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E-grāmata: Brown's Boundary Control and Legal Principles

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(U.S. Forest Service), (Land Boundary Consultant, Newfields, New Hampshire)
  • Formāts: EPUB+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 25-Nov-2013
  • Izdevniecība: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781118758564
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Brown's Boundary Control and Legal PrinciplesPalielināt
  • Formāts: EPUB+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 25-Nov-2013
  • Izdevniecība: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781118758564
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Robillard and Wilson address the tension between new surveying technology that makes redrawing boundaries more accurate, and long established legal traditions concerning boundaries. The text can be used by students a source of knowledge of the legal aspects of boundaries, and by courts to support their legal decisions concerning boundaries. The topics include the history and concept of boundaries, the creation and interpretation of metes and bounds and other non-sectionalized descriptions, riparian and littoral boundaries, retracing and resurveying sectionalized lands, locating combination descriptions and conveyances, and the ethics and moral responsibilities of boundary creation and of retracements. Annotation ©2014 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

The new edition of Brown's Boundary Control and Legal Principles has been updated to reflect ongoing changes in surveying technology and surveying law, notably by adding water boundary expert George Cole as a contributor to revamp information on Riparian and Littorial Boundaries. Additionally, a new appendix has been introduced containing a comprehensive list of surveying books that have been referenced in court cases and legal decisions as persuasive authority over the years. It is indispensable reading for students and practicioners studying for the Fundamentals of Land Surveying licensure exam.

Preface to The Seventh Edition xvii
Acknowledgments xix
Chapter 1 History and Concept of Boundaries
1(34)
1.1 Introduction
1(2)
1.2 Significance of Boundaries
3(1)
1.3 Boundary References
4(2)
1.4 Terminus: The God (or Goddess) of Boundaries
6(1)
1.5 Disputes and Boundaries
7(2)
1.6 Role of the Surveyor in Boundaries
9(4)
1.7 What Is Being Created? What Is Being Located?
13(2)
1.8 Original Written Title
15(1)
1.9 Rights and Interests in Land Are Composed of a Bundle of Rights
16(3)
1.10 Role of the Court
19(1)
1.11 Real and Personal Property
20(1)
1.12 What Constitutes Real Property
21(3)
1.13 Nature of Modern Estates
24(1)
1.14 Taxes on Land and Tax Maps
25(1)
1.15 Easements and Licenses
25(4)
1.16 Servitudes, Restrictions, Covenants, and Conditions
29(1)
1.17 Actions on Boundaries and Easements
30(1)
1.18 One Unique Parcel or Boundary
31(1)
1.19 The Original Boundaries Are Sacred
31(1)
1.20 Conclusions
32(3)
Chapter 2 How Boundaries Are Created
35(18)
2.1 Introduction
35(1)
2.2 Definitions
36(3)
2.3 Classification of Boundaries
39(1)
2.4 Methods of Boundary Creation
40(3)
2.5 Who May Create Boundaries?
43(4)
2.6 Sanctity of the Original Survey
47(1)
2.7 Original Lines Remain Fixed
47(1)
2.8 Distinctions between the Original Boundary Survey, the Retracement Survey, and the First Survey
48(1)
2.9 Original Technological Methods of Boundary Creation Not Relatable to Modern Methods
49(1)
2.10 Original Lines May Be Redescribed As a Result of a Retracement
50(1)
2.11 Conclusions
50(3)
Chapter 3 Ownership, Transfer, and Description of Real Property and Accompanying Rights
53(28)
3.1 Concepts of Boundaries, Land Ownership, and Land Descriptions
53(2)
3.2 Overview of Boundaries
55(3)
3.3 Public and Private Lands
58(1)
3.4 Sources of Title
59(1)
3.5 Voluntary Transfer of Real Property
60(1)
3.6 Chain of Title
60(1)
3.7 Torrens Title System
61(1)
3.8 Unwritten Rights or Title to Land
62(1)
3.9 Methods of Voluntary Transfer of Title
63(1)
3.10 Deed or Description
64(1)
3.11 Title or Lien
65(1)
3.12 Deed of Trust
65(1)
3.13 Mortgage
65(1)
3.14 Escrow
66(1)
3.15 Title Assurance and Title Insurance
66(1)
3.16 Abstractors
67(1)
3.17 Attorney's Opinion
68(1)
3.18 General Land Descriptions
68(1)
