Preface: A Third Perspective |
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xiv | |
Paradoxes, Education, and Training |
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xvi | |
Exercise: Introducing the Book |
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xviii | |
Exercise After Reading Each Chapter |
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xviii | |
A Note on Writing |
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xix | |
Acknowledgments |
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xix | |
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Part I Conceptual Foundations |
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1 | (44) |
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3 | (15) |
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6 | (2) |
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Paradoxes and Their Positive Features |
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8 | (4) |
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12 | (3) |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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16 | (2) |
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2 Conceptualizing and Perceiving Culture |
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18 | (27) |
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19 | (15) |
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Paradox 2.1 Why are there so many definitions of culture? |
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19 | (3) |
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Paradox 2.2 Can there be a very large and a very small number of cultures? |
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22 | (2) |
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Paradox 2.3 Can collectivists be self-centered and selfish? |
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24 | (2) |
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Paradox 2.4 Value paradoxes exist in all cultures. For example, how can a national culture value freedom and dependence simultaneously? |
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26 | (1) |
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Paradox 2.5 How are cultural values and cultural practices related? |
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27 | (3) |
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Paradox 2.6 Does culture matter? |
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30 | (1) |
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Paradox 2.7 Are demographics more important than culture? |
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31 | (1) |
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Paradox 2.8 Should we advocate only one perspective on culture? |
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32 | (2) |
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34 | (7) |
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Paradox 2.9 Do proper introductions and greetings simultaneously require kissing, bowing, and shaking hands? |
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34 | (1) |
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Paradox 2.10 Are cultural stereotypes valid? |
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35 | (1) |
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Paradox 2.11 Are the distinctions between levels of culture relevant in a globalizing world? |
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36 | (1) |
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Paradox 2.12 Do insiders understand their own cultures better than outsiders do? |
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37 | (1) |
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Paradox 2.13 Can global citizenship and the effects of root cultures exist simultaneously? |
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38 | (1) |
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Paradox 2.14 Can cultures change quickly? |
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39 | (2) |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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42 | (3) |
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Part II Behavioral Issues |
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45 | (98) |
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3 Leadership, Motivation, and Group Behavior Across Cultures |
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47 | (28) |
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47 | (17) |
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Paradox 3.1 Framing leadership: Is the essence of leadership being stuck on the horns of a dilemma? |
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47 | (6) |
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Paradox 3.2 Who is more effective, the instrumental-visionary-transformational leader or the headman? |
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53 | (9) |
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Paradox 3.3 When should a leader allow subordinates to participate in decision making? |
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62 | (1) |
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Paradox 3.4 Can an effective leader be someone who publicly humiliates subordinates? |
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63 | (1) |
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64 | (5) |
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Paradox 3.5 Is the relationship between motivation and ability additive or multiplicative in the prediction of individual success and performance? |
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64 | (2) |
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Paradox 3.6 Can an individually based need hierarchy exist in a collectivistic culture? |
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66 | (1) |
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Paradox 3.7 Do effective executives attribute success to themselves or to others? |
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67 | (2) |
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69 | (3) |
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Paradox 3.8 Do groups contain free riders, or are all members equally responsible contributors? |
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69 | (1) |
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Paradox 3.9 In general and in small groups, do the personalities of individuals primarily reflect the influence of culture? |
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70 | (1) |
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Paradox 3.10 Should multicultural small groups be managed differently from single-culture groups? |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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74 | (1) |
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Answers to the Two-Item Survey |
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74 | (1) |
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4 Communicating Across Cultures |
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75 | (24) |
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77 | (7) |
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Paradox 4.1 How can knowing the language of another culture be a disadvantage? |
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77 | (3) |
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Paradox 4.2 How can languages be rapidly dying while becoming more influential? |
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80 | (1) |
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Paradox 4.3 Critical words and phrases: How can there be immediate recognition by members of the culture and radically different interpretations? |
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81 | (2) |
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Paradox 4.4 Are proverbs effective descriptors of a culture? |
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83 | (1) |
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84 | (4) |
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Paradox 4.5 Can a culture be simultaneously monochronic and polychronic? |
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86 | (1) |
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Paradox 4.6 Can a culture be simultaneously low context and high context? |
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87 | (1) |
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88 | (2) |
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Paradox 4.7 How can the same phenomenon represent different symbolic meanings? |
