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Building Ventilation: Theory and Measurement [Hardback]

(Royal Institute of Technology, Byggd Miljo, Gävle, Sweden), (British Gas plc, Gas Research Centre, Loughborough, UK)
  • Formāts: Hardback, 752 pages, height x width x depth: 252x181x49 mm, weight: 1531 g
  • Izdošanas datums: 26-Apr-1996
  • Izdevniecība: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • ISBN-10: 047196087X
  • ISBN-13: 9780471960874
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Building Ventilation: Theory and MeasurementPalielināt
  • Formāts: Hardback, 752 pages, height x width x depth: 252x181x49 mm, weight: 1531 g
  • Izdošanas datums: 26-Apr-1996
  • Izdevniecība: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • ISBN-10: 047196087X
  • ISBN-13: 9780471960874
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9780471960874.html
Keywords:
Explains fundamentals of the theory and measurement of building ventilation and describes various techniques for predicting and measuring ventilation, addressing both envelope flows and internal air motion in natural and mechanical ventilation. After physical descriptions and theoretical models, chapters address the treatment of flow characteristics of individual openings, mathematical models for complete building envelopes, theories of internal air flow, and measurement techniques both at full scale and model scale, with some material on computational fluid dynamics. Annotation c. by Book News, Inc., Portland, Or.