3.19 What Is in a Description?
68(1)
3.20 Measurements
69(5)
3.21 Magnetic Directions
74(1)
3.22 Reference Datums
75(2)
3.23 Elements of Land Descriptions
77(1)
3.24 Types of Descriptions
77(3)
3.25 Conclusions
80(1)
Chapter 4 Boundaries, Law, and Related Presumptions
81(18)
4.1 Introduction
81(1)
4.2 Constitutional Law and the Surveyor
82(1)
4.3 Jurisdiction
83(1)
4.4 Federal Jurisdiction
83(1)
4.5 Federal Government, Agency, or Officer as a Party
84(1)
4.6 Sovereign Immunity
84(1)
4.7 United States as a Defendant
85(1)
4.8 Disposing of Federal Lands
85(1)
4.9 Color of Title Act
85(1)
4.10 Public Law 120
86(1)
4.11 Small Tracts Act
86(1)
4.12 Researching the Laws
86(1)
4.13 Court Reports
87(1)
4.14 Legal Research
88(1)
4.15 Judicial Notice
89(1)
4.16 Evidence
90(2)
4.17 Presumptions
92(1)
4.18 Common Presumptions
93(1)
4.19 Survey Systems Present in the United States
94(3)
4.20 Conclusions
97(2)
Chapter 5 Creation and Interpretation of Metes and Bounds and Other Nonsectionalized Descriptions
99(44)
5.1 Introduction
99(4)
5.2 Methods of Creating Metes and Bounds or Nonsectionalized Descriptions
103(1)
5.3 Metes Descriptions
103(3)
5.4 Bounds Descriptions
106(1)
5.5 Combination Metes and Bounds Descriptions
107(1)
5.6 Strip Descriptions and Stationing
108(1)
5.7 Descriptions by Reference
109(1)
5.8 Aliquot Descriptions
109(2)
5.9 Other Means of Creating Boundaries in Descriptions
111(2)
5.10 Nomenclature in Metes and Bounds Descriptions
113(8)
5.11 Adjoiners
121(1)
5.12 Deed Terms for Curves
121(2)
5.13 Lines and Their Elements
123(7)
5.14 Tax Descriptions and Abbreviated Descriptions
130(2)
5.15 Subdivision Descriptions
132(2)
5.16 Parcels Created by Protraction
134(1)
5.17 Features of Platting Acts
134(1)
5.18 Writing Land Descriptions
135(1)
5.19 Early Surveys
135(3)
5.20 Priority of Calls in Metes and Bounds Surveys
138(1)
5.21 Applying Priority Calls
139(2)
5.22 Conclusions
141(2)
Chapter 6 Creation and Retracement of Glo Boundaries
143(45)
6.1 Introduction
143(3)
6.2 Original Surveys and Corrective Surveys
146(1)
6.3 Law, Manuals, and Special Instructions
146(1)
6.4 Effect of Manuals on Resurveys
147(1)
6.5 History of the. Public Land Survey System
148(1)
6.6 Testing Ground: The Seven Ranges
149(5)
6.7 Act of May 18, 1796---Clarification of 1785
154(2)
6.8 Acts of 1800
156(3)
6.9 1803---The System Explodes
159(1)
6.10 Act of March 26, 1804
160(1)
6.11 Act of February 11, 1805
160(3)
6.12 Land Surveys after 1805
163(1)
6.13 Survey Instructions
164(5)
6.14 State Instructions and Statutes
169(8)
6.15 Instruments Used
177(2)
6.16 Field Notes
179(1)
6.17 Nomenclature for Sections
179(1)
6.18 Meandering
179(1)
6.19 Resurveys and Retracements
179(2)
6.20 Defective Boundaries Encountered in Resurveys
181(1)
6.21 Sectionalized Surveys and Innovations
182(1)
6.22 Irregular Original Government Subdivisions
182(1)
6.23 Townships Other Than Regular
182(2)
6.24 Summary of the GLO System
184(4)
Chapter 7 Federal and State Nonsectionalized Land Surveys
188(38)
7.1 Introduction
188(1)
7.2 Early New England and Other Colonial-Era Surveys
189(3)
7.3 Ohio Company of Associates
192(1)
7.4 Donation Tract
193(1)
7.5 Symmes Purchase
193(1)
7.6 Virginia Military District
194(1)
7.7 United States Military Tract
195(1)
7.8 Connecticut Western Reserve and Firelands
195(1)
7.9 Moravian Tracts
196(1)
7.10 Florida Keys Survey
196(1)
7.11 Donation Land Claims
197(1)
