This volume of International Review of Neurobiology integrates the latest developments in normal and abnormal neuroplasticity and epilepsy, and considers their implications for understanding the basic mechanisms of normal and pathological behaviors. The chapters are written by leaders in the field, and provide comprehensive coverage of the subject, from molecular neurobiology to behavior. This book will help neuroscientists gain a better understanding of the application of fundamental neuronal mechanisms of plastic change to problems relevant to the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of human disease, particularly epilepsy.
Contributors xv Preface xix Acknowledgments xxi Mechanisms of Brain Plasticity: From Normal Brain Function to Pathology Philip A. Schwartzkroin Introduction 1(3) Relationships between Neuropathology and Plasticity 4(6) Summary 10(7) References 10(7) Brain Development and Generation of Brain Pathologies Gregory L. Holmes Bridget McCabe Introduction 17(1) Timing of Brain Development and Pathology 17(5) Activity-Dependent Alterations in Brain Development and Function 22(12) Summary 34(9) References 35(8) Maturation of Channels and Receptors: Consequences for Excitability David F. Owens Arnold R. Kriegstein Introduction 43(1) Neocortical Development 44(2) Neocortical Organization 46(3) Channels and Receptors 49(18) Synapse Maturation 67(2) Epilepsy 69(3) Concluding Remarks 72(17) References 73(16) Neuronal Activity and the Establishment of Normal and Epileptic Circuits during Brain Development John W. Swann Karen L. Smith Chong L. Lee Introduction 89(1) The Formation of Synaptic Connections 90(2) Activity-Dependent Remodeling of Connectivity: Underlying Mechanisms 92(3) Age-Dependent Changes in Seizure Susceptibility 95(1) The Ontogeny of Recurrent Excitation 96(1) Developmental Remodeling of CA3 Recurrent Excitatory Collaterals 97(3) Activity and the Formation of Epileptic Circuits 100(2) Hippocampal Local Circuit: Abnormalities Expressed in Vitro 102(2) Anatomical Abnormalities of CA3c Hippocampal Pyramidal Cells 104(3) Dendritic Spine loss: Hypothetical Mechanisms 107(6) Summary and Conclusions 113(6) References 114(5) The Effects of Seizures on the Hippocampus of the Immature Brain Ellen F. Sperber Solomon L. Moshe Introduction 119(3) Identification of the Research Questions 122(1) Do Provoked Seizures Lead to Hippocampal Injury in the Normal Animal 123(6) Do Provoked Seizures Lead to Hippocampal Injury in the Neurologically Impaired Animal? 129(3) Can Recurrent Convulsions Accentuate Hippocampal Injury? 132(1) Summary and Future Direction 133(8) References 135(6) Abnormal Development and Catastrophic Epilepsies: The Clinical Picture and Relation to Neuroimaging Harry T. Chugani Diane C. Chugani Introduction 141(1) Cerebral Dysgenesis 142(8) Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome 150(1) Neurocutaneous Syndromes 151(3) Conclusion 154(5) References 155(4) Cortical Reorganization and Seizure Generation in Dysplastic Cortex G. Avanzini R. Spreafico S. Franceschetti G. Sancini G. Battaglia V. Scaioli Introduction 159(1) Circuitry Rearrangement in Human Dysplastic Tissue 160(2) Reorganization of Sensory Representation in Cerebral Dysgeneses 162(3) Aberrant Connectivity of Heterotopic Neurons in Rats Treated Prenatally with Methylazoxymethanol 165(4) Conclusions 169(4) References 171(2) Rasmussens Syndrome with Particular Reference to Cerebral Plasticity: A Tribute to Frank Morrell Frederick Andermann Yvonne Hart Introduction 173(3) Pathological Studies 176(1) Double Pathology in Rasmussens Syndrome 177(1) Bilateral Hemispheric Involvement in Rasmussens Syndrome 178(1) Early-Onset Bilateral and Familial Rasmussens Syndrome 179(1) Rasmussens Syndrome Developing in Adults or Adolescents 179(1) Etiology of Rasmussens