Contributors |
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xi | |
Preface |
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xv | |
Acknowledgments |
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xvii | |
I Introduction |
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Introduction to Cartography of the Brain |
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Introduction to Cartography |
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3 | (3) |
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The Dimensions of a Brain Map |
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6 | (5) |
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The Full Scope of Brain Mapping |
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11 | (3) |
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Relationships to Other Biological Maps |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (2) |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (3) |
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Brain Maps: Content and Format |
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21 | (4) |
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25 | (8) |
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26 | (7) |
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33 | (1) |
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Critical Variables in Brain Mapping Techniques |
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34 | (2) |
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The Concept of Resolution |
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36 | (4) |
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40 | (3) |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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44 | (5) |
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45 | (4) |
II Surface-Based Data Acquisition |
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Optical Imaging of Neural Structure and Physiology: Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy in Live Brain Slices |
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49 | (2) |
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Live Brain Slice Preparation and Culture |
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51 | (1) |
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Labeling Neuronal and Glial Cells in Brain Tissue Slices |
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52 | (5) |
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57 | (4) |
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Application: Mapping Neural Structure and Physiology in Developing Brain Slices |
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61 | (10) |
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Conclusions and Future Prospects |
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71 | (6) |
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73 | (4) |
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Voltage and Calcium Imaging of Brain Activity: Examples from the Turtle and the Mouse |
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Why (and Why Not) Voltage and Calcium Imaging |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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78 | (3) |
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Amplitude of the Voltage or Calcium Change |
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81 | (1) |
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Noise in the Optical Measurements |
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81 | (2) |
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83 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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Comparison of Local Field Potential and Voltage-Sensitive Dye Recording |
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85 | (1) |
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Voltage-Sensitive Dye Recording in the Turtle Olfactory Bulb |
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85 | (4) |
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Calcium Dye Recording in the Mouse Olfactory Bulb |
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89 | (4) |
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Intrinsic Imaging and Fluorescence Signals from In Vivo Mammalian Brain |
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93 | (1) |
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Summary and Future Directions |
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93 | (4) |
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94 | (3) |
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Optical Imaging Based on Intrinsic Signals |
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97 | (1) |
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Sources of Intrinsic Signals and Wavelength Dependency |
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98 | (5) |
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Preparation of an Animal for Optical Imaging |
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103 | (4) |
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107 | (5) |
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112 | (2) |
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Data Analysis for Mapping Functional Architecture |
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114 | (7) |
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121 | (2) |
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Optical Imaging of the Human Neocortex |
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123 | (2) |
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Combining Optical Imaging with Other Techniques |
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125 | (5) |
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130 | (5) |
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Comparison of Intrinsic Optical Imaging with Other Imaging Techniques |
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135 | (1) |
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136 | (5) |
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137 | (4) |
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Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Imaging |
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141 | (1) |
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Optical Window for Noninvasive Studies |
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142 | (1) |
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Other Optical Parameters Relevant for Near-Infrared Studies |
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143 | (1) |
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Technical Approaches for Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Imaging |
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143 | (1) |
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Physiological Parameters of NIRS Measurements |
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144 | (5) |
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Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Imaging: Applications |
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149 | (2) |
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Practical Aspects of NIRS Measurements |
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151 | (4) |
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Problems and Perspectives |
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155 | (4) |
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156 | (3) |
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Dynamic Measurements of Local Cerebral Blood Flow: Examples From Rodent Whisker Barrel Cortex |
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Why Measure Local Cerebral Blood Flow? |
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159 | (1) |
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Function and Structural Contexts |
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160 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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162 | (1) |
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163 | (1) |
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163 | (1) |
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Localization of Activity Changes |
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164 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
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167 | (2) |
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Localization of Flow Changes |
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169 | (1) |
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Conclusions and Prospects |
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169 | (6) |
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170 | (5) |
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Electrophysiological Imaging of Brain Function |
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175 | (1) |
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The Electroencephalogram and Averaged Event-Related Potentials |
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176 | (3) |
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Improving the Spatial Resolution of the Electroencephalogram |
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179 | (4) |
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Analysis of Functional Networks |
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183 | (2) |
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The EEG as a Monitoring (vs Imaging) Modality |
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185 | (1) |
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186 | (4) |
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186 | (4) |
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Electrophysiological Methods for Mapping Brain Motor and Sensory Circuits |
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Introduction and Historical Perspective |
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190 | (1) |
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Structural versus Functional Brain Maps |
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191 | (1) |
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Strengths of Electrophysiological Mapping Methods Compared to Other Brain Mapping Methods |
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191 | (1) |
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Contrasts between Sensory Versus Motor System Mapping |
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192 | (2) |
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Output Measures for Mapping Motor System Organization |
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194 | (1) |
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Electrical Stimulation and Other Input Measures for Mapping Motor System Organization |
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195 | (2) |
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Mapping Motor Output with Transcranial Stimulation of Cortex |