7.12 Exchange Surveys and Their Status
197(1)
7.13 Prior Land Grants from Foreign Governments
197(1)
7.14 French Grants in the Louisiana Purchase
198(4)
7.15 Mississippi Townships
202(1)
7.16 Soldier's Additional Homestead
203(1)
7.17 Indian Allotment Surveys
203(1)
7.18 National Forest Homestead Entry
203(1)
7.19 Tennessee Townships
203(2)
7.20 Florida: Forbes Company Purchase Surveys
205(1)
7.21 Georgia Lot System
206(4)
Surveys in the Noncontinental United States
210(1)
7.22 General Comments
210(1)
7.23 Hawaiian Land Laws
210(3)
7.24 Puerto Rican Land Surveys
213(3)
7.25 Federal Mineral Surveys: General Comments
216(1)
7.26 Water and Mineral Right Laws
216(1)
7.27 Land Open to Appropriation of Minerals
217(1)
7.28 Veins, Lodes, or Ledges
217(1)
7.29 Extralateral and Intralimital Rights
218(2)
7.30 Mill Sites
220(1)
7.31 Tunnel Locations
220(1)
7.32 Size of Claims
220(1)
7.33 Discovery
221(1)
7.34 Locations
221(1)
7.35 Possession
222(1)
7.36 Annual Expenditures
222(1)
7.37 Requirements for Patent
222(1)
7.38 United States Mineral Surveyors
223(1)
7.39 Survey of the Claim
223(1)
7.40 Conclusions
224(2)
Chapter 8 Locating Easements and Reversions
226(26)
8.1 Introduction
226(3)
8.2 Rights Granted
229(3)
8.3 Fee Title or Easement Right
232(1)
8.4 Three Easement Descriptions and Three Boundaries
233(1)
8.5 Ownership of the Bed of Easements
233(1)
8.6 Surveyor's Responsibility as to Easements
233(1)
8.7 Requirements for Locating Easements
234(1)
8.8 Centerline Presumption
235(1)
8.9 Conveyances with Private Way Boundaries
236(1)
8.10 Use of Easements
237(1)
8.11 Revival of Public Easements
237(1)
8.12 Creation of Easement Boundaries
237(3)
8.13 Dividing Private Street Ownership
240(1)
8.14 Words Used in Centerline Conveyances
241(1)
8.15 Apportioning Reversion Rights
241(1)
8.16 General Principle of Reversion
242(1)
8.17 Reversion Rights of a Lot on a Curved Street
243(1)
8.18 Lots Adjoining Two Subdivision Boundaries
244(1)
8.19 Lots at an Angle Point in a Road
245(1)
8.20 Indeterminate Situations
246(1)
8.21 Exceptions to the Rules of Apportionment
247(1)
8.22 Describing Vacated Streets and Easements
248(2)
8.23 Litigating Easements
250(1)
8.24 Conclusions
250(2)
Chapter 9 Riparian and Littoral Boundaries
252(29)
9.1 Introduction
252(4)
9.2 Ownership of the Seas
256(1)
9.3 Ownership of the U.S. Territorial Sea
256(2)
9.4 Ownership of Interior Tidal Waters of the United States
258(1)
9.5 Landward Boundary of Tidal Waters
259(3)
9.6 Ownership of Nontidal Navigable Waters
262(1)
9.7 Landward Boundaries of Nontidal Waters
263(1)
9.8 Significance of Public Land Survey Meander Lines
264(2)
9.9 Ownership of Non-Publicly Owned Submerged Lands
266(1)
9.10 Swamp and Overflowed Lands
267(1)
9.11 Navigational Servitude
268(1)
9.12 Public Regulation of Riparian and Littoral Lands
268(2)
9.13 Shoreline Changes and Water Boundaries
270(2)
9.14 Apportionment of Riparian and Littoral Rights
272(5)
9.15 Emergent or Omitted Islands
277(1)
9.16 Water Boundaries other Than Sea
277(1)
9.17 Major Recognized Areas
278(1)
9.18 Conclusions and Recommendations
278(3)
Chapter 10 Retracing and "Resurveying" Sectionalized Lands
281(56)
10.1 Introduction
281(5)
10.2 Areas of Authority
286(1)
10.3 Resurvey or Retracement
287(1)
10.4 Types of Surveys and Resurveys
288(2)
10.5 Court of Proper Jurisdiction
290(1)
10.6 Federal Patents
291(1)
10.7 Intent of the Government
291(1)
10.8 Senior Rights
291(1)
