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x | |
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xvi | |
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xix | |
Preface and acknowledgements |
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xxi | |
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List of weights, measures and money |
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xxix | |
Prologue: Historical national income accounting |
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xxxi | |
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PART I MEASURING ECONOMIC GROWTH |
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1 | (244) |
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3 | (43) |
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3 | (2) |
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1.2 The building blocks of medieval population estimates |
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5 | (15) |
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1.2.1 A benchmark for 1086 |
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6 | (2) |
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1.2.2 A benchmark for 1377 |
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8 | (2) |
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1.2.3 Population trends, 1086--1317 |
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10 | (3) |
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1.2.4 Population trends, 1300--1377 |
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13 | (2) |
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1.2.5 Population trends, 1377--1541 |
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15 | (5) |
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1.3 New population estimates, 1086--1541 |
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20 | (2) |
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1.4 The distribution of the population by county |
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22 | (6) |
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1.5 English population, 1541--1700 |
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28 | (2) |
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1.6 British population, 1700--1870 |
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30 | (1) |
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31 | (15) |
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46 | (34) |
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46 | (1) |
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2.2 The potential agricultural area of England |
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47 | (4) |
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2.3 Land use in the 1830s and 1871 |
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51 | (3) |
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2.4 Changing land use, from 1290 to the mid-nineteenth century |
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54 | (11) |
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2.4.1 The effects of land drainage and reclamation |
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55 | (2) |
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2.4.2 Conversion from tillage to permanent grass |
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57 | (7) |
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2.4.3 Other changes of land use |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (7) |
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2.6 Land use in 1086 and 1290 |
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72 | (1) |
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2.7 Arable land use, 1270--1871 |
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73 | (7) |
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3 Agricultural production |
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80 | (50) |
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80 | (1) |
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81 | (6) |
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3.2.1 The late--medieval period, c. 1250 to c.1500 |
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81 | (3) |
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3.2.2 The early modern period, c.1550 to c.1750 |
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84 | (2) |
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3.2.3 The modern period, c.1700 to c.1870 |
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86 | (1) |
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3.3 Arable farming in England, 1270--1870 |
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87 | (12) |
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3.3.1 Sown acreage by crop |
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87 | (3) |
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90 | (7) |
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3.3.3 Net output from arable farming |
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97 | (2) |
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3.4 Livestock farming in England, 1270--1870 |
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99 | (14) |
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3.4.1 Stocking densities and animal numbers |
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100 | (7) |
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3.4.2 Proportions of animals producing specific products on an annual basis |
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107 | (1) |
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3.4.3 Yields per animal of milk, meat and wool and outputs of hides and hay |
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108 | (2) |
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3.4.4 Livestock sector net output |
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110 | (3) |
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3.5 Total agricultural output in England, 1270--1870 |
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113 | (11) |
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3.5.1 Agricultural output in constant prices |
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113 | (1) |
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3.5.2 The changing shares of the livestock and arable sectors |
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114 | (6) |
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3.5.3 Agricultural output during the statistical Dark Age, 1493--1553 |
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120 | (4) |
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124 | (6) |
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4 Industrial and service-sector production |
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130 | (57) |
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130 | (1) |
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130 | (29) |
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137 | (7) |
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4.2.2 Textiles and leather |
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144 | (6) |
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150 | (5) |
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4.2.4 Aggregate industrial production |
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155 | (4) |
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4.3 Service--sector output |
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159 | (18) |
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4.3.1 Government services |
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162 | (3) |
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4.3.2 Commercial and financial services |
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165 | (9) |
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4.3.3 Housing and domestic services |
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174 | (1) |
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4.3.4 Aggregate service-sector output |
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175 | (2) |
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177 | (10) |
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187 | (58) |
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187 | (2) |
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5.2 Sectoral shares of GDP |
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189 | (8) |
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5.2.1 Sectoral price indices |
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189 | (3) |
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192 | (2) |
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5.2.3 Sectoral output shares |
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194 | (3) |
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197 | (6) |
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5.4 Population, real GDP and GDP per head |
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203 | (11) |
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214 | (31) |
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PART II ANALYSING ECONOMIC GROWTH |
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245 | (184) |
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6 Real wage rates and GDP per head |
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247 | (32) |
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247 | (3) |
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6.2 Income-based and output-based measures of GDP per head |
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250 | (7) |
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6.2.1 Alternative nominal-wage-rate series |
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252 | (3) |
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6.2.2 Alternative aggregate price indices |
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255 | (2) |
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6.3 Reconciling income-based and output-based measures of GDP per head |
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257 | (9) |
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6.3.1 Explaining divergences between real wage rates and GDP per head |
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260 | (3) |
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6.3.2 Variations in labour supply per head |
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263 | (2) |
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6.3.3 The representativeness of the wage-rate data |
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265 | (1) |
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6.4 Breaking out of the Malthusian interpretation of pre-industrial economic development |
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266 | (10) |
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6.4.1 The Malthusian framework |
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266 | (4) |
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6.4.2 The Smithian alternative |
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270 | (6) |
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276 | (3) |
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279 | (28) |
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279 | (1) |
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280 | (15) |
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7.2.1 The kilocalorie supply of foodstuffs |
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281 | (7) |
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7.2.2 Trends in kilocalorie consumption per head |
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288 | (4) |
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7.2.3 Alternative estimates of kilocalorie consumption per head |
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292 | (3) |
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295 | (7) |
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7.3.1 Wealth per testator |
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296 | (1) |
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297 | (5) |
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302 | (5) |
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8 The social distribution of income |
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307 | (33) |
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307 | (3) |
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8.2 The dividing line between sufficiency and want |
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310 | (4) |
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8.3 Social tables and the proportions of households living in poverty |
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314 | (14) |
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328 | (12) |
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340 | (31) |
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340 | (3) |
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9.2 Sectoral output shares |
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343 | (2) |
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9.3 Sectoral labour-force shares |
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345 | (19) |
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9.3.1 Late-medieval labour-force shares |
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346 | (5) |
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9.3.2 Labour-force shares 1688--1871 |
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351 | (9) |
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9.3.3 Long-run trends in labour-force shares |
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360 | (4) |
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9.4 Sectoral labour productivity |
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364 | (5) |
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369 | (2) |
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10 Britain in an international context |
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371 | (31) |
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371 | (3) |
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10.2 Britain and the reversal of fortunes within Europe |
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374 | (10) |
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10.3 Britain and the Great Divergence between Europe and Asia |
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384 | (3) |
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10.4 Understanding Britain's rise to global economic hegemony |
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387 | (10) |
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397 | (5) |
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11 Epilogue: British economic growth, 1270--1870 |
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402 | (27) |
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402 | (1) |
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11.2 Trends in population, GDP and GDP per head |
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403 | (5) |
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408 | (2) |
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410 | (4) |
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11.5 Wage rates, work intensity and consumption |
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414 | (5) |
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419 | (3) |
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11.7 Britain in comparative perspective |
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422 | (7) |
Bibliography |
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429 | (26) |
Index |
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455 | |