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E-grāmata: Brexit and Agriculture

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  • Formāts: 374 pages
  • Sērija : Legal Perspectives on Brexit
  • Izdošanas datums: 31-Jan-2022
  • Izdevniecība: Routledge
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780429994722
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Brexit and AgriculturePalielināt
  • Formāts: 374 pages
  • Sērija : Legal Perspectives on Brexit
  • Izdošanas datums: 31-Jan-2022
  • Izdevniecība: Routledge
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780429994722
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Acknowledging the challenges and opportunities raised by Brexit for the agrifood supply chain and agricultural policies across the UK, this book provides the first in-depth analysis of agricultural policy developments across the UKs four nations rooted in strong theoretical and practical underpinnings.

Arguing that the four nations could be more ambitious in departing from the Common Agricultural Policy and extending beyond the public money for public goods approach adopted across the UK, it critiques the core attributes of their policies with focuses including the debate over outcome-based schemes, governance mechanisms, impacts on farm diversity and path dependency on the Common Agricultural Policy and English approaches. It promotes a resilient agriculture paradigm and utilises social-ecological services, net zero, agroecology and agri-food democracy as the main pathways to achieve this. In doing so, it scrutinises the evolving contextual, political and legal landscape within which devolved and UK agricultural policies are developing from a multilevel governance perspective, examining the implications of WTO law for the UK and its devolved administrations to determine environmental, food and animal welfare standards under the GATT, the SPS and TBT Agreements and financial support schemes under the Agreement on Agriculture.

The book assesses the significance of the Northern Ireland Protocol, the Trade and Cooperation Agreement with the EU and other free trade agreements for standards across the UK and access to markets. From a domestic perspective, challenges to devolution and the stability of the Union are highlighted. Elements of unilateral recentralisation are visible via financing mechanisms, the UK Internal Market Act and the Agriculture Act.

The books interdisciplinary nature makes it of interest to lawyers, political scientists, economists, human geographers and scientists, as well as policymakers, agricultural communities, civil society organisations and think tanks in the devolved administrations, the UK, the EU and beyond.

Recenzijas

"Food and farming stands out as one of the biggest complications in Brexit and the authors have done a hugely valuable deep dive into farm policy and in identifying the wicked problems and complications for food supply as a nation breaks away from its natural trading block. Complexity is at the heart of natural systems but also characterises the food chains and policies that ensure it reaches consumers safely, sustainably and fairly. That means we need deep analyses such as these to understand the problems including those we had even before Brexit and in how we manage food supply whilst climate, nature and public health challenges loom large. From governance and trade to building resilience and genuinely sustainable agriculture systems for these future challenges, this book covers it all."

Vicki Hird MSc FRES, Head of Sustainable Farming, Sustain: The Alliance for Better Food and Farming.

"Emerging from the EU and the shadow of the CAP, this work offers valuable insights into the development of agricultural policies in each of four parts of the UK addressing their international, environmental and social dimensions. It is a "must-read" for all those interested in the creation of resilient and sustainable bespoke agricultural policies."

Professor Joseph McMahon, UCD Sutherland School of Law, University College Dublin.

"In Brexit and Agriculture, the authors shine a timely light on the task facing UK governments, with the implications for devolution, often left out of debates. They illuminate a pathway to more resilient, fair and sustainable policies, aligned to tackle the urgent crises in climate, nature and health."

Sue Pritchard, Chief Executive, Food Farming and Countryside Commission.

"The authors have provided a most welcome and timely analysis of the legal dimension of post-Brexit agricultural policy across the United Kingdom and, in particular, they reveal admirably how account will need to be taken of both WTO rules and the United Kingdoms constitutional settlement."

Professor Michael Cardwell, School of Law, University of Leeds.

"UK and EU agriculture policy must deliver for the dual nature and climate crisis- an intergenerational challenge like no other. Brexit and Agriculture succeeds in navigating the salient issues as the UK forges ahead with a domestic agriculture policy with one eye on international markets."

John Martin, Head of Policy and Advocacy, RSPB Northern Ireland.

