
11.5 Close
271(3)
A Glossary 274(4)
A.1 General
274(1)
A.2 Learning theory terms
275(3)
References 278(33)
Index 311
Professor Edmund T. Rolls performs full-time research at the Oxford Centre for Computational Neuroscience, and at the University of Warwick, and has performed research and teaching for many years as Professor of Experimental Psychology at the University of Oxford, and as Fellow and Tutor of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. His research links neurophysiological and computational neuroscience approaches to human functional neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies in order to provide a fundamental basis for understanding human brain function and its disorders.