10.9 Following the Footsteps
292(1)
10.10 Lines Marked and Surveyed
293(1)
10.11 Original Corners
293(1)
10.12 Original Field Notes and Plats
294(2)
10.13 Closing Corners
296(1)
10.14 Identification of Corners and Lines
296(1)
10.15 Monuments and Their Identification
297(1)
10.16 Evidence of Corners
298(1)
10.17 Use of Testimony in Boundaries
299(1)
10.18 Common Usage
300(1)
10.19 Using Recorded Information to Locate Original Lines
301(1)
10.20 Proportioning: The Last Resort
301(1)
10.21 Relocating Lost Corners
302(1)
10.22 Proportionate Measure or Proration
303(1)
10.23 Single Proportionate Measurement
304(1)
10.24 Double Proportionate Measurement
305(1)
10.25 Restoration of Lost Standard Corners on Standard Parallels, Correction Lines, and Baselines
306(1)
10.26 Restoration of Lost Township Corners on Principal Meridians and Guide Meridians
307(1)
10.27 Restoration of Lost Township and Section Corners Originally Established with Cross-Ties in Four Directions
307(1)
10.28 Restoration of Lost Corners along Township Lines
308(1)
10.29 Restoration of Lost Township and Section Corners Where the Line Was Not Established in One Direction
308(1)
10.30 Restoration of Lost Corners Where the Intersecting Lines Have Been Established in Only Two Directions
309(1)
10.31 Restoration of Quarter-Section Corners in Regular Sections
310(1)
10.32 Restoration of Quarter-Section Corners Where Only Part of a Section Was Surveyed Originally
310(1)
10.33 Restoration of a Closing Section Corner on a Standard Parallel
311(1)
10.34 Restoration of a Lost North Quarter Corner in a Closing Section
312(1)
10.35 Restoration of Lost Nonriparian Meander Corners
313(1)
10.36 Restoration of Riparian Meander Lines
314(1)
10.37 Restoration of Nonriparian Meander Lines
314(1)
10.38 Restoration of Irregular Exteriors
315(1)
10.39 Lost Corner Restoration Methods
315(1)
10.40 Resurvey Instructions Issued in 1879 and 1883
316(1)
10.41 Half-Mile Posts in Florida and Alabama
317(1)
Subdivision of Sections
317(1)
10.42 General Comments
317(1)
10.43 Subdivision by Protraction
318(1)
10.44 Establishing the North Quarter Corner of Closing Sections on a Standard Parallel and Other Quarter Corners Not Originally Set
318(2)
10.45 Establishment of Centerlines and Center Quarter Corners
320(1)
10.46 Establishment of Quarter-Quarter Section Lines and Corners
321(1)
10.47 Fractional Sections Centerline
322(1)
10.48 Senior Right of Lines
322(1)
10.49 Gross Errors and Erroneously Omitted Areas
323(2)
10.50 Relocating Corners from Other Townships or from Interior Corners
325(1)
10.51 Procedures for Conducting Retracements
325(2)
10.52 Interpretation of Aliquot Descriptions
327(2)
10.53 According to the Government Measure
329(1)
Differences Between State and Federal Interpretations
329(1)
10.54 Applying State Laws
329(1)
10.55 Topography
330(1)
10.56 Boundaries by Area
330(1)
10.57 Establishing Corners
331(1)
10.58 Sections Created under State Jurisdiction
332(1)
10.59 Presumptions and Realities for GLO Surveys
333(2)
10.60 Conclusions
335(2)
Chapter 11 Locating Sequential Conveyances
337(49)
11.1 Introduction
337(3)
11.2 Definition of Sequential Conveyances
340(1)
11.3 Simultaneous Conveyances
341(1)
11.4 Possession
342(1)
11.5 Sequential Patents
342(1)
11.6 Importance of Knowledge
342(1)
11.7 Junior and Senior Rights between Private Parties
343(1)
11.8 Deeds Must Be in Writing and Deemed to Be Whole
344(1)
11.9 Direction of the Survey