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197 | (8) |
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Mapping Motor Output with Electrical Stimulation of the Cortical Surface |
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205 | (4) |
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Mapping Motor Output with Intracortical Microstimulation (ICMS) |
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209 | (2) |
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Mapping Motor Output with High-density Microelectrode Arrays |
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211 | (2) |
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Mapping Motor Output with Spike-Triggered Averaging of EMG Activity from Single Neurons |
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213 | (3) |
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Mapping Motor Output with Stimulus-Triggered Averaging of EMG Activity (Single-Pulse ICMS) |
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216 | (3) |
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Comparison of Results from Spike-Triggered Averaging, Stimulus-Triggered Averaging, and Repetitive ICMS |
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219 | (2) |
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Mapping the Output Terminations of Single Neurons Electrophysiologically |
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221 | (1) |
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The Future of Electrophysiological Mapping |
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222 | (5) |
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223 | (4) |
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Magnetoencephalographic Characterization of Dynamic Brain Activation: Basic Principles and Methods of Data Collection and Source Analysis |
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227 | (1) |
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Generation of Neuromagnetic Fields |
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228 | (5) |
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Instrumentation and Data Acquisition |
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233 | (5) |
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238 | (6) |
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244 | (4) |
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Conclusions and Future Directions |
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248 | (7) |
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250 | (5) |
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Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation |
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255 | (1) |
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Basic Principles of Magnetic Brain Stimulation |
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256 | (7) |
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TMS in Clinical Neurophysiology |
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263 | (7) |
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TMS in Cognitive Neuroscience |
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270 | (9) |
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279 | (12) |
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285 | (6) |
III Tomographic-Based Data Acquisition |
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High-Field Magnetic Resonance |
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291 | (1) |
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292 | (1) |
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293 | (13) |
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Spectroscopy at High Magnetic Fields |
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306 | (9) |
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311 | (4) |
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315 | (1) |
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316 | (4) |
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320 | (2) |
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322 | (8) |
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330 | (6) |
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336 | (7) |
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Structure-Function Integration |
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343 | (1) |
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344 | (7) |
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344 | (7) |
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Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging |
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351 | (1) |
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Basics of in Vivo MR Spectroscopy |
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352 | (5) |
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MRSI Data Acquiition Methods |
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357 | (4) |
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361 | (5) |
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366 | (5) |
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371 | (2) |
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373 | (1) |
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373 | (6) |
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374 | (5) |
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Principles, Methods, and Applications of Diffusion Tensor Imaging |
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Diffusion Measurement by NMR |
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379 | (5) |
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384 | (4) |
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Data Visualization and Analysis of DTI |
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388 | (3) |
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391 | (4) |
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395 | (4) |
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395 | (4) |
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Neuroanatomical Micromagnetic Resonance Imaging |
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399 | (1) |
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Magnetic Resonance Basics |
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400 | (3) |
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging Basics |
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403 | (2) |
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405 | (1) |
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Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) and Contrast-to-Noise Ratio (CNR) |
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406 | (1) |
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T1- and T2-Induced Contrasts |
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407 | (2) |
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Diffusion-Weighted, Perfusion, and Water Displacement Imaging |
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409 | (2) |
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411 | (2) |
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Micromagnetic Resonance Imaging of the Nervous System |
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413 | (6) |
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419 | (8) |
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421 | (6) |
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CT Angiography and CT Perfusion Imaging |
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427 | (4) |
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431 | (25) |
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Scanning Protocols: Acquisition, Postprocessing, Analysis, and Interpretation |
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456 | (6) |
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462 | (14) |
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476 | (9) |
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478 | (7) |
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Imaging Brain Function with Positron Emission Tomography |
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485 | (1) |
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Basic Overview and Principles of PET |
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486 | (1) |
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Preparation of Positron-Labeled Compounds |
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487 | (2) |
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489 | (5) |
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PET Data Correction and Image Reconstruction |
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494 | (4) |
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498 | (3) |
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Task-Specific Mapping of the Human Brain |
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501 | (3) |
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Mapping Brain Function in Development and Disease |
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504 | (2) |
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High-Resolution PET Studies in Animal Models |
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506 | (2) |
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508 | (5) |
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508 | (5) |
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SPECT Functional Brain Imaging |
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513 | (1) |
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514 | (6) |
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520 | (5) |
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Factors That Affect Image Appearance |
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525 | (3) |
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Intercomparison of Neuroimaging Techniques for the Quantification of rCBF |
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528 | (4) |
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532 | (1) |
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533 | (4) |
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533 | (4) |
IV Postmortem |
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537 | (1) |
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The Representation of Anatomy |
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538 | (1) |
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539 | (2) |
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Preservation of Anatomical Information |
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541 | (2) |
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Preparing the Specimen for Cutting |
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543 | (1) |
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544 | (2) |
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546 | (7) |
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553 | (4) |
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557 | (1) |