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88 | (1) |
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Paradox 4.8 How can the same phenomenon represent changing symbolic meanings? |
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89 | (1) |
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Technology and Mediated Communication |
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90 | (6) |
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Paradox 4.9 Can face-to-face and mediated communication be functionally equivalent, either individually or in small groups? |
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91 | (2) |
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Paradox 4.10 Is the Internet integrating the world or creating wide differences? |
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93 | (1) |
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Paradox 4.11 Is colonization or communitarianism winning in the battle for the Internet? |
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94 | (1) |
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Paradox 4.12 Why is the information superhighway a poor metaphor for describing modern communication systems such as the Internet? |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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Exercise (Critical Incident) |
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97 | (2) |
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99 | (21) |
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Culture-Based Ethics: Relativism and Universalism |
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100 | (4) |
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Paradox 5.1 Are ethical norms and standards universal or relative to the situation? |
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100 | (4) |
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Generic Cultures and Ethics |
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104 | (3) |
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Paradox 5.2 Are there universal ethics across generic cultures, or do ethics vary by generic culture? |
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104 | (3) |
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107 | (7) |
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Paradox 5.3 Is the general stereotype of the host culture valid? |
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108 | (1) |
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Paradox 5.4 How can the expat manager be simultaneously powerful and powerless? |
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108 | (1) |
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Paradox 5.5 How can the expat manager be simultaneously free of home-country norms and restrained by host-country norms? |
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108 | (2) |
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Paradox 5.6 How can the expat manager simultaneously accept the ideal cultural values of the home culture and realize that they do not exist in the home culture or exist only in attenuated form? |
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110 | (1) |
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Paradox 5.7 How can the expat manager resolve the conflict between contradictory demands of the home office and the host-culture subsidiary? |
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110 | (1) |
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Paradox 5.8 How can the expat manager simultaneously give up some home-country values and strengthen other home-country values? |
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111 | (1) |
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Paradox 5.9 Is it possible for the expat manager to become more cosmopolitan and more idiosyncratic simultaneously? |
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112 | (1) |
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Paradox 5.10 How can the expat manager simultaneously think well of the host culture and avoid being taken advantage of? |
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112 | (1) |
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Paradox 5.11 How can the expat manager be simultaneously at home anywhere in the world and fit comfortably nowhere? |
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113 | (1) |
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Understanding Cross-Cultural Interactions via Cultural Sensemaking |
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114 | (2) |
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Reentry Into the Home Culture |
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116 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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Answers to the Two-Item Survey |
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119 | (1) |
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6 Cross-Cultural Negotiations |
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120 | (23) |
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Fundamentals and Best Practices |
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120 | (6) |
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Case Study: Entering the Chinese Market |
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126 | (3) |
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129 | (6) |
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Paradox 6.1 Is chess more influential than the Chinese board game of Go for strategy and negotiation? |
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130 | (1) |
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Paradox 6.2 Why do veteran international negotiators from one national culture frequently complain that their counterparts from a dissimilar national culture are simultaneously very sincere and very deceptive? |
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131 | (1) |
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Paradox 6.3 When negotiating, is it best to make the opening offer or respond to it? |
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132 | (3) |
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Time, Face, and the Yin-Yang Dynamic |
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135 | (5) |
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Paradox 6.4 How can time be considered as three circles (past, present, and future) as well as only one circle? |
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135 | (3) |
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Paradox 6.5 Is the yin-yang dynamic exclusively Asian? |
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138 | (1) |
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Paradox 6.6 Is there only one type of face? |
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138 | (2) |
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140 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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Case Study: Generator and Its Asian Partners |
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141 | (2) |
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Part III The Broader Context |
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143 | |
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7 Multiethnicity, Religion, Geography, and Immigration |
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145 | (24) |
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146 | (7) |
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Paradox 7.1 Do multiethnic groups impede or facilitate the formation of national cultures? |
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147 | (1) |
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Paradox 7.2 Is there or will there be a clash of civilizations? |
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148 | (3) |
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Paradox 7.3 Can national cultures exist in a multiethnic and borderless world? |
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151 | (1) |
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Paradox 7.4 Should all cultural practices be equally acceptable? |
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152 | (1) |
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153 | (5) |
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Paradox 7.5 Must religion be anthropomorphic? |
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154 | (2) |
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Paradox 7.6 Does a religion necessarily require dogmas and creeds? |