345(1)
11.10 Terms of the Deed
345(1)
11.11 Call for a Plat
346(1)
11.12 Informative and Controlling Terms
346(1)
Order of Importance of Conflicting Title Elements
347(1)
11.13 General Comments
347(2)
11.14 Senior Rights
349(1)
11.15 Call for an Adjoiner
350(1)
11.16 Written Intentions of the Parties to the Deed
350(2)
11.17 Aids to Interpret the Intent of a Deed
352(1)
11.18 Control of Unwritten Title Lines
352(1)
11.19 Lines Marked and Surveyed
353(2)
11.20 Corner Definitions
355(1)
11.21 Control of Monuments
355(2)
11.22 Control between Conflicting Monuments
357(1)
11.23 Explanation of the Principles
358(4)
11.24 Importance of the Word "To"
362(1)
11.25 Dignity of Record Monuments
362(1)
11.26 Control Point of a Monument
363(1)
11.27 Uncalled-For Monuments
363(1)
11.28 Error or Mistake in a Description
364(1)
11.29 Control of Bearing and Distance
365(1)
11.30 Control of Either Bearing or Distance
365(3)
11.31 Distribution of Errors in Several Boundary Lines
368(1)
11.32 Cardinal Directions
369(1)
11.33 Unrestricted General Terms
370(1)
11.34 Direction of Survey
371(1)
11.35 Area or Surface
371(1)
11.36 Point of Beginning
372(1)
11.37 Construed Most Strongly against Grantor
372(1)
11.38 Errors and Ambiguous Terms
373(1)
11.39 Coordinates
374(1)
11.40 Direct Line Measurement
374(1)
11.41 Treatment of Curves
375(1)
11.42 First Stated Conditions
376(1)
11.43 Written and Character Numbers
376(1)
11.44 Unit Implied
376(1)
11.45 Feet and Inches
376(1)
11.46 General and Particular Provisions
377(1)
Basis of Bearings
378(1)
11.47 Deflection Method versus Compass Bearings
378(3)
11.48 Summary, Interpretation of the Principles, and Conclusion
381(5)
Chapter 12 Locating Simultaneously Created Boundaries
386(50)
12.1 Introduction
386(3)
12.2 Defining Subdivisions
389(1)
Subdivision Boundaries and Corners
390(1)
12.3 Aliquot Part Subdivision
390(1)
12.4 Controlling Boundaries
391(2)
12.5 Subdivision Macro Boundary Wrongly Monumented
393(1)
12.6 Subdivision Boundaries Incorrectly Described
393(1)
Conflicting Elements in Descriptions
394(1)
12.7 General Comments
394(1)
12.8 Original Method of Creating Lots
394(1)
12.9 Intention of the Parties
394(1)
12.10 Finality of Original Lines
395(1)
12.11 Control of Original Monuments within Subdivision Boundaries
396(2)
12.12 Title Monuments
398(1)
12.13 Control of Monuments Over Plats
398(1)
12.14 Certainty of Monument Identification
398(1)
12.15 Record Description of Monuments
399(1)
12.16 Principles for Presumed Control Between Conflicting Monuments within Subdivisions
399(1)
12.17 Explaining Principles
400(4)
12.18 Introduction to Proportioning
404(1)
Establishment of Streets
405(1)
12.19 General Comments
405(1)
12.20 Establishment of Streets by Natural Monuments
405(1)
12.21 Establishment of Streets and Alleys by Artificial Monuments and Lines Actually Run at the Time of Making the Plat
405(2)
12.22 Establishment of Streets by Improvements
407(1)
12.23 Establishment of Streets by the Line of a Nearby Street
408(1)
12.24 Establishment of Streets by Plat
409(1)
12.25 Establishment of Streets Where Width Is Not Given
410(1)
12.26 Establishment of Streets by City Engineers' Monuments
410(2)
Establishment of Lots within Subdivisions
412(1)
12.27 Effect of Mathematical Error
412(1)
12.28 Excess or Deficiency
413(1)
12.29 Proration: A Rule of Last Resort
413(1)
12.30 Excess or Deficiency Confined to a Block
414(1)
