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Building Acoustics [Mīkstie vāki]

(Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway)
  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 384 pages, height x width: 246x174 mm, weight: 1020 g
  • Izdošanas datums: 12-Dec-2019
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press
  • ISBN-10: 0367865211
  • ISBN-13: 9780367865214
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  • Cena: 84,62 €
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Building AcousticsPalielināt
  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 384 pages, height x width: 246x174 mm, weight: 1020 g
  • Izdošanas datums: 12-Dec-2019
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press
  • ISBN-10: 0367865211
  • ISBN-13: 9780367865214
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9780367865214.html
Keywords:
Building or architectural acoustics is taken in this book to cover all aspects of sound and vibration in buildings. The book covers room acoustics but the main emphasis is on sound insulation and sound absorption and the basic aspects of noise and vibration problems connected to service equipment and external sources. Measuring techniques connected to these fields are also brought in. It is designed for advanced level engineering studies and is also valuable as a guide for practitioners and acoustic consultants who need to fulfil the demands of building regulations.





It gives emphasis to the acoustical performance of buildings as derived from the performance of the elements comprising various structures. Consequently, the physical aspects of sound transmission and absorption need to be understood, and the main focus is on the design of elements and structures to provide high sound insulation and high absorbing power. Examples are taken from all types of buildings. The book aims at giving an understanding of the physical principles involved and three chapters are therefore devoted to vibration phenomena and sound waves in fluids and solid media. Subjective aspects connected to sound and sound perception is sufficiently covered by other books; however, the chapter on room acoustics includes descriptions of measures that quantify the "acoustic quality" of rooms for speech and music.

Recenzijas

"Written for advanced level engineering studies and as a valuable guide for practitioners and acoustic consultants."

- Building Engineer magazine

"Really a perfect textbook for advanced learning about a physical approach to building and room acoustics. The reader is guided over a myriad of topics in a remarkably coherent way."