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156 | (2) |
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158 | (2) |
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Paradox 7.7 Do geographic maps reflect cultural beliefs? |
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158 | (1) |
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Paradox 7.8 Has the "death of distance" nullified the importance of geography? |
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159 | (1) |
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160 | (6) |
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Paradox 7.9 Will the issue of immigration derail globalization? |
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162 | (2) |
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Paradox 7.10 Can restricting immigration facilitate and promote it? |
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164 | (1) |
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Paradox 7.11 Is immigration compatible with an equality-matching culture? |
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165 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
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167 | (1) |
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168 | (1) |
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Answer to What Happened: Generator and Its Asian Partners |
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168 | (1) |
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8 Economic Development and Culture |
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169 | (21) |
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169 | (7) |
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Trade, Democracy, and Open and Free Markets |
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176 | (4) |
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Paradox 8.1 Are democracy and free markets antithetical to each other? |
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177 | (1) |
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Paradox 8.2 Does trust increase trade among nations? Does increased trade lead to conflict and war among nations? |
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178 | (2) |
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180 | (7) |
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Paradox 8.3 Are institutions more important than culture for explaining economic development? |
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180 | (4) |
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Paradox 8.4 Do economic development and globalization lead to individualism? |
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184 | (2) |
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Paradox 8.5 Why do citizens vote for and accept stationary bandits as political leaders? |
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186 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (1) |
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9 Globalization and Culture |
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190 | (20) |
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191 | (6) |
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Paradox 9.1 Can global economic integration occur without political and cultural integration? |
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191 | (2) |
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Paradox 9.2 Is globalization a myth? |
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193 | (1) |
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Paradox 9.3 Is globalization an old or a new phenomenon? |
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194 | (3) |
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197 | (5) |
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Paradox 9.4 Is there a reasonable probability that a global financial collapse will occur and undermine globalization? |
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197 | (1) |
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Paradox 9.5 Does globalization encourage nationalism? |
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198 | (1) |
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Paradox 9.6 Are nations becoming simultaneously more and less powerful because of globalization? |
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199 | (1) |
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Paradox 9.7 Can one nation dominate the global economy and political system? |
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200 | (1) |
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Paradox 9.8 Is globalization doomed? |
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201 | (1) |
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Political and Social Issues |
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202 | (5) |
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Paradox 9.9 Does globalization increase prosperity and inequality simultaneously? |
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203 | (1) |
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Paradox 9.10 Who are the winners and losers in a globalizing world? |
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204 | (1) |
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Paradox 9.11 Is increased education the antidote for outsourcing? |
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205 | (2) |
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207 | (1) |
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208 | (1) |
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209 | (1) |
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10 Business Strategy, Business Functions, and International Human Resource Management |
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210 | |
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212 | (5) |
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Paradox 10.1 Is there an ideal mode for entering the global marketplace? |
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212 | (2) |
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Paradox 10.2 Is there an ideal structure for the global firm? |
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214 | (1) |
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Paradox 10.3 Are organizations worldwide becoming more similar? |
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215 | (1) |
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Paradox 10.4 Is China a very large or a very small market? |
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216 | (1) |
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217 | (3) |
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Paradox 10.5 Can accounting and financial systems of companies and financial institutions be standardized throughout the world? |
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218 | (1) |
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Paradox 10.6 Should global advertising and marketing be tailored to each national and ethnic culture? |
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218 | (1) |
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Paradox 10.7 Is it possible to create and operate an airplane-based metropolis (the aerotropolis) for efficient global logistics and transportation? |
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219 | (1) |
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220 | (7) |
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Paradox 10.8 How can IHRM be both central and peripheral when going global? |
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220 | (1) |
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Paradox 10.9 How should the conflict between internal pay equity and the forces of the external labor market be resolved? |
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221 | (1) |
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Paradox 10.10 Should multinational corporations impose their values when going global? |
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222 | (1) |
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Paradox 10.11 Which works best in a global firm, individual-based or group-based reward systems? |
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223 | (1) |
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Paradox 10.12 Is the role of IHRM different from that of domestic-only HRM? |
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224 | (2) |
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Paradox 10.13 Are HRM requirements similar throughout the globalizing world? |
