| List of Contributors |
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xix | |
| Preface |
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xxiii | |
| About the Companion Website |
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xxv | |
| 1 Genetics and Genomics |
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1 | (30) |
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1 | (1) |
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Basic Concepts in Human Genetics and Genomics |
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1 | (3) |
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1 | (3) |
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Regulation of Gene Expression |
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4 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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Classes of RNA Molecules and their Functions |
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4 | (3) |
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MicroRNAs, Small Interfering RNAs, and Piwi-interacting RNAs |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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Other Small ncRNA Classes |
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7 | (1) |
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Gene Mutations and Inheritance |
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7 | (5) |
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Classes of Gene Mutations |
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7 | (1) |
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Patient and Family History |
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8 | (1) |
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Mendelian Inheritance Patterns |
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8 | (1) |
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Non-Mendelian Inheritance Patterns |
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9 | (1) |
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Common Disorders with Complex Inheritance Patterns |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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Penetrance and Expressivity |
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11 | (1) |
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Human Populations and Genetic Variation |
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12 | (2) |
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Overview of Human Genetic Variation |
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12 | (1) |
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Allele Frequencies Differ in Different Populations |
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12 | (1) |
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Copy Number Variation (CNV) |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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Transgenerational and Multigenerational Epigenetic Inheritance |
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15 | (1) |
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Advances in Genomic Analysis |
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15 | (4) |
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Familial Linkage Analysis and GWAS Studies |
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15 | (1) |
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Advances in Nucleic Acid Sequencing |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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Whole Genome (WGS) and Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) |
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17 | (2) |
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Establishing Variant Causality |
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19 | (5) |
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Dissecting Pathogenic from Non-Pathogenic Variants |
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19 | (3) |
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Genome Editing as a Powerful Tool for Establishing Causality |
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22 | (2) |
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The Age of Precision Medicine |
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24 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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25 | (4) |
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29 | (2) |
| 2 Measuring Hormones |
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31 | (16) |
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31 | (1) |
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31 | (2) |
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33 | (3) |
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Technical Pitfalls When Measuring Hormones |
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36 | (2) |
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38 | (4) |
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Stimulation Tests, Suppression Tests and Profiles |
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42 | (2) |
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Optimal Clinical Use of Hormone Tests |
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44 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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44 | (3) |
| 3 Fetal Endocrinology |
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47 | (58) |
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48 | (1) |
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Transplacental Passage of Hormones |
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48 | (2) |
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Development of Fetal Endocrine Systems |
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50 | (32) |
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50 | (5) |
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55 | (7) |
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62 | (4) |
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66 | (3) |
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Disorders of Sex Development (see
Chapter 4) |
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69 | (1) |
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Development of the Fetal Autonomic Nervous System |
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69 | (2) |
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Development of the Endocrine Pancreas |
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71 | (2) |