Syndrome 180(3) Diagnosis and Investigation 183(14) Clinical Course 197(1) Treatment 197(12) References 204(5) Structural Reorganization of Hippocampal Networks Caused by Seizure Activity Daniel H. Lowenstein Introduction 209(1) The Effects of Seizures on Neuronal Survival 210(7) The Effects of Seizures on Axonal Architecture 217(5) The Effects of Seizures on New Cell Birth 222(6) Conclusions 228(9) References 228(9) Epilepsy-Associated Plasticity in γ-Aminobutyric Acid Receptor Expression, Function, and Inhibitory Synaptic Properties Douglas A. Coulter Introduction 237(3) Acute GABA Inhibitory Alterations during Status Epilepticus 240(1) Chronic GABA Inhibitory Alterations in Epileptic Hippocampus 241(6) Latent Period GABA Inhibitory Alterations in Hippocampus prior to the Onset of Spontaneous Seizures 247(1) Summary 248(5) References 249(4) Synaptic Plasticity and Secondary Epileptogenesis Timothy J. Teyler Steven L. Morgan Rebecca N. Russell Brian L. Woodside Introduction 253(1) Synaptic Plasticity 254(1) Forms of Long-Term Potentiation 254(4) Role of Neurotrophins in Long-Term Potentiation and Epilepsy 258(2) Functional Significance of Two Forms of Long-Term Potentiation 260(1) Secondary Epileptogenesis 261(2) Possible Role of vdccLTP in Secondary Epileptogenesis 263(6) References 265(4) Synaptic Plasticity in Epileptogenesis: Cellular Mechanisms Underlying Long-Lasting Synaptic Modifications That Require New Gene Expression Oswald Steward Christopher S. Wallace Paul F. Worley Introduction 269(2) Long-Term Potentiation: A Paradigm for Elucidating the Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Activity-Induced Epilepsy 271(3) Constraints on the Cellular Mechanisms Underlying Synaptic Modifications That Require Protein Synthesis 274(2) Synapse-Specific Gene Expression 276(2) Regulation of mRNA Translation at Synapses 278(3) Synaptic Regulation of mRNA Trafficking Dendrites 281(7) Lesson from the Study of Arc: A Cellular Basis for Protein Synthesis-Dependent Synaptic Modification 288(1) Activity-Induced Gene Expression: A Potential Target for Novel Therapeutic Interventions to Block Epileptogenesis 289(4) References 291(2) Cellular Correlates of Behavior Emma R. Wood Paul A. Dudchenko Howard Eichenbaum Introduction 293(1) Hippocampal Activity Reflects Spatial Regularities When Behavior Is Randomized 294(1) Hippocampal Cell Activity Is Influenced by Behavioral Regularities Occurring in a Given Location 295(2) Place Cells Can Fire in Multiple Locations in, the Same Environment 297(5) Can These Data Be Accounted for by the Traditional Spatial Hypothesis? 302(2) An Alternative Interpretation 304(2) One Test of the Regularity versus Spatial Mapping Accounts of Hippocampal Cell Coding 306(3) Summary and Closing Thoughts 309(4) References 309(4) Mechanisms of Neuronal Conditioning David A. T. King David J. Krupa Michael R. Foy Richard F. Thompson Introduction 313(4) Cerebellar Cortical Lesions 317(1) The Locus of the Long Term Memory Trace in Eyeblink Conditioning 318(3) Cerebellar Purkinje Cell Activity 321(2) Purkinje Cell Complex-Spike Responses 323(2) Purkinje Cell Simple-Spike Responses 325(8) Conclusion 333(6) References 333(6) Plasticity in the Aging Central Nervous System C. A. Barnes Introduction 339(1) Induction of Long-Term Potentiation at the Schaffer Collateral-CA1 Synapse during Aging 340(1) Induction of Long-Term Potentiation at the Perforant Path-Granule Cell Synapse during Aging 341(1) Are There Really No Long-Term Potentiation Induction Deficits during Aging? 341(3) Are There Long-Term Potentiation Maintenance Deficits during Aging? 