12.31 Excess or Deficiency Distribution within Blocks
415(1)
12.32 Single Proportionate Measure
415(1)
12.33 Single Proportionate Measure on Curves
416(2)
12.34 Distribution of Excess and Deficiency Beyond a Monument
418(1)
12.35 Establishment of Lots Where the End Lot Measurement Is Not Given
419(1)
12.36 Remnant Principle
419(5)
12.37 Establishment of Lots Where No Lot measurement Is Given
424(1)
12.38 Establishment of Lots with Area Only Given
424(1)
12.39 New York Rule For Establishment of Lots
424(4)
12.40 Summary of Proration Rules
428(1)
12.41 Establishment of Lots Adjoining Subdivision Boundaries
428(1)
12.42 Establishment of Lots Adjoining a Subdivision Correctly Established
429(1)
12.43 Establishment of Lots Overlapping the True Subdivision Boundaries
429(1)
12.44 Establishment of Lots Not Touching the True Boundary of the Subdivision
430(1)
12.45 Proration of Excess and Deficiency in Blocks Closing on Subdivision Boundaries
431(1)
12.46 Locating Lots from Boundary Lines
432(1)
12.47 Obliterated and Lost Subdivisions
432(1)
Proceedings in Partition
433(1)
12.48 General Comments
433(1)
12.49 Establishment of Lines Determined by Proceedings in Partition
433(1)
12.50 Establishment of Boundaries of Allottees of Wills
434(1)
12.51 Deed Divisions
434(1)
12.52 Comments
434(2)
Chapter 13 Locating Combination Descriptions and Conveyances
436(26)
13.1 Introduction
436(2)
"Of" Descriptions
438(1)
13.2 "Of," "In," and "At" Descriptions within Subdivisions and Adjoining Streets
438(2)
13.3 "Of" Descriptions within Metes and Bounds Descriptions and Adjoining Streets
440(3)
13.4 Direction of Measurement
443(1)
13.5 Proportional "Of" Conveyance
444(1)
13.6 Exception by One-Half by Area
445(1)
13.7 Indeterminate Proportional Conveyances
445(1)
13.8 Angular Direction of the Dividing Line in "Of" Descriptions
446(3)
13.9 Acreage "Of" Descriptions
449(1)
13.10 Ambiguity
450(4)
Overlaps and Gaps
454(1)
13.11 Calls from Two Directions
454(1)
Establishment of Property Described by Both Metes and Bounds and Subdivision Descriptions
454(1)
13.12 Double Descriptions
454(1)
13.13 New York Double Descriptions
455(1)
13.14 Natural Phenomena and Boundaries
455(5)
13.15 Recognition of Past Events
460(2)
Chapter 14 Role of The Surveyor
462(16)
14.1 Introduction
462(2)
14.2 Function of the Surveyor
464(1)
14.3 Opinions of Fact and Applications of Law
464(2)
14.4 Establishment of Boundaries
466(1)
14.5 Establishment in Louisiana
467(1)
Private Surveys
467(1)
14.6 Responsibility and Authority of the Surveyor
467(1)
14.7 Basis of a Boundary Survey
468(1)
14.8 How Much Research?
469(1)
14.9 Ownership
470(1)
14.10 Encroachments
470(1)
14.11 Searching for Monuments
471(1)
14.12 Possession Marking Original Survey Lines
472(1)
14.13 Evidence
472(1)
14.14 Setting Monuments
473(1)
14.15 Plats
473(1)
14.16 Liability
474(1)
14.17 Conclusion
475(3)
Chapter 15 The Ethics and Moral Responsibilities of Boundary Creation and of Retracements
478(11)
15.1 Introduction
478(1)
15.2 The Philosophy of Boundaries
479(1)
15.3 Applying the Principles to Creating and Retracing Boundaries
480(6)
15.4 Final Comments
486(3)
Glossary of Terms 489(26)
Index 515
Walter G. Robillard is a Principal at Land Consultants, Inc.

Donald A. Wilson is a Principal at Land & Boundary Consultants, Inc.

The late Curtis M. Brown was a partner at Brown Hall in Sacramento, California.
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