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Development of Pancreatic Endocrine Function |
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73 | (2) |
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Development of the Parathyroid/Calcitonin System |
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75 | (3) |
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Endocrine Regulation of Fetal Growth |
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78 | (4) |
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Neutralization of Hormone Activity in the Fetus |
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82 | (2) |
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Limitation of Hormone Secretion |
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82 | (1) |
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Production of Inactive Hormone Metabolites |
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83 | (1) |
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Delayed Expression or Neutralization of Receptor Response |
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83 | (1) |
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Plasticity of Fetal Endocrine Systems |
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84 | (1) |
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Fetal Adaptations for Transition to Extrauterine Life |
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85 | (4) |
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86 | (1) |
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87 | (1) |
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87 | (1) |
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87 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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Other Endocrine Adaptations |
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88 | (1) |
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Frontiers in Fetal and Neonatal Endocrinology |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (15) |
| 4 Disorders of Sex Development |
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105 | (28) |
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105 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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Impaired Gonadal Development |
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108 | (5) |
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108 | (3) |
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111 | (1) |
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Numerical Abnormalities of the Sex Chromosomes |
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112 | (1) |
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Disturbances of Testicular Hormone Production or Action |
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113 | (3) |
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113 | (1) |
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Impaired Testosterone Action |
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114 | (2) |
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Virilization of an XX Individual |
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116 | (2) |
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118 | (4) |
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Initial Evaluation and Diagnostic Approach |
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118 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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119 | (2) |
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121 | (1) |
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Sex Assignment, Gender Development, Early Genital Surgery and Disclosure of the Condition |
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121 | (1) |
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122 | (4) |
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Gonadal Tumour Risk and Indications for Gonadectomy |
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123 | (1) |
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Information and Support for Parents Having a Baby with DSD |
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124 | (1) |
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Information and Support for Children and Adolescents |
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124 | (1) |
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
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126 | (1) |
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126 | (1) |
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126 | (1) |
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Persistent Mullerian Duct Syndrome |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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127 | (4) |
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131 | (2) |
| 5 Disorders of Hypothalamo-Pituitary Axis |
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133 | (66) |
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133 | (1) |
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The Hypothalamo-Pituitary Neuroendocrine Axis |
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134 | (1) |
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Hypothalamo-Pituitary Development |
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134 | (10) |
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Hypothalamo-Pituitary Organogenesis |
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135 | (1) |
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Cell Differentiation, Organization and Plasticity in the Anterior Pituitary |
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136 | (1) |
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Early Developmental Genes and Transcription Factors |
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137 | (6) |
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Terminal Cell Differentiation |
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143 | (1) |
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Congenital Disorders of Hypothalamo-Pituitary Development |
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144 | (11) |
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Combined Pituitary Hormone Deficiencies (CPHD) |
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144 | (8) |
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Isolated Pituitary Hormone Deficiencies |
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152 | (3) |
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Acquired Disorders of Hypothalamo-Pituitary Dysfunction |
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155 | (17) |