About the Authors xiii
Acknowledgements xiv
Foreword xvi
List of Abbreviations
xviii
Table of Cases
xxi
Table of Legislation
xxv
1 The challenge of Brexit
1(23)
1.1 A 21st-century UK agriculture -- divided, yet united?
4(2)
1.2 EU Membership and coming out of the shadow of the CAP
6(10)
1.2.1 Shadow of the past: an overhaul of the UK support system
8(1)
1.2.2 Shadow of the present: a sustainability turn
9(5)
1.2.3 The four nations and the CAP
14(2)
1.3 Brexit: a new context for developing agricultural policies?
16(5)
1.4 Book focus and structure
21(3)
2 `Taking back control'?: a web of powers and constraints
24(48)
2.1 Allocation of powers and multilevel governance in agriculture
25(2)
2.2 The international level, law-making and free trade agreements
27(3)
2.3 UK/EU relationships and the Northern Ireland Protocol
30(13)
2.3.1 The functioning of the Northern Ireland Protocol
31(1)
2.3.2 The Northern Ireland Protocol and agri-food products
32(1)
2.3.2.1 Non-tariff barriers and tariffs
33(4)
2.3.2.2 The Protocol and the application of EU law
37(3)
2.3.2.3 State aid provisions
40(1)
2.3.2.4 Consequences for Northern Ireland
41(2)
2.4 The WTO Agreements and relevant disciplines
43(18)
2.4.1 WTO -- the fundamentals
44(1)
2.4.2 The intricacies of the Agreement on Agriculture
45(1)
2.4.2.1 The scope and raison d'etre of the Agreement on Agriculture
46(2)
2.4.2.2 Market access and the tariffication process
48(2)
2.4.2.3 Domestic support
50(1)
2.4.2.3.1 The Amber Box (or trade-distorting support)
51(2)
2.4.2.3.2 The Blue Box (production-limiting support)
53(1)
2.4.2.3.3 The Green Box (no or minimal trade-distorting support)
53(5)
2.4.3 Non-tariff barriers in the SPS and TBT Agreements
58(3)
2.5 Devolution and internal relationships/powers
61(9)
2.5.1 Legal limits on legislation?
61(3)
2.5.2 Devolution to centralisation: options and mechanisms?
64(1)
2.5.3 Practical push and pull factors?
65(5)
2.6 Conclusion
70(2)
3 The essence of UK and devolved agricultural policies
72(39)
3.1 Core characteristics of the four UK agricultural policies
73(24)
3.1.1 England: the Agriculture Act 2020 and beyond
73(1)
3.1.1.1 The first prong: public money for public goods
74(4)
3.1.1.2 The second prong: enhanced productivity
78(2)
3.1.1.3 Other key components
80(2)
3.1.2 Wales: sustainable land management
82(5)
3.1.3 Northern Ireland and its Strategy
87(6)
3.1.4 Scotland: stability and simplicity
93(4)
3.2 Initial thoughts on the four policies
97(12)
3.2.1 Comparisons across the four nations
98(5)
3.2.2 Consistency with the requirements of the WTO Agreement on Agriculture
103(5)
3.2.3 Devolution matters and their intricacies
108(1)
3.3 Conclusion
109(2)
4 Tailoring ambitious policies across the UK: striving for resilience in agriculture
111(76)
4.1 Overarching ambition: a resilient agriculture?
112(10)
4.1.1 The concept of resilience and its application to agriculture
114(3)
4.1.2 Operationalising resilience within law and governance structures
117(3)
4.1.3 Resilient ambitions across the UK?
120(2)
4.2 Pathways towards a resilient agriculture
122(19)
4.2.1 Public goods and productivity: new financial support schemes and their economic focus
122(5)
4.2.2 Alternative pathways? Addressing the holistic nature of resilience
127(1)
4.2.2.1 Social-ecological services
128(6)
4.2.2.2 Net zero
134(3)
4.2.2.3 Agroecology
137(2)
4.2.2.4 Agri-food democracy
139(2)
4.3 Continued diversity of farms: tailoring policy design
141(7)
4.3.1 Which farmers?
141(1)
4.3.2 Whichfarms?
142(2)
4.3.3 What consequences for farming?
144(1)
4.3.3.1 The likely disappearance of farms and restructure of the industry
144(2)
4.3.3.2 Generational renewal
146(2)
4.4 Patchy governance (with moments of vision!)
148(27)
4.4.1 Policy design: a role for stakeholders
148(4)