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558 | (4) |
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562 | (11) |
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564 | (9) |
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Quantitative Analysis of Cyto- and Receptor Architecture of the Human Brain |
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Nicola Palomero-Gallagher |
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573 | (2) |
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Principles of Cytoarchitectonic Analysis |
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575 | (4) |
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Observer-Independent Mapping of the Human Cerebral Cortex |
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579 | (8) |
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Quantitative Autoradiography of Different Receptor Binding Sites |
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587 | (11) |
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Perspectives of Architectonic Mapping |
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598 | (7) |
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599 | (6) |
V Analysis |
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Statistics I: Experimental Design and Statistical Parametric Mapping |
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605 | (1) |
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Functional Specialization and Integration |
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606 | (1) |
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Spatial Realignment and Normalization |
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607 | (3) |
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Statistical Parametric Mapping |
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610 | (6) |
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616 | (2) |
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618 | (6) |
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Inferences about subjects and Populations |
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624 | (2) |
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626 | (7) |
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630 | (3) |
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Statistics II: Correlation of Brain Structure and Function |
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633 | (2) |
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Intrasubject Multimodal Integration |
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635 | (5) |
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Clinical Examples of Intrasubject Multimodal Registration |
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640 | (9) |
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Intersubject Multimodal Integration |
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649 | (8) |
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657 | (4) |
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657 | (4) |
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Advanced Nonrigid Registration Algorithms for Image Fusion |
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661 | (1) |
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Intermodality and Multicontrast Images |
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662 | (6) |
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Image Fusion during Neurosurgery with a Biomechanical Model of Brain Deformation |
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668 | (6) |
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Physics-Based Regularization with an Empirical Model of Anatomical Variability |
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674 | (3) |
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Registration of Diffusion Tensor Images |
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677 | (6) |
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The Monge-Kantorovich Problem and Image Registration |
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683 | (8) |
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687 | (4) |
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Combination of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Brain Mapping |
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691 | (1) |
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Neurophysiological Underpinnings of the Signal |
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691 | (2) |
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Combination of TMS and Brain Mapping |
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693 | (9) |
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702 | (5) |
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703 | (4) |
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707 | (2) |
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709 | (2) |
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711 | (1) |
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Direct Volume Visualization |
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712 | (5) |
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Visualization of Transformed Data |
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717 | (1) |
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717 | (1) |
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Intelligent Visualization |
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718 | (2) |
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720 | (1) |
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720 | (7) |
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721 | (6) |
VI Databases and Atlases |
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The International Consortium for Brain Mapping: A Probabilistic Atlas and Reference System for the Human Brain |
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727 | (1) |
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Motivation for Developing a Probabilistic Human Brain Atlas |
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728 | (1) |
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729 | (12) |
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741 | (8) |
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749 | (1) |
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Limitations and Deliverables |
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749 | (1) |
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750 | (7) |
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751 | (6) |
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Subpopulation Brain Atlases |
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Population-Based Brain Imaging |
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757 | (2) |
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759 | (2) |
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761 | (5) |
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Population Maps of the Cortex |
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766 | (7) |
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773 | (2) |
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Atlas Statistics: Probabilistic Atlases |
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775 | (4) |
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Applications to Development and Disease |
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779 | (1) |
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780 | (4) |
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784 | (2) |
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786 | (2) |
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788 | (11) |
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788 | (11) |
VII Emerging Concepts |
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Radionuclide Imaging of Reporter Gene Expression |
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Gobalakrishnan Sundaresan |
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Overview of Molecular Imaging |
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799 | (1) |
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Instrumentation for Molecular Imaging |
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800 | (1) |
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800 | (1) |
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Adapting the Reporter Gene Concept for Radionuclide Imaging |
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801 | (5) |
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Application of in Vivo Reporter Gene Imaging to Monitor Gene Therapy Regimens |
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806 | (3) |
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Indirect Imaging of Endogenous Gene Expression through Coupling Endogenous Promoters with Reporter Genes |
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809 | (3) |
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Antisense Reporter Probes for Imaging Endogenous Gene Expression in Vivo |
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812 | (1) |
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Nonradionuclide Approaches to Reporter Gene Imaging |
|
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812 | (1) |
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Specific Issues for Neuroscience Applications |
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813 | (1) |
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Human Gene Therapy of Brain Tumors and Imaging Studies |
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813 | (2) |
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815 | (4) |
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815 | (4) |
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Mapping Gene Expression by MRI |
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819 | (1) |
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819 | (2) |
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Biochemically Activated MR Contrast Agents |
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821 | (2) |
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Targeted MR Contrast Agents |
|
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823 | (2) |
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Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Gene Expression |
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825 | (2) |
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827 | (4) |
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|
827 | (4) |
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Speculations about the Future |
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831 | (1) |
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Previous Predictions and Their Outcomes |
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831 | (9) |
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840 | (13) |
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853 | (6) |
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|
853 | (6) |
Index |
|
859 | |