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Central Nervous System (CNS) Tumours |
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155 | (11) |
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Infiltrative and Inflammatory Disorders |
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166 | (2) |
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168 | (1) |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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Investigation of Hypopituitarism |
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172 | (1) |
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Management of Hypopituitarism |
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173 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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174 | (25) |
| 6 Disorders of Growth |
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199 | (36) |
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200 | (5) |
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201 | (4) |
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205 | (6) |
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Aetiology of Growth Impairment |
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205 | (1) |
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Growth Hormone Deficiency |
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205 | (1) |
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Biochemical Evaluation of Suspected GH Deficiency |
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206 | (2) |
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208 | (1) |
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208 | (1) |
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Management of Growth Hormone Deficiency |
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208 | (2) |
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Safety of Growth Hormone Treatment |
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210 | (1) |
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Reassessment of the GH-IGF Axis at End of Growth |
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210 | (1) |
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Monogenic Disorders Causing Growth Hormone Deficiency |
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211 | (1) |
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211 | (2) |
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Tumours Affecting the Hypothalamo-Pituitary Axis |
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211 | (1) |
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212 | (1) |
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Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis |
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213 | (1) |
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213 | (1) |
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213 | (1) |
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Disorders of GH Action and GH Sensitivity (Primary IGF-I Deficiency) |
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213 | (3) |
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213 | (1) |
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214 | (1) |
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214 | (1) |
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Acid-Labile Subunit (ALS) Deficiency |
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214 | (1) |
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IGF-I Gene Deletions and Bioinactive IGF-I |
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215 | (1) |
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Recombinant Human IGF-I Therapy |
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215 | (1) |
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Disorders of IGF-I Resistance |
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216 | (1) |
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Growth Disorders not Related to the GH-IGF Axis |
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216 | (3) |
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The Short Small-for-Gestational-Age Child |
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216 | (1) |
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Management of Child Born SGA |
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217 | (1) |
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217 | (2) |
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Syndromes Associated With Short Stature |
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219 | (6) |
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219 | (1) |
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Noonan Syndrome and Associated Disorders |
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220 | (1) |
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Primordial Growth Disorders |
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220 | (1) |
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220 | (3) |
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223 | (1) |
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223 | (1) |
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223 | (1) |
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223 | (1) |
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224 | (1) |
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224 | (1) |
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Microcephalic Osteodysplastic Primordial Dwarfism Type II |
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224 | (1) |
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224 | (1) |
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224 | (1) |
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Nijmegen Breakage Syndrome |
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224 | (1) |
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224 | (1) |
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225 | (2) |
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226 | (1) |
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227 | (2) |
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Skeletal Dysplasia Classification |
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227 | (1) |
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228 | (1) |
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228 | (1) |
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Leri-Weill Dyschondrosteosis and SHOX Deficiency |
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229 | (1) |
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229 | (4) |