4.4.2 Outcomes versus actions?
152(3)
4.4.3 Farm focus or collaboration at scale?
155(4)
4.4.4 Agricultural land ownership
159(4)
4.4.5 Upholding Baselines
163(1)
4.4.5.1 Incorporation of minimum standards
163(2)
4.4.5.2 Enforcement of baselines
165(3)
4.4.6 Measuring achievements and enforcement
168(1)
4.4.6.1 Targets and corresponding payments
168(3)
4.4.6.2 Monitoring
171(1)
4.4.6.3 Rewarding and enforcing
172(2)
4.4.7 Concluding remarks on patchy governance
174(1)
4.5 Acknowledging interconnectedness
175(10)
4.5.1 Integrated supply chains
175(4)
4.5.2 Path dependency
179(1)
4.5.2.1 The CAP's shadow of the future
180(3)
4.5.2.2 Financing
183(2)
4.6 Conclusion
185(2)
5 Shaping governance: changing contexts for future policies
187(72)
5.1 The UK's altered trading relationships
188(48)
5.1.1 The UK trade policy, its impact on agriculture and the role of the devolved administrations
188(3)
5.1.2 An overhauled relationship with the EU: the TCA and beyond
191(1)
5.1.2.1 The importance of the TCA
192(1)
5.1.2.2 Tariffs and rules of origin requirements
193(2)
5.1.2.3 The incoming tide of non-tariff barriers
195(4)
5.1.2.4 The level playing field provisions: regulatory divergence or a sensitive, dynamic alignment?
199(1)
5.1.2.4.1 Regulatory divergence
199(2)
5.1.2.4.2 Specific provisions relating to agriculture
201(1)
5.1.2.4.3 Resolving disputes
202(1)
5.1.2.4.4 A sensitive, dynamic alignment
203(2)
5.1.2.5 What about the shelf life of the TCA?
205(1)
5.1.3 Essential relationships with the rest of the world
206(1)
5.1.3.1 Rolled-over or continuity FTAs
207(1)
5.1.3.2 Other FTAs
208(2)
5.1.3.3 Risks to levels of standards
210(5)
5.1.4 Possible WTO challenges
215(1)
5.1.4.1 Likeness, PPMs and the GATT
215(1)
5.1.4.1.1 Likeness matters
216(4)
5.1.4.1.2 PPMs matters
220(3)
5.1.4.2 Article XX GATT
223(5)
5.1.4.3 The SPS Agreement and the turn to science
228(1)
5.1.4.3.1 A central role for scientific justification
228(3)
5.1.4.3.2 The precautionary principle
231(1)
5.1.4.4 The TBT Agreement and labelling requirements
232(4)
5.2 A recentralisation of powers
236(20)
5.2.1 Financing concerns
236(1)
5.2.1.1 Financial schemes
237(1)
5.2.1.2 Funding the nations: agriculture and beyond
238(3)
5.2.2 Common frameworks and their insufficient advances
241(3)
5.2.3 The UK internal market, its underpinnings and consequences
244(1)
5.2.3.1 Centralising powers yet again
245(1)
5.2.3.1.1 The impact of the principle of mutual recognition
245(4)
5.2.3.1.2 Other key elements
249(3)
5.2.3.2 The international dimension
252(4)
5.3 Conclusion
256(3)
6 Treading new, resilient paths?
259(18)
6.1 New agricultural policies by design?
259(4)
6.2 Towards a 21st-century, resilient UK and devolved agriculture
263(4)
6.2.1 Complementary pathways towards a resilient agriculture
263(1)
6.2.1.1 Socio-ecological services
263(1)
6.2.1.2 Net-zero agriculture
264(1)
6.2.1.3 Agroecology
264(1)
6.2.1.4 Agri-food democracy
265(1)
6.2.2 Co-designing resilience
266(1)
6.3 A new landscape?
267(7)
6.3.1 Evolving international relationships
268(3)
6.3.2 Shifting internal dynamics
271(2)
6.3.3 Multilevel relationships and parameters
273(1)
6.4 Final food for thought
274(3)
Bibliography 277(44)
Index 321
Ludivine Petetin is a Senior Lecturer in Law at the School of Law and Politics of Cardiff University. Her expertise lies in the areas of agri-environmental issues and international trade from multilevel and multidisciplinary perspectives.

Mary Dobbs is a Lecturer in the Department of Law in Maynooth University, Ireland. She is also a Visiting Fellow in the School of Law, Queen's University Belfast; a member of the Brexit and Environment network; and a member of the Future Earth Ireland committee based in the Royal Irish Academy.
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