- Acta Acustica united with Acustica

List of symbols
xi
Preface xv
Introduction xvii
Chapter 1 Oscillating systems. Description and analysis
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 Types of oscillatory motion
1(2)
1.3 Methods for signal analysis
3(1)
1.4 Fourier analysis (spectral analysis)
4(18)
1.4.1 Periodic signals. Fourier series
4(2)
1.4.1.1 Energy in a periodic oscillation. Mean square and RMS-values
6(2)
1.4.1.2 Frequency analysis of a periodic function (periodic signal)
8(1)
1.4.2 Transient signals. Fourier integral
8(1)
1.4.2.1 Energy in transient motion
9(1)
1.4.2.2 Examples of Fourier transforms
9(3)
1.4.3 Stochastic (random) motion. Fourier transform for a finite time T
12(2)
1.4.4 Discrete Fourier transform (DFT)
14(2)
1.4.5 Spectral analysis measurements
16(1)
1.4.5.1 Spectral analysis using fixed filters
17(2)
1.4.5.2 FFT analysis
19(3)
1.5 Analysis in the time domain. Test signals
22(8)
1.5.1 Probability density function. Autocorrelation
23(2)
1.5.2 Test signals
25(5)
1.6 References
30(1)
Chapter 2 Excitation and response of dynamic systems
2.1 Introduction
31(1)
2.2 A practical example
32(1)
2.3 Transfer function. Definition and properties
33(6)
2.3.1 Definitions
33(1)
2.3.2 Some important relationships
34(1)
2.3.2.1 Cross spectrum and coherence function
34(1)
2.3.2.2 Cross correlation. Determination of the impulse response
35(1)
2.3.3 Examples of transfer functions. Mechanical systems
36(1)
2.3.3.1 Driving point impedance and mobility
37(2)
2.4 Transfer functions. Simple mass-spring systems
39(9)
2.4.1 Free oscillations (vibrations)
39(2)
2.4.1.1 Free oscillations with hysteric damping
41(1)
2.4.2 Forced oscillations (vibrations)
42(2)
2.4.3 Transmitted force to the foundation (base)
44(3)
2.4.4 Response to a complex excitation
47(1)
2.5 Systems with several degrees of freedom
48(5)
2.5.1 Modelling systems using lumped elements
49(1)
2.5.2 Vibration isolation. The efficiency of isolating systems
50(2)
2.5.3 Continuous systems
52(1)
2.5.3.1 Measurement and calculation methods
52(1)
2.6 References
53(2)
Chapter 3 Waves in fluid and solid media
3.1 Introduction
55(1)
3.2 Sound waves in gases
55(6)
3.2.1 Plane waves
57(1)
3.2.1.1 Phase speed and particle velocity
57(2)
3.2.2 Spherical waves
59(1)
3.2.3 Energy loss during propagation
59(1)
3.2.3.1 Wave propagation with viscous losses
60(1)
3.3 Sound intensity and sound power
61(2)
3.4 The generation of sound and sources of sound
63(11)
3.4.1 Elementary sound sources
64(1)
3.4.1.1 Simple volume source. Monopole source
64(2)
3.4.1.2 Multipole sources
66(2)
3.4.2 Rayleigh integral formulation
68(1)
3.4.3 Radiation from a piston having a circular cross section
69(2)
3.4.4 Radiation impedance
71(3)
3.5 Sound fields at boundary surfaces
74(9)
3.5.1 Sound incidence normal to a boundary surface
75(4)
3.5.1.1 Sound pressure in front of a boundary surface
79(1)
3.5.2 Oblique sound incidence
79(2)
3.5.3 Oblique sound incidence. Boundary between two media
81(2)
3.6 Standing waves. Resonance
83(3)
3.7 Wave types in solid media
86(15)
3.7.1 Longitudinal waves
86(2)
3.7.2 Shear waves
88(1)
3.7.3 Bending waves (flexural waves)
89(1)
3.7.3.1 Free vibration of plates. One-dimensional case
90(1)
3.7.3.2 Eigenfunctions and eigenfrequencies (natural frequencies) of plates
91(2)
3.7.3.3 Eigenfrequencies of orthotropic plates
93(3)
3.7.3.4 Response to force excitation
96(2)
3.7.3.5 Modal density for bending waves on plates
98(1)
3.7.3.6 Internal energy losses in materials. Loss factor for bending waves
99(2)
3.8 References
101(2)
Chapter 4 Room acoustics
4.1 Introduction
103(1)
4.2 Modelling of sound fields in rooms. Overview
103(3)
4.2.1 Models for small and large rooms
105(1)
4.3 Room acoustic parameters. Quality criteria
106(4)
4.3.1 Reverberation time
107(1)
4.3.2 Other parameters based on the impulse response
108(2)
4.4 Wave theoretical models
110(6)