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Familial Tall Stature, Constitutional Tall Stature and Obesity |
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230 | (1) |
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230 | (1) |
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230 | (1) |
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Syndromes Associated with Tall Stature |
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231 | (1) |
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Management of Tall Stature |
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232 | (1) |
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233 | (2) |
| 7 Puberty and Its Disorders |
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235 | (54) |
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235 | (21) |
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235 | (1) |
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Physical Changes that Occur During Puberty |
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236 | (3) |
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Timing of Puberty and Relationship with Linear Growth |
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239 | (6) |
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The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis |
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245 | (8) |
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The Reactivation of the Gonadotropic Axis at Puberty |
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253 | (3) |
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256 | (9) |
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256 | (1) |
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Aetiologies of Premature Sexual Development |
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256 | (3) |
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Consequences of Precocious Puberty |
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259 | (1) |
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Evaluation of the Child with Premature Sexual Development |
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259 | (5) |
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264 | (1) |
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265 | (18) |
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265 | (1) |
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265 | (10) |
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275 | (3) |
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278 | (5) |
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283 | (1) |
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284 | (5) |
| 8 The Thyroid Gland |
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289 | (46) |
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Section 1: Development of the Thyroid Axis |
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289 | (12) |
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Thyroid Gland Development |
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289 | (1) |
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Molecular Control of Thyroid Development |
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290 | (1) |
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Thyroid Hormone Biosynthesis |
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290 | (2) |
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The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis |
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292 | (1) |
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Negative Regulation of Thyroid Hormone Synthesis |
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292 | (1) |
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Thyroid Hormone Transport |
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293 | (1) |
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Thyroid Hormone Transport Proteins |
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293 | (1) |
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Thyroid Hormone Metabolism |
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293 | (1) |
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294 | (2) |
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Positive Regulation of Genes by Thyroid Hormone |
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296 | (1) |
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Negative Regulation of Genes by Thyroid Hormone |
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296 | (1) |
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Thyroid Hormone Receptor Function |
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296 | (1) |
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Thyroid Hormone Effects on Target Tissues |
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296 | (1) |
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Thyroid Hormone Effects on the Gut |
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297 | (1) |
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Maturation of Thyroid Hormone Development |
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298 | (3) |
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Section 2: Clinical Thyroid Disorders |
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301 | (14) |
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Congenital Hypothyroidism |
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301 | (7) |
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308 | (1) |
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308 | (1) |
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Fetal and Neonatal Goitre |
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308 | (1) |
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Congenital Hyperthyroidism |
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308 | (1) |
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309 | (1) |
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309 | (1) |
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Acquired Thyroid Disorders |
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309 | (1) |
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310 | (1) |
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311 | (2) |
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313 | (1) |
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Thyrotoxic Periodic Paralysis |
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313 | (1) |
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Other Forms of Thyroiditis |
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314 | (1) |
