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Business Law 6th Revised edition [Mīkstie vāki]

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(Reader in Law and Head of Research for Law, Sheffield Hallam University), (Associate Professor in Business Law, Nottingham University)
  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 776 pages, height x width x depth: 245x190x40 mm, weight: 1664 g
  • Izdošanas datums: 07-May-2020
  • Izdevniecība: Oxford University Press
  • ISBN-10: 0198849958
  • ISBN-13: 9780198849957
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Business Law 6th Revised editionPalielināt
  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 776 pages, height x width x depth: 245x190x40 mm, weight: 1664 g
  • Izdošanas datums: 07-May-2020
  • Izdevniecība: Oxford University Press
  • ISBN-10: 0198849958
  • ISBN-13: 9780198849957
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9780198849957.html
Keywords:
Do your students struggle to engage with legal topics? Look no further than Marson & Ferris' Business Law to help them actively engage with the law, understand it, and approach it with confidence.

Written with business, management, and finance and accounting students in mind, the authors put the law into a context that they can easily understand by introducing case studies in every chapter. 'Business Scenarios' help the students contextualize the law by presenting the reader with an example of an everyday problem which demonstrates how the law can affect a company, employer, employee, or other individual.

Throughout each chapter the students are asked to pause and consider how the content applies to these routine business problems, enabling them to become active readers and think independently about how the law operates.

The first chapter provides a helpful guide to studying the law and advice on how to excel in assessments so that students can fulfil their potential. This chapter includes a sample problem question and model answer. Further sample problem and essay questions can be found at the end of chapters, giving readers an opportunity to test their understanding and practise for assessments. Students will be able to find indicative answers to these questions hosted with the online resources for this book.

At the end of each chapter the authors provide further reading suggestions to guide students that want to deepen their knowledge, including well-maintained and trusted websites, Twitter feeds, and YouTube channels in addition to suitable books and articles. Digital formats and resources This edition is available for students and institutions to purchase in a variety of formats, and is supported by online resources. - The e-book offers a mobile experience and convenient access along with functionality tools, navigation features, and links that offer extra learning support: www.oxfordtextbooks.co.uk/ebooks - The online resources include flashcard cases, self-test questions and answers with feedback, and additional material on legislation.

Recenzijas

Review from previous edition The inclusion of business scenarios is an excellent touch, enabling students to contextualize the legal content. * Zaman Kala, Associate Lecturer in Law, University of Bolton * A concise business law book that provides a well-structured approach to understanding the topics. The book's distinctive edge is that it is more interactive than other books. * Dr John Wood, Lecturer in Law, University of Central Lancashire * Business Law is an important text for both students studying business law and anyone involved in running a business from directors to senior managers. * The Student Law Journal *