This book sets down the fundamentals of the theory and measurement of building ventilation and describes the various techniques for predicting and measuring ventilation. It addresses both envelope flows and internal air motion. The first part of the book is primarily concerned with physical descriptions and theoretical models: starting with an overview of the basic mechanisms and characteristics of envelope flows, it then addresses the treatment of the flow characteristics of individual openings and mathematical models for complete building envelopes. Theories for internal air motion are then discussed in detail: mechanisms of mass transport in terms of air motion and age distribution, primary air flows in isolation, resulting flows in enclosed spaces, and flows through large internal openings. The second part, concerned with measurement techniques both at full scale and at model scale, begins with techniques for determining flow characteristics of envelope openings. The use of tracer gases in the study of age distribution and ventilation efficiency is dealt with in detail. Scale modelling for investigating both envelope flows and internal motions is also addressed. The final chapter deals with Computational Fluid Dynamics, since one of its main applications is an alternative to conventional experimental techniques. Natural ventilation is re-emerging as an alternative to mechanical systems in some commercial buildings and both natural and mechanical ventilation are dealt with in detail.
Preface xiii(2)
Acknowledgements xv(2)
Nomenclature xvii
1 Introduction
1(4)
1.1 Aims
1(1)
1.2 Scope and contents
2(1)
1.3 A note on sources
3(2)
2 Basic Mechanisms and Characteristics of Envelope Flows
5(36)
2.1 Introduction
5(12)
2.2 Pressure differences generated by the wind
17(11)
2.3 Pressure differences generated by temperature
28(3)
2.4 Mechanical ventilation
31(1)
2.5 Ventilation due to the combined effects of wind, temperature and mechanical fans
32(2)
2.6 Openings in buildings
34(4)
2.7 Summary
38(1)
References
39(2)
3 Flow through Envelope Openings
41(84)
3.1 Introduction
41(1)
3.2 Basic results from fluid mechanics
42(36)
3.3 Steady flow through narrow openings
78(11)
3.4 Steady flow through sharp-edged openings
89(5)
3.5 Steady flow through porous media
94(1)
3.6 External flow conditions encountered in practice
95(1)
3.7 Steady flow assumptions
96(3)
3.8 Steady flow characteristics of ventilation openings
99(9)
3.9 Unsteady flow characteristics of ventilation openings
108(11)
3.10 Summary
119(2)
References
121(4)
4 Mathematical Models of Flow through Building Envelopes
125(60)
4.1 Introduction
125(3)
4.2 Effect of mean wind speed and direction
128(4)
4.3 Effect of wind turbulence
132(5)
4.4 Effect of buoyancy alone and with wind
137(3)
4.5 Distribution of openings
140(4)
4.6 Geometry of openings and flow equation
144(2)
4.7 Mechanical fans and systems
146(4)
4.8 Flues and chimneys
150(3)
4.9 Purely empirical models and their derivatives
153(3)
4.10 Models for leakage
156(1)
4.11 Models of large openings
157(2)
4.12 Parametric studies and graphical methods
159(13)
4.13 Validation of models
172(6)
4.14 Summary
178(2)
References
180(5)
5 Basic Mechanisms of Mass Transport within Buildings
185(56)
5.1 Continuum hypothesis
186(4)
5.2 Statement of the problem
190(2)
5.3 Equation of conservation of mass
192(1)
5.4 Fick's law of diffusion and molecular diffusion
193(5)
5.5 Transport with air in motion
198(5)
5.6 Turbulence
203(24)
5.7 Expression for turbulent mass transport
227(8)
5.8 One-dimensional dispersion
235(2)
5.9 Summary
237(1)
References
238(3)
6 Internal Mixing in Terms of Age Distribution Models
241(42)
6.1 Introduction
241(1)
6.2 The general system with several intakes and extracts
242(1)
6.3 The turnover time
242(3)
6.4 The concept of age and residence time
245(4)
6.5 Statistical distribution
249(6)
6.6 The relations between the different populations
255(4)
6.7 Purging flow rate
259(4)
6.8 Mixing models
263(4)
6.9 Definition of air-exchange efficiency
267(1)
6.10 Definition of contaminant removal effectiveness
267(5)
6.11 Recycling
272(1)
6.12 Unsteady flows
273(6)
6.13 Summary
279(1)
References
280(3)
7 Momentum and Buoyancy Induced Primary Air Flows
283(108)
7.1 Introduction
283(2)
7.2 Force balance
285(2)
7.3 Navier-Stokes equations
287(5)
7.4 The Boussinesq approximation
292(3)
7.5 Boundary layer approximations
295(2)
7.6 Vertical boundary layer equation
297(1)
7.7 Equations for turbulent flow
298(11)
7.8 Turbulent boundary layer flow
309(7)
7.9 Integral form of boundary layer equations
316(17)
7.10 Jets
333(42)
7.11 Gravity currents
375(10)
7.12 Summary
385(1)
References
386(5)
8 Flows in Rooms
391(92)
8.1 Introduction
391(2)
8.2 Air distribution models -- classification
393(1)
8.3 Simple analysis of momentum and buoyancy induced flows in rooms
394(3)
8.4 Integrated continuity and momentum equations in confined spaces
397(9)
8.5 Factors that influence the air motion in rooms
406(12)
8.6 The effect of the location of the supply and extract points on the air flow pattern in a room
418(8)
8.7 Supply of isothermal air
426(11)
8.8 Non-isothermal supply
437(9)
8.9 Ventilation by displacement
446(21)
8.10 Vertical temperature difference in rooms
467(8)
8.11 Air-exchange efficiency
475(2)
8.12 Summary
477(2)
References
479(4)
9 Flow through Large Internal Openings
483(30)
9.1 Introduction
483(1)
9.2 Exchange due to density difference -- different sources of buoyancy
484(15)
9.3 Two-layer hydraulics model
499(2)
9.4 Transient flow
501(3)
9.5 Door swing pumping
504(2)
9.6 Comparison between models and experiment
506(3)
9.7 Summary
509(1)
References
510(3)
10 Experimental Techniques for Flow Characteristics
513(60)
10.1 Introduction
513(2)
10.2 Measurement of volume flow rate
515(19)
10.3 Measurement of pressure difference
534(5)
10.4 Measurement techniques
539(16)
10.5 Analysis of leakage data
555(3)
10.6 Other techniques
558(7)
10.7 Summary
565(3)
References
568(5)
11 Multizone Representation of Buildings
573(18)
11.1 Introduction
573(1)
11.2 Equation of continuity for a single-zone building
574(1)
11.3 The process of subdividing a building into zones
575(1)
11.4 Equation of continuity for a multizone building
575(3)
11.5 Mass balance equation
578(1)
11.6 Physical interpretation of the inverse of the flow matrix
579(1)
11.7 Physical interpretation of the elements of the t-matrix
580(4)
11.8 Matrix for the connection between supply and extract
584(1)
11.9 Examples
584(4)
11.10 Summary
588(1)
References
588(3)
12 Tracer Gas Techniques for Ventilation Rate Measurements
591(36)
12.1 Introduction
591(1)
12.2 Historical background
591(1)
12.3 Classification of tracer gas techniques
592(1)
12.4 Theoretical basis of techniques
593(14)
12.5 Overview of methods for measuring inter-zonal air flow rates
607(2)
12.6 Components of tracer gas measurement system
609(10)
12.7 Practical application of the three main methods
619(5)
12.8 Summary
624(1)
References
625(2)
13 Tracer Gas Techniques for Measuring Age Distribution and Ventilation Efficiency
627(22)
13.1 Introduction
627(1)
13.2 Three main procedures for determining the age distributions
627(5)
13.3 Homogeneous emission method for determining the local mean age
632(1)
13.4 Determination of the room mean age of air
633(1)
13.5 Calculation of the moments
634(2)
13.6 Sources of error
636(2)
13.7 Methods for measuring the contaminant removal effectiveness
638(1)
13.8 Examples from a test house
638(5)
13.9 Displacement ventilation
643(2)
13.10 Example of the use of the homogeneous emission method
645(2)
13.11 Summary
647(1)
References
648(1)
14 Measurements at Model scale
649(48)
14.1 Introduction
649(18)
14.2 Measurement of external surface pressure coefficients due to the wind
667(7)
14.3 Measurement of ventilation rates
674(8)
14.4 Measurements of internal flows
682(9)
14.5 Summary
691(2)
References
693(4)
15 Computational Fluid Dynamics and its Applications
697(14)
15.1 Introduction
697(1)
15.2 Basics of CFD
697(5)
15.3 Applications
702(5)
15.4 Strengths and weakness
707(1)
15.5 Summary
707(1)
References
708(3)
Index 711


David Etheridge is the David Ross Boyd Professor of Clarinet, Chair of the Woodwind Area, and member of the Oklahoma Woodwind Quintet at the University of Oklahoma. He has taught clarinet for over 45 years.