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Subacute (De Quervain's) Thyroiditis |
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314 | (1) |
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314 | (1) |
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314 | (1) |
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314 | (1) |
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Section 3: Diagnostic Pitfalls |
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315 | (5) |
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Normal Thyroid Hormone with Elevated TSH |
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315 | (1) |
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Reduced Thyroid Hormones Without TSH Elevation |
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315 | (1) |
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Elevated Thyroid Hormones and Unsuppressed TSH |
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315 | (2) |
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Defective TH Action - Resistance to Thyroid Hormone (RTH) |
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317 | (1) |
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Defective TH Metabolism - SECISBP2 |
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318 | (1) |
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Defective Thyroid Hormone Transport - MCT8 |
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319 | (1) |
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Familial Dysalbuminaemic Hyperthyroxinaemia (FDH) |
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319 | (1) |
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320 | (14) |
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334 | (1) |
| 9 The Adrenal Cortex and Its Disorders |
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335 | (74) |
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335 | (1) |
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Development, Function and Regulation of the Adrenal Gland |
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336 | (17) |
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History of Adrenal Medicine |
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336 | (1) |
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Development and Anatomy of the Adrenal Gland |
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336 | (3) |
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339 | (7) |
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Dynamic Regulation of Steroidogenesis |
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346 | (4) |
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350 | (3) |
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Adrenal Insufficiency (AI) |
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353 | (40) |
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353 | (2) |
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355 | (3) |
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Diagnosing AI and its Causes |
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358 | (9) |
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367 | (3) |
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370 | (2) |
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Causes of Primary AI (Excluding CAH) |
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372 | (9) |
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Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) |
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381 | (12) |
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393 | (8) |
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Glucocorticoid Excess (Cushing Syndrome) |
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393 | (6) |
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399 | (1) |
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400 | (1) |
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Education, Support and Long-Term Care |
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401 | (8) |
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401 | (2) |
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403 | (1) |
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Transition and Long-Term Care |
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404 | (1) |
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405 | (4) |
| 10 The Parathyroid and Disorders of Calcium and Bone Metabolism |
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409 | (72) |
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409 | (1) |
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Physiology of Calcium and Bone Metabolism |
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409 | (12) |
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409 | (4) |
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Hormones and Other Calciotropic Agents |
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413 | (8) |
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Physiology of Bone Metabolism |
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421 | (4) |
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422 | (1) |
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423 | (1) |
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423 | (2) |
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Interactions between Calciotropic Agents |
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425 | (1) |
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Fetal and Neonatal Calcium Metabolism |
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425 | (1) |
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Post-Neonatal Calcium, Phosphate and Magnesium Metabolism and the Calcium Cascade |
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426 | (1) |
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Investigation of Mineral Disorders |
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426 | (1) |
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426 | (41) |
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Bone Disease of Prematurity (BDP) |
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426 | (2) |
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428 | (18) |
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446 | (8) |
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Disorders of Bone Metabolism |
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454 | (1) |
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Investigation of Bone Metabolic Disorders |
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454 | (1) |
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Disorders of Bone Matrix Accompanied by Low Bone Density |