344(1) Correlations between Spatial Behavior and Hippocampal Plasticity 344(2) Pharmacological Modification of Long-Term Potentiation Persistence and Spatial Memory during Aging 346(1) Ensemble Recording Methods Used to Assess Behavior and Plasticity Mechanisms during Aging 346(3) Conclusion 349(6) References 350(5) Secondary Epileptogenesis, Kindling, and Intractable Epilepsy: A Reappraisal from the Perspective of Neural Plasticity Thomas P. Sutula Introduction 355(1) The Mirror Focus and Secondary Epileptogenesis 356(1) Does ``Secondary Epileptogenesis Occur in People? 357(1) Kindling: A Phenomenon of Neural Plasticity Producing Epileptogenesis 358(1) Potential Significance of the Mirror Focus, Secondary Epileptogenesis, and kindling for Human Epilepsy 359(1) Intractable Temporal Lobe Epilepsy and Hippocampal Sclerosis 359(2) Kindling as Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy 361(1) Cellular and Functional Alterations Observed in Intractable Human Temporal Lobe Epilepsy are Induced by Kindling 362(12) Progressive Hippocampal Atrophy in Intractable Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Is Associated with Recurring Seizures 374(1) Seizure-Induced Circuit Plasticity and Kindling: Phenomena of Human Epileptogenesis? 375(1) Molecular Genetics of Activity-Induced and Seizure-Induced Plasticity: Implications for the Variability and Epidemiology of Epilepsy 376(1) Kindling: Seizure-Induced Circuit Plasticity That. Promotes Intractable Epilepsy? 377(10) References 379(8) Kindling and the Mirror Focus Dan C. McIntyre Michael O. Poulter Introduction 387(1) Technical/Procedural Considerations 388(5) Discharge Features and Site of Stimulation 393(4) Ontogenetic Behavioral Measures 397(4) Molecular/Genetic Factors 401(8) References 404(5) Partial Kindling and Behavioral Pathologies Robert E. Adamec Introduction 409(2) Studies Involving Cats 411(14) Effects of Amygdala Kindling and Low-Frequency Stimulation on Rodent Defensive Response 425(5) Conclusions 430(5) References 431(4) The Mirror Focus and Secondary Epileptogenesis B. J. Wilder Introduction 435(2) Comparative Studies of Cortical and Subcortical Secondary Epileptogenesis 437(4) Summary and Comments 441(6) References 444(3) Hippocampal Lesions in Epilepsy: A Historical Review Robert Naquet Introduction 447(1) From the 19th Century to the End of the 1950s 448(4) From the 1970s to the Present 452(6) Conclusions: From Animal Data to Febrile Convulsions, Hippocampal Lesions, and ``Temporal Lobe Epilepsy in Humans 458(11) References 460(9) Clinical Evidence for Secondary Epileptogenesis Hans O. Luders Introduction 469(1) Definitions 469(1) Stages of Secondary Epileptogenesis 470(1) Acute Secondary Epileptogenesis in Humans 471(2) Chronic Secondary Epileptogenesis in Humans 473(4) Conclusions 477(4) References 479(2) Epilepsy as a Progressive (or Nonprogressive ``Benign) Disorder John A. Wada Introduction 481(6) Phylogenesis and Substrate of Kindling Landmarks 487(2) Primary Site Amygdaloid Kindling 489(4) Distant Effect of Primary Site Kindling: Secondary Site Amygdaloid Kindling 493(2) Durability of Kindled Susceptibility 495(1) Discussion 496(9) References 500(5) Pathophysiological Aspects of Landau--Kleffner Syndrome: From the Active Epileptic Phase to Recovery Marie-Noelle Metz-Lutz Pierre Maquet Anne De Saint Martin Gabrielle Rudolf Norma Wioland Edouard Hirsch Christian Marescaux Introduction 505(2) Clinical and Pathophysiological Aspects of the Active Epileptic Period 507(8) Neuropsychological and Neurophysiological Features after Recovery of Epilepsy 515(5) Discussion 520(4) Conclusion 524(3) References 525(2) Local Pathways of Seizure Propagation in Neocortex Barry W. Connors David J. Pinto Albert E. Telfeian Introduction 527(1) Axonal Arbors of the Neocortex 528(3) Physiology of Local Neocortical Synapses 531(1) Seizure Initiation and the Minimal Epileptogenic Volume 532(2) Seizure Propagation: Characteristics 534(3) Seizure Propagation: Pathways 537(4) Conclusions 541(6) References 542(5) Multiple Subpial Transection: A Clinical Assessment C. E. Polkey Introduction 547(2) Experimental Basis of Multiple Subpial Transection 549(2) Indications for Multiple Subpial Transection 551(3) Technique 554(3) Outcome 557(9) Discussion 566(1) Conclusion 567(4) References 567(4) The Legacy of Frank Morrell Jerome Engel, Jr. Introduction 571(5) Brain Plasticity and Mechanisms of Learning 576(2) Brain Plasticity and Experimental Epilepsy 578(3) Secondary Epileptogenesis 581(3) Clinical Studies 584(3) The Legacy of Frank Morrell 587(4) References 587(4) Index 591