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226 | (1) |
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227 | (1) |
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228 | (1) |
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228 | |
References |
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229 | (11) |
Index |
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240 | (23) |
About the Author |
|
263 | |
Preface: Understanding Cultures in Depth |
|
xiv | |
Acknowledgments and Coauthors |
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xvii | |
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1 | (24) |
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1 Understanding Cultural Metaphors |
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2 | (23) |
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Constructing Cultural Metaphors |
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|
8 | (8) |
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Reading and Using This Book |
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16 | (4) |
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When Culture Does, and Does Not, Matter |
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20 | (5) |
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PART II AUTHORITY-RANKING CULTURES |
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25 | (114) |
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27 | (12) |
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29 | (5) |
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34 | (1) |
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35 | (4) |
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39 | (25) |
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40 | (2) |
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42 | (1) |
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43 | (3) |
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46 | (2) |
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Combining Droplets or Energies |
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48 | (11) |
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59 | (3) |
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Similarities and Contrasts |
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62 | (2) |
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4 Bedouin Jewelry and Saudi Arabia |
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64 | (14) |
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67 | (4) |
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71 | (2) |
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73 | (1) |
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74 | (2) |
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76 | (2) |
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5 The Turkish Coffeehouse |
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78 | (20) |
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81 | (5) |
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Recreation, Communication, and Community Integration |
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86 | (3) |
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89 | (2) |
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91 | (1) |
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Life Outside the Coffeehouse |
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92 | (4) |
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96 | (2) |
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6 Don Ganh: The Two Sides of Vietnam |
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98 | (14) |
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100 | (2) |
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The French Defeat and Division Into Two |
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102 | (2) |
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The Metaphor: The Dualities of Don Ganh |
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104 | (8) |
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7 The Polish Village Church |
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112 | (13) |
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114 | (2) |
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Central Place of the Catholic Church |
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116 | (2) |
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The Partitioning and Polish Identity |
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118 | (3) |
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121 | (4) |
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125 | (14) |
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127 | (3) |
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Strangers by Day, Lovers by Night |
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130 | (2) |
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132 | (1) |
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133 | (6) |
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PART III SCANDINAVIAN EGALITARIAN CULTURES |
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139 | (38) |
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140 | (14) |
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Love of Untrammeled Nature and Tradition |
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146 | (2) |
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Individualism Through Self-Development |
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148 | (3) |
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151 | (3) |
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154 | (16) |
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From Survival to Political and Economic Success |
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156 | (5) |
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Sauna: A Secular "Holy" Place of Equality |
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161 | (4) |
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Communication: Comfort With Quietude |
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165 | (5) |
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11 The Danish Christmas Luncheon |
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170 | (7) |
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Interdependent Individualism |
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172 | (2) |
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174 | (1) |
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175 | (2) |
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PART IV OTHER EGALITARIAN CULTURES |
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177 | (70) |
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178 | (23) |
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Diversity of Musical Instruments |
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183 | (2) |
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Positional Arrangements of the Musicians |
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185 | (4) |
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189 | (3) |
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Precision and Synchronicity |
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192 | (6) |
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198 | (3) |
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201 | (16) |
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Intersection of Gaelic and English |
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206 | (4) |
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210 | (1) |
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A Free-Flowing Conversation: Irish Hospitality |
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211 | (1) |
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Places of Conversations: Irish Friends and Families |
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212 | (3) |
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215 | (2) |
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14 The Canadian Backpack and Flag |
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217 | (10) |
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Egalitarianism and Outlook |
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219 | (2) |
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221 | (1) |
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Canadians as Non-U.S. Americans |
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222 | (5) |
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227 | (20) |