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455 | (4) |
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Diseases Characterized by Increased Bone Density |
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459 | (5) |
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Inherited Inflammatory Diseases of Bone |
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464 | (1) |
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Disorders of Phosphate Metabolism |
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465 | (2) |
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Drugs Used in the Treatment of Disorders of Calcium and Bone Metabolism |
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467 | (3) |
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467 | (1) |
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467 | (1) |
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468 | (1) |
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468 | (1) |
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469 | (1) |
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FGF23 Monoclonal Antibody (Burosumab [ KRN23]) |
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469 | (1) |
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469 | (1) |
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469 | (1) |
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469 | (1) |
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470 | (1) |
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470 | (1) |
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470 | (1) |
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470 | (1) |
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470 | (1) |
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470 | (1) |
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470 | (1) |
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Recombinant Human Non-Specific Alkaline Phosphatase |
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470 | (1) |
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470 | (1) |
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470 | (1) |
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470 | (2) |
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472 | (7) |
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479 | (2) |
| 11 Polyglandular Autoimmune Syndromes |
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481 | (26) |
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481 | (2) |
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Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy Syndrome Type 1 (APS1) |
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483 | (11) |
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483 | (1) |
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Clinical Features and Course |
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483 | (1) |
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483 | (2) |
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485 | (1) |
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486 | (1) |
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487 | (2) |
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Autoantibodies and Pathogenesis |
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489 | (1) |
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490 | (1) |
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491 | (1) |
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492 | (2) |
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494 | (1) |
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494 | (1) |
|
Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy Syndrome Type 2 and Associated Disorders |
|
|
494 | (5) |
|
|
|
494 | (1) |
|
|
|
494 | (2) |
|
|
|
496 | (1) |
|
|
|
496 | (1) |
|
Autoantibodies and Pathogenesis |
|
|
497 | (1) |
|
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
|
|
499 | (1) |
|
|
|
499 | (1) |
|
Other Single Gene Disorders Associated with Immune Dysregulation and Autoimmune Endocrinopathies |
|
|
499 | (3) |
|
|
|
502 | (1) |
|
|
|
502 | (5) |
| 12 Endocrine Neoplasia |
|
507 | (26) |
|
|
|
|
|
Thyroid Neoplasia: Nodules and Cancer |
|
|
507 | (4) |
|
|
|
507 | (1) |
|
|
|
508 | (1) |
|
Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Evaluation |
|
|
508 | (1) |
|
|
|
509 | (2) |
|
Paragangliomas and Phaeochromocytomas |
|
|
511 | (10) |
|
|
|
511 | (1) |
|
|
|
511 | (1) |
|
|
|
511 | (1) |
|
Genetic Syndromes Associated with PHEOs/PGLs |
|
|
512 | (4) |
|
|
|
516 | (1) |
|
|
|
516 | (2) |
|
|
|
518 | (3) |
|
|
|
521 | (3) |
|
|
|
521 | (1) |
|
|
|
521 | (1) |
|
|
|
522 | (1) |
|
|
|
523 | (1) |
|
|
|
523 | (1) |
|
|
|
524 | (4) |
|
Ovarian Germ Cell Tumours (GCTs) |
|
|
524 | (1) |
|
Ovarian Sex Cord Stromal Tumours (SCSTs) |
|
|
525 | (3) |
|
|
|
528 | (2) |
|
Testicular Germ Cell Tumours (GCTs) |
|
|
528 | (1) |
|
Testicular Stromal Cell Tumours (SCTs) |
|
|
529 | (1) |
|
|
|
530 | (3) |
| 13 Endocrine Late Effects of Cancer Treatments |
|
533 | (20) |
|
|
|
|
|
Prevalence and Risk Factors for Endocrine Late Effects |
|
|
538 | (8) |
|
Survivors of Childhood Central Nervous System (CNS) Tumours |
|
|
538 | (3) |
|
Survivors Treated with Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT) for Haematological Malignancies |
|
|
541 | (2) |
|
Endocrine Late Effects in Survivors of Non-HSCT Requiring Childhood Leukaemia |
|
|
543 | (1) |
|
Endocrine Late Effects in Survivors of Childhood Hodgkin's Lymphoma (HL) |
|
|
544 | (1) |
|
Endocrine Late Effects in Survivors of Childhood Malignant Extra-Cranial Solid Tumours |
|
|
545 | (1) |
|
Diagnosis and Management of Common Endocrine Late Effects |
|
|
546 | (4) |
|
Disorders of the Hypothalamo-Pituitary Axis |
|
|
546 | (1) |
|
|
|
547 | (1) |
|
|
|
548 | (1) |
|
Bone Mineral Density Deficit |
|
|
548 | (1) |
|
Overweight, Obesity and Glucose Intolerance |
|
|
548 | (1) |
|
Preparing for the Transition to the Adult Care Setting |
|
|
549 | (1) |
|
Endocrine Complications and Novel Cancer Therapies |
|
|
549 | (1) |
|
|
|
550 | (1) |
|
|
|
550 | (2) |
|
|
|
552 | (1) |
| 14 Disorders of Water Balance |
|
553 | (30) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Regulation of Water Balance |
|
|
554 | (4) |
|
Anatomy of the Hypothalamic-Posterior Pituitary Axis |
|
|
554 | (1) |
|
Neurons, Periphery and Regulation of Thirst |
|
|
554 | (1) |
|
|
|
555 | (1) |
|
Physiology of Water Homeostasis |
|
|
556 | (1) |
|
Regulation of Vasopressin Secretion |
|
|
557 | (1) |
|
|
|
558 | (14) |
|
|
|
558 | (1) |
|
|
|
558 | (1) |
|
Central Diabetes Insipidus |
|
|
559 | (1) |
|
Genetic Forms of Central Diabetes Insipidus |
|
|
559 | (2) |