Professor Peter Jenner is a specialist in preclinical aspects of neurodegenerative diseases, notably Parkinsons disease. He has spent the major part of his career at Kings College London where he was Head of Pharmacology for 14 years before returning to his research roots and subsequently becoming Emeritus Professor of Pharmacology. Peter has expertise in drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics but neuropharmacology based on functional models of neurodegenerative diseases has formed the major focus of his work. Peter holds a BPharm, PhD and DSc degree from the University of London. He has published well over 1000 articles with more than 700 peer reviewed papers. He is a Fellow of the Royal Pharmaceutical Society, the British Pharmacological Society, the Royal Society of Medicine and of Kings College London. Peter was recently honoured with a Doctor Honoris Causa degree from Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest and made an Honorary Fellow of The British Pharmacological Society for his contribution to research in to movement disorders.
Peter has worked closely with the pharmaceutical industry for many years and acts as an adviser and consultant to both major pharma and biotech companies. He has a wide knowledge of the drug discovery and drug development process and has been involved from molecule synthesis through to drug registration for use in man. Peter was the Founder, Director and Chief Scientific Officer of Proximagen, a biotech focussed on the treatment and cure of neurodegenerative diseases that was listed on AIMs and subsequently purchased by a US based healthcare company. He is a regular speaker at international meetings and also takes time to speak at Parkinsons disease patient-carer groups across the UK. Dr. Moshé is the is the Charles Frost Chair in Neurosurgery and Neurology and Professor of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Pediatrics at Albert Einstein College of Medicine. He is the Director of Child Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology Dr. He has been President of the International League Against Epilepsy, American Epilepsy Society and American Clinical Neurophysiology Society (1996-1997). He is the recipient of several honors and awards, including Teacher-Investigator Development Award; Jacob Javits Neuroscience Investigator Award from NIH; Michael Prize for Achievement in Epilepsy Research; The American Epilepsy Society Research Award; Ambassador for Epilepsy Award from the International League Against Epilepsy; the Gloor Award from the American Clinical Neurophysiology Society; J.E. Purkyne Honorary Medal in Biomedical Research by the Czech Academy of Sciences; the 2008 Mentor of the Year Award from Albert Einstein College of Medicine; The 2010 Global and Awareness Award from Citizens United for Research in Epilepsy; the First Saul R. Korey Award in Translational Science and Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine in 2012; elected Foreign Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences and Fellow of the American Epilepsy Society 2016. Since 1979, his research has focused on understanding the mechanisms underlying age-related differences in epilepsy in humans and in animal models.