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228 | (4) |
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232 | (4) |
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236 | (4) |
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240 | (2) |
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242 | (2) |
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244 | (3) |
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PART V MARKET-PRICING CULTURES |
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247 | (50) |
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248 | (25) |
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250 | (1) |
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Pregame and Halftime Entertainment |
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251 | (1) |
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252 | (1) |
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Selection, the Training Camp, and the Playbook |
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253 | (1) |
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Individual Specialized Achievement Within the Team Structure |
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254 | (6) |
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Aggression, High Risks, and Unpredictable Outcomes |
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260 | (2) |
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262 | (5) |
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The Church of Football and Celebrating Perfection |
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267 | (6) |
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17 The Traditional British House |
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273 | (24) |
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274 | (1) |
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History, Politics, Economics: Laying the Foundations |
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275 | (5) |
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Growing Up British: Building the House |
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280 | (7) |
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Being British: Living in the House |
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287 | (10) |
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PART VI CLEFT NATIONAL CULTURES |
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297 | (102) |
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18 The Malaysian Balik Kampung |
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298 | (14) |
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Returning to Nearby Roots |
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301 | (2) |
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303 | (1) |
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Reinforcing Common Values |
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304 | (8) |
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19 The Nigerian Marketplace |
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312 | (20) |
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315 | (3) |
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318 | (5) |
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Balancing Tradition and Change |
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323 | (9) |
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20 The Israeli Kibbutzim and Moshavim |
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332 | (22) |
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339 | (5) |
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Size and Behavioral Outcomes |
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344 | (1) |
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Traumas, Worldview, and Personality |
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345 | (9) |
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354 | (23) |
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357 | (1) |
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358 | (5) |
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363 | (2) |
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365 | (7) |
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372 | (5) |
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377 | (22) |
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380 | (9) |
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389 | (5) |
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394 | (5) |
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PART VII TORN NATIONAL CULTURES |
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399 | (36) |
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400 | (17) |
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405 | (4) |
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409 | (2) |
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411 | (2) |
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Freedom Within the Social Order |
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413 | (4) |
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417 | (18) |
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422 | (2) |
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424 | (5) |
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429 | (6) |
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PART VIII THE BASE CULTURE AND ITS DIFFUSION ACROSS BORDERS (CLUSTERS OF NATIONS): The Example Of China |
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|
435 | (38) |
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25 China's Great Wall and Cross-Cultural Paradox |
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437 | (11) |
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The Great Wall: Long, Tortuous, and Complex History |
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440 | (1) |
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441 | (4) |
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Sun Tzu, War, and the Marketplace |
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445 | (3) |
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26 The Chinese Family Altar |
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|
448 | (13) |
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452 | (5) |
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
|
458 | (3) |
|
27 The Singapore Hawker Centers |
|
|
461 | (12) |
|
Ethnic Diversity but Unity |
|
|
465 | (2) |
|
|
467 | (1) |
|
|
468 | (1) |
|
|
469 | (1) |
|
Synthesizing Traditional and New Values |
|
|
470 | (3) |
|
PART IX INDIA, SHIVA, AND DIVERSITY |
|
|
473 | (42) |
|
28 India: The Dance of Shiva |
|
|
474 | (25) |
|
Cyclical Hindu Philosophy |
|
|
480 | (2) |
|
|
482 | (1) |
|
|
483 | (5) |
|
The Cycle of Social Interaction |
|
|
488 | (5) |
|
The Work and Recreation (Rejuvenation) Cycle |
|
|
493 | (6) |
|
29 India: A Kaleidoscope of Diversity |
|
|
499 | (16) |
|
The Kaleidoscope of Religions and Cultural Celebrations |
|
|
501 | (3) |
|
Images of Festivals and Feasts |
|
|
504 | (3) |
|
Cell Phones, Call Centers, and Curriculum |
|
|
507 | (5) |
|
The Changing Image of Cricket |
|
|
512 | (3) |
|
PART X SAME METAPHOR, DIFFERENT MEANINGS |
|
|
515 | (30) |
|
|
516 | (18) |
|
|
520 | (4) |
|
|
524 | (2) |
|
The Pompous Entrance Parade |
|
|
526 | (3) |
|
|
529 | (2) |
|
The Ritual of the Bullfight |
|
|
531 | (3) |
|
31 The Portuguese Bullfight |
|
|
534 | (11) |
|
|
535 | (4) |
|
Stratification Amid Unity |
|
|
539 | (1) |
|
|
540 | (1) |
|
|
541 | (4) |
|
PART XI POPULAR MUSIC AS CULTURAL METAPHORS |
|
|
545 | (40) |
|
|
546 | (19) |
|
|
549 | (4) |
|
|
553 | (3) |
|
|
556 | (2) |
|
|
558 | (3) |
|
|
561 | (4) |
|
|
565 | (20) |
|
|
567 | (2) |
|
Tango Music and Composers |
|
|
569 | (3) |
|
The Dynamics of the Dance |
|
|
572 | (2) |
|
Tango Singers and Their Lyrics |
|
|
574 | (4) |
|
|
578 | (1) |
|
Applying What We've Learned |
|
|
579 | (3) |
|
|
582 | (3) |
|
PART XII PERSPECTIVES ON CONTINENTS |
|
|
585 | (28) |
|
34 Australian Outdoor Recreational Activities |
|
|
586 | (10) |
|
Capturing the Imagination |
|
|
587 | (3) |
|
New Realities: Beyond Stereotypes |
|
|
590 | (2) |
|
|
592 | (1) |
|
Equality Matching Among the Tall Poppies |
|
|
592 | (4) |
|
35 The Sub-Saharan African Bush Taxi |
|
|
596 | (17) |
|
A Short History of Africa |
|
|
599 | (3) |
|
African Time Orientation and Fatalism |
|
|
602 | (3) |
|
Communalism and Community Sharing |
|
|
605 | (4) |
|
Hierarchy in African Society: Seating Arrangements in the Bush Taxi |
|
|
609 | (4) |
References |
|
613 | (25) |
Photo Credits |
|
638 | (2) |
Index |
|
640 | (16) |
About the Authors |
|
656 | |