|
Acquired Forms of Idiopathic Central Diabetes Insipidus (CDI) |
|
|
561 | (3) |
|
Diagnosis of Central Diabetes Insipidus |
|
|
564 | (2) |
|
|
|
566 | (5) |
|
Follow-up and Long-Term Outcomes |
|
|
571 | (1) |
|
Central Diabetes Insipidus and Adipsia |
|
|
572 | (1) |
|
|
|
572 | (1) |
|
Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus |
|
|
573 | (1) |
|
The Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion |
|
|
573 | (1) |
|
Management of Central Diabetes Insipidus |
|
|
573 | (1) |
|
Treatment of Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus |
|
|
574 | (1) |
|
Treatment of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion |
|
|
574 | (1) |
|
|
|
575 | (1) |
|
|
|
575 | (1) |
|
|
|
575 | (1) |
|
|
|
576 | (7) |
| 15 Diabetes Mellitus |
|
583 | (88) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
583 | (43) |
|
|
|
583 | (2) |
|
|
|
585 | (5) |
|
|
|
590 | (3) |
|
|
|
593 | (1) |
|
|
|
594 | (21) |
|
|
|
615 | (7) |
|
|
|
622 | (3) |
|
|
|
625 | (1) |
|
|
|
626 | (11) |
|
|
|
626 | (1) |
|
|
|
626 | (6) |
|
|
|
632 | (1) |
|
|
|
632 | (1) |
|
|
|
633 | (3) |
|
|
|
636 | (1) |
|
|
|
636 | (1) |
|
|
|
637 | (1) |
|
Cystic Fibrosis-Related Diabetes |
|
|
637 | (2) |
|
|
|
638 | (1) |
|
|
|
638 | (1) |
|
|
|
638 | (1) |
|
|
|
639 | (1) |
|
Other Dysglycaemia in Cystic Fibrosis |
|
|
639 | (1) |
|
Monogenic Forms of Diabetes |
|
|
639 | (8) |
|
Maturity Onset Diabetes of The Young (MODY) |
|
|
639 | (3) |
|
Neonatal Diabetes Mellitus (NDM) |
|
|
642 | (1) |
|
Transient Neonatal Diabetes Mellitus (TNDM) |
|
|
643 | (1) |
|
Permanent Neonatal Diabetes Mellitus (PNDM) |
|
|
643 | (2) |
|
Syndromic Neonatal Diabetes Mellitus |
|
|
645 | (1) |
|
|
|
645 | (1) |
|
|
|
646 | (1) |
|
|
|
647 | (1) |
|
Defects in Insulin Secretion |
|
|
647 | (1) |
|
|
|
648 | (1) |
|
|
|
648 | (1) |
|
|
|
648 | (1) |
|
|
|
649 | (1) |
|
|
|
649 | (22) |
| 16 Disorders Associated with Hypoglycaemia in Children |
|
671 | (30) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
671 | (1) |
|
Physiology of Blood Glucose Control |
|
|
672 | (1) |
|
|
|
672 | (1) |
|
Renal Contribution to Glucose Homeostasis |
|
|
672 | (1) |
|
|
|
672 | (1) |
|
Role of Gut Hormones in Glucose Homeostasis |
|
|
673 | (1) |
|
Metabolic Adaptation to Birth |
|
|
673 | (1) |
|
Metabolic Adaptation to Feeding and Fasting |
|
|
674 | (1) |
|
The Regulation of Insulin Secretion and Role of KATP Channels |
|
|
675 | (1) |
|
Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Secretion (GSIS) |
|
|
675 | (1) |
|
Definition of Hypoglycaemia |
|
|
676 | (2) |
|
|
|
677 | (1) |
|
Numerical Cut-Offs Used in Clinical Practice |
|
|
677 | (1) |
|
Aetiology and Clinical Approach to Hypoglycaemia |
|
|
678 | (2) |
|
|
|
678 | (1) |
|
|
|
678 | (1) |
|
Pregnancy, Birth and Neonatal History |
|
|
679 | (1) |
|
|
|
680 | (1) |
|
|
|
680 | (1) |
|
|
|
680 | (1) |
|
Investigations for Hypoglycaemia |
|
|
680 | (2) |
|
|
|
680 | (1) |
|
|
|
680 | (1) |
|
Other Planned Investigations |
|
|
681 | (1) |
|
Emergency Management of Hypoglycaemia |
|
|
682 | (1) |
|
|
|
682 | (11) |
|
Hyperinsulinaemic Hypoglycaemia |
|
|
682 | (5) |
|
Hypoketotic Hy1oinsulinaemic Hypoglycaemia |
|
|
687 | (1) |
|
|
|
687 | (1) |
|
Failure of Counter-Regulatory Hormones |
|
|
688 | (1) |
|
Inborn Errors of Metabolism Presenting with Hypoglycaemia |
|
|
689 | (4) |
|
|
|
693 | (8) |
| 17 Obesity |
|
701 | (28) |
|
|
|
|
|
701 | (1) |
|
Definitions, Differential Diagnosis, Assessments and Measurements |
|
|
701 | (2) |
|
|
|
703 | (2) |
|
Common or Multifactorial Obesity and Fetal Programming |
|
|
705 | (1) |
|
Neurobiology of Satiety and Hunger |
|
|
705 | (1) |
|
Hedonistic Signals and Addiction |
|
|
706 | (1) |
|
Behaviour, Hypothalamus and Obesogenic Environment |
|
|
707 | (1) |
|
Biology of Adipose Tissue and Adipocytes |
|
|
707 | (1) |
|
|
|
708 | (1) |
|
|
|
709 | (1) |
|
|
|
709 | (1) |
|
|
|
709 | (1) |
|
|
|
710 | (1) |
|
Nutrition and Malnutrition |
|
|
710 | (1) |
|
|
|
711 | (1) |
|
|
|
711 | (1) |
|
Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and Toxicology |
|
|
711 | (1) |
|
|
|
712 | (1) |
|
|
|
712 | (1) |
|
|
|
712 | (1) |
|
|
|
713 | (1) |
|
|
|
713 | (1) |
|
|
|
713 | (1) |
|
Co-Morbidities and Consequences |
|
|
713 | (5) |
|
|
|
714 | (1) |
|
|
|
715 | (1) |
|
|
|
715 | (1) |
|
|
|
715 | (1) |
|
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD, NASH) |
|
|
716 | (1) |
|
|
|
716 | (1) |
|
|
|
717 | (1) |
|
|
|
717 | (1) |
|
Psychology and Psychiatric Co-Morbidity |
|
|
718 | (1) |
|
|
|
718 | (1) |
|
|
|
719 | (1) |
|
|
|
720 | (3) |
|
|
|
720 | (1) |
|
|
|
720 | (1) |
|
Multidisciplinary Therapeutic Approach |
|
|
720 | (1) |
|
Nutrition Treatment and Dieting |
|
|
721 | (1) |
|
Physical Activity Training |
|
|
721 | (1) |
|
|
|
721 | (1) |
|
Family-Based Therapies and Community-Based Therapies |
|
|
721 | (1) |
|
|
|
721 | (1) |
|
|
|
722 | (1) |
|
|
|
722 | (1) |
|
|
|
723 | (1) |
|
|
|
723 | (1) |
|
|
|
724 | (1) |
|
|
|
724 | (1) |
|
|
|
725 | (1) |
|
|
|
726 | (2) |
|
|
|
728 | (1) |
| 18 Genetic Obesity Syndromes |
|
729 | (8) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
729 | (1) |
|
Genetic Contributors to Obesity: The Evidence |
|
|
729 | (1) |
|
Genetic Obesity Syndromes: An Overview |
|
|
730 | (1) |
|
Obesity with Developmental Delay |
|
|
730 | (2) |
|
|
|
730 | (1) |
|
Albright's Hereditary Osteodystrophy |
|
|
731 | (1) |
|
|
|
731 | (1) |
|
|
|
731 | (1) |
|
|
|
731 | (1) |
|
Obesity Without Development Delay |
|
|
732 | (2) |
|
Leptin and Leptin Receptor Deficiency |
|
|
732 | (1) |
|
Disorders Affecting Pro-Opiomelanocortin (POMC) and POMC Processing |
|
|
733 | (1) |
|
|
|
733 | (1) |
|
|
|
733 | (1) |
|
|
|
734 | (1) |
|
|
|
734 | (1) |
|
|
|
734 | (1) |
|
|
|
734 | (2) |
|
|
|
736 | (1) |
| 19 Endocrine Care During Adolescence into Young Adulthood |
|
737 | (20) |
|
|
|
|
|
737 | (1) |
|
Adolescence and Young Adulthood |
|
|
737 | (3) |
|
Biopsychosocial Development and Growing Up with an Endocrine Condition |
|
|
737 | (3) |
|
Exploratory and Health-Related Behaviours |
|
|
740 | (3) |
|
Developmentally Appropriate Healthcare |
|
|
740 | (1) |
|
Designing Services to Meet Young People's Needs |
|
|
740 | (1) |
|
Training Healthcare Providers |
|
|
741 | (1) |
|
|
|
741 | (2) |
|
|
|
743 | (1) |
|
|
|
743 | (1) |
|
Transition and Transfer to Adult Services |
|
|
744 | (1) |
|
Evidence Base for Transition and Transfer |
|
|
744 | (1) |
|
Monitoring Transition and Transfer |
|
|
744 | (1) |
|
Young People with Endocrine Conditions |
|
|
744 | (6) |
|
Endocrine Care in Adolescence |
|
|
746 | (1) |
|
Symptoms and Signs of PCOS in Adolescence |
|
|
746 | (4) |
|
|
|
750 | (1) |
|
|
|
751 | (6) |
| Index |
|
757 | |
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