4.4.1 The density of eigenfrequencies (modal density)
111(1)
4.4.2 Sound pressure in a room using a monopole source
112(2)
4.4.3 Impulse responses and transfer functions
114(2)
4.5 Statistical models. Diffuse-field models
116(17)
4.5.1 Classical diffuse-field model
117(2)
4.5.1.1 The build-up of the sound field. Sound power determination
119(1)
4.5.1.2 Reverberation time
120(2)
4.5.1.3 The influence of air absorption
122(2)
4.5.1.4 Sound field composing direct and diffuse field
124(2)
4.5.2 Measurements of sound pressure levels and reverberation time
126(1)
4.5.2.1 Sound pressure level variance
126(4)
4.5.2.2 Reverberation time variance
130(1)
4.5.2.3 Procedures for measurements in stationary sound fields
131(2)
4.6 Geometrical models
133(4)
4.6.1 Ray-tracing models
134(1)
4.6.2 Image-source models
135(2)
4.6.3 Hybrid models
137(1)
4.7 Scattering of sound energy
137(6)
4.7.1 Artificial diffusing elements
138(3)
4.7.2 Scattering by objects distributed in rooms
141(2)
4.8 Calculation models. Examples
143(8)
4.8.1 The model of Jovicic
144(1)
4.8.1.1 Scattered sound energy
145(1)
4.8.1.2 "Direct" sound energy
146(1)
4.8.1.3 Total energy density. Predicted results
147(2)
4.8.1.4 Reverberation time
149(1)
4.8.2 The model of Lindqvist
149(1)
4.8.3 The model of Ondet and Barbry
150(1)
4.9 References
151(4)
Chapter 5 Sound absorbers
5.1 Introduction
155(1)
5.2 Main categories of absorber
156(2)
5.2.1 Porous materials
156(1)
5.2.2 Membrane absorbers
157(1)
5.2.3 Helmholtz resonators using perforated plates
157(1)
5.3 Measurement methods for absorption and impedance
158(6)
5.3.1 Classical standing wave tube method (ISO 10534--1)
159(2)
5.3.2 Standing wave tube. Method using transfer function (ISO 10534--2)
161(2)
5.3.3 Reverberation room method (ISO 354)
163(1)
5.4 Modelling sound absorbers
164(13)
5.4.1 Simple analogues
165(1)
5.4.1.1 The stiffness of a closed volume
165(2)
5.4.1.2 The acoustic mass in a tube
167(1)
5.4.1.3 Acoustical resistance
168(2)
5.4.1.4 The Helmholtz resonator. An example using analogies
170(1)
5.4.1.5 Distributed Helmholtz resonators
171(5)
5.4.1.6 Membrane absorbers
176(1)
5.5 Porous materials
177(19)
5.5.1 The Rayleigh model
178(2)
5.5.2 Simple equivalent fluid models
180(3)
5.5.3 Absorption as a function of material parameters and dimensions
183(1)
5.5.3.1 Flow resistivity and thickness of sample
183(2)
5.5.3.2 Angle of incidence dependency. Diffuse field data
185(4)
5.5.4 Further models for materials with a stiff frame (skeleton)
189(1)
5.5.4.1 The model of Attenborough
190(1)
5.5.4.2 The model of Allard/Johnson
191(2)
5.5.5 Models for materials having an elastic frame (skeleton)
193(3)
5.6 Measurements of material parameters
196(5)
5.6.1 Airflow resistance and resistivity
196(2)
5.6.2 Porosity
198(1)
5.6.3 Tortuosity, characteristic viscous and thermal lengths
199(2)
5.7 Prediction methods for impedance and absorption
201(4)
5.7.1 Modelling by transfer matrices
202(1)
5.7.1.1 Porous materials and panels
203(2)
5.8 References
205(2)
Chapter 6 Sound transmission. Characterization and properties of single walls and floors
6.1 Introduction
207(1)
6.2 Characterizing airborne and impact sound insulation
208(10)
6.2.1 Transmission factor and sound reduction index
208(2)
6.2.1.1 Apparent sound reduction index
210(1)
6.2.1.2 Single number ratings and weighted sound reduction index
211(2)
6.2.1.3 Procedure for calculating the adaptation terms
213(2)
6.2.2 Impact sound pressure level
215(1)
6.2.2.1 Single number rating and adaptation terms for impact sound
216(2)
6.3 Sound radiation from building elements
218(14)
6.3.1 The radiation factor
218(1)
6.3.1.1 Examples using idealized sources
219(1)
6.3.2 Sound radiation from an infinite large plate
220(3)
6.3.3 Critical frequency (coincidence frequency)
223(1)
6.3.4 Sound radiation from a finite size plate
224(2)
6.3.4.1 Radiation factor for a plate vibrating in a given mode
226(2)
6.3.4.2 Frequency averaged radiation factor
228(1)
6.3.4.3 Radiation factor by acoustic excitation
228(3)
6.3.4.4 Radiation factor for stiffened and/or perforated panels
231(1)
6.4 Bending wave generation. Impact sound transmission
232(8)
6.4.1 Power input by point forces. Velocity amplitude of plate
232(2)
6.4.2 Sound radiation by point force excitation
234(1)
6.4.2.1 Bending wave near field
235(1)
6.4.2.2 Total sound power emitted from a plate
236(2)
6.4.2.3 Impact sound. Standardized tapping machine
238(2)
6.5 Airborne sound transmission. Sound reduction index for single walls
240(17)
6.5.1 Sound transmitted through an infinitely large plate
241(1)
6.5.1.1 Sound reduction index of a plate characterized by its mass impedance
241(1)
6.5.1.2 Bending wave field on plate. Wall impedance
242(2)
6.5.1.3 Sound reduction index of an infinitely large plate. Incidence angle dependence
244(1)
6.5.1.4 Sound reduction index by diffuse sound incidence
245(1)
6.5.2 Sound transmission through a homogeneous single wall
246(2)
6.5.2.1 Formulae for calculation. Examples
248(3)
6.5.3 Sound transmission for inhomogeneous materials. Orthotropic panels
251(5)
6.5.4 Transmission through porous materials
256(1)
6.6 A relation between airborne and impact sound insulation
257(5)
6.6.1 Vibroacoustic reciprocity, background and applications
258(2)
6.6.2 Sound reduction index and impact sound pressure level: a relationship
260(2)
6.7 References
262(3)
Chapter 7 Statistical energy analysis (SEA)
7.1 Introduction
265(1)
7.2 System description
266(4)
7.2.1 Thermal-acoustic analogy
266(1)
7.2.2 Basic assumptions
267(3)
7.3 System with two subsystems
270(2)
7.3.1 Free hanging plate in a room
270(2)
7.4 SEA applications in building acoustics
272(2)
7.5 References
274(3)
Chapter 8 Sound transmission through multilayer elements
8.1 Introduction
277(1)
8.2 Double walls
277(21)
8.2.1 Double wall without mechanical connections
278(5)
8.2.1.1 Lightly damped cavity
283(1)
8.2.2 Double walls with structural connections
284(2)
8.2.2.1 Acoustical lining
286(4)
8.2.2.2 Lightweight double leaf partitions with structural connections
290(6)
8.2.2.3 Heavy (massive) double walls
296(2)
8.3 Sandwich elements
298(8)
8.3.1 Element with incompressible core material
299(4)
8.3.2 Sandwich element with compressible core
303(3)
8.4 Impact sound insulation improvements
306(15)
8.4.1 Floating floors. Predicting improvements in impact sound insulation
307(4)
8.4.2 Lightweight floating floors
311(2)
8.4.2.1 Lightweight primary floor
313(2)
8.4.3 The influence of structural connections (sound bridges)
315(1)
8.4.4 Properties of elastic layers
316(2)
8.4.5 Floor coverings
318(3)
8.5 References
321(4)
Chapter 9 Sound transmission in buildings. Flanking sound transmission
9.1 Introduction
325(1)
9.2 Sound reduction index combining multiple surfaces
326(17)
9.2.1 Apertures in partitions, "sound leaks"
327(5)
9.2.2 Sound transmission involving duct systems
332(4)
9.2.3 Sound transmission involving suspended ceilings
336(1)
9.2.3.1 Undamped plenum (cavity)
337(1)
9.2.3.2 One-dimensional model
338(3)
9.2.3.3 Damped plenum (cavity)
341(1)
9.2.3.4 Apparent sound reduction index with suspended ceiling
342(1)
9.3 Flanking transmission. Apparent sound reduction index
343(14)
9.3.1 Flanking sound reduction index
345(3)
9.3.2 Vibration reduction index
348(1)
9.3.2.1 Bending wave transmission across plate intersections
348(2)
9.3.2.2 Vibration reduction index Kij
350(2)
9.3.2.3 Some examples of Dv,ij and Kij
352(1)
9.3.3 Complete model for calculating the sound reduction index
353(4)
9.4 References
357(2)
Subject index 359
Tor Erik Vigran is professor emeritus at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Head of the Acoustic Committee of Standards Norway, the Norwegian standardization organization, and member of several working groups within ISO/TC 43 and CEN/TC 126.