Table of Cases
xxxi
Table of Legislation
xlv
Table of Statutory Instruments
liv
Table of EU Legislation
lvii
Table of International Treaties and Conventions
lviii
Table of Codes of Practice
lix
PART I INTRODUCTION
1 How to Study Law for Businesses
3(12)
1.1 Introduction
3(1)
1.2 Why study law?
4(1)
1.3 How to be successfulin your studies
4(4)
1.3.1 How to answer `law' questions
5(1)
1.3.2 What a lecturer is Looking for in assessments
5(1)
1.3.3 Presentation of written answers/essays
6(1)
1.3.3.1 Include a bibliography
7(1)
1.3.3.2 Table of cases
8(1)
1.3.3.3 Table of statutes
8(1)
1.4 Examples of answering law questions
8(7)
1.4.1 Sample question
8(1)
1.4.2 Applying the Three-Step Process
8(1)
1.4.3 Example answer
9(6)
PART 2 THE ENGLISH LEGAL SYSTEM
2 The English Legal System, Constitution, and Human Rights
15(28)
2.1 Introduction
16(1)
2.2 The development of English law
16(1)
2.3 The differing sources of law
16(1)
2.4 Criminal and civil law
17(1)
2.5 The constitution of the United Kingdom
17(7)
2.5.1 Sources of the constitution
18(1)
2.5.1.1 Statutory materials
19(1)
2.5.1.2 Treaties
19(1)
2.5.1.3 Case law/the common law
19(1)
2.5.1.4 Conventions/customs
20(1)
2.5.1.5 Prerogative powers
20(1)
2.5.2 Essential features of the constitution
20(1)
2.5.2.1 The rule of Law
21(1)
2.5.2.2 Parliamentary supremacy
21(2)
2.5.2.3 The separation of powers
23(1)
2.5.2.4 No retrospective laws
23(1)
2.6 EU membership
24(8)
2.6.1 Aims of the EEC
24(1)
2.6.2 Institutions of the EU
25(1)
2.6.2.1 The EU Commission
25(1)
2.6.2.2 The Council of the European Union
25(1)
2.6.2.3 The European Parliament
25(1)
2.6.2.4 The Court of Justice
26(1)
2.6.2.5 The General Court
26(1)
2.6.3 Sources of EU Law
26(1)
2.6.3.1 Primary law---EU Treaty Articles
26(1)
2.6.3.2 Secondary laws
27(1)
Secondary laws---Regulations
27(1)
Secondary laws---Directives
27(1)
Secondary laws---Decisions
27(1)
2.6.4 Direct Effect
28(2)
2.6.4.1 Vertical effect
30(1)
2.6.5 Indirect Effect
30(2)
2.7 Human rights
32(11)
2.7.1 The European Convention on Human Rights
32(1)
2.7.1.1 Convention rights
32(1)
2.7.1.2 Enforcement
32(1)
2.7.2 The Human Rights Act 1998
33(1)
2.7.2.1 Powers granted to the judiciary
34(1)
2.7.2.2 Vertical effect of the Act
35(8)
3 Creating, Finding, and Applying the Law
43(24)
3.1 Introduction
44(1)
3.2 Sources of Law
44(9)
3.2.1 Case Law/common law
44(1)
3.2.1.1 The binding force of precedent
45(1)
3.2.1.2 The ratio decidendi and obiter dicta
45(1)
3.2.1.3 Statutory interpretation
46(1)
3.2.1.4 Aids to assistance in interpretation
46(1)
3.2.1.5 Methods of statutory interpretation
47(4)
3.2.2 Equity
51(1)
3.2.3 Legislation
52(1)
3.2.3.1 Parliamentary supremacy
52(1)
3.2.4 Customs
53(1)
3.2.5 Conventions
53(1)
3.3 How laws are created: the legislative process
53(4)
3.3.1 The House of Commons
54(1)
3.3.2 The House of Lords
54(1)
3.3.3 Types of Bill
54(1)
3.3.3.1 Government Bills
55(1)
3.3.3.2 Private Members' Bills
55(1)
3.3.3.3 Private Bills
55(1)
3.3.3.4 Public Bills
55(1)
3.3.4 From a Bill to an Act: The Stages of a Parliamentary Bill
55(1)
3.3.4.1 Initial interest
56(1)
3.3.4.2 The draft Bill
56(1)
3.3.4.3 The first reading
56(1)
3.3.4.4 The second reading
56(1)
3.3.4.5 Committee stage
56(1)
3.3.4.6 The report stage
56(1)
3.3.4.7 The third reading
56(1)
3.3.4.8 The House of Lords stages
56(1)
3.3.5 Royal Assent
57(1)
3.4 Non-Parliament legislation: secondary legislation
57(2)
3.4.1 Delegated legislation
58(1)
3.4.2 Statutory instruments
58(1)
3.4.3 Orders in Council
59(1)
3.4.4 By-laws
59(1)
3.5 Control of delegated legislation
59(8)
3.5.1 Control through committees
59(1)
3.5.2 Control through debates in Parliament
60(1)
3.5.2.1 Negative resolution procedure
60(1)
3.5.2.2 Positive/affirmative resolution procedure
60(1)
3.5.3 Control through the courts
61(6)
4 Dispute Resolution for Businesses
67(24)
4.1 Introduction
68(1)
4.2 The court system and appointment process
68(8)
4.2.1 An overview of the courts
68(1)
4.2.2 Judiciary
69(1)
4.2.3 Appointment proceedings
70(1)
4.2.3.1 The Judicial Appointments Commission
70(1)
4.2.4 The Supreme Court
70(1)
4.2.5 The Court of Appeal
71(1)
4.2.6 The Privy Council
71(1)
4.2.7 The High Court
72(1)
4.2.7.1 The Queen's Bench
72(1)
4.2.7.2 Chancery Division
72(1)
4.2.7.3 Family Division
73(1)
4.2.8 The County Court
73(1)
4.2.9 The Tracking System
74(1)
4.2.9.1 The small claims track
74(1)
4.2.9.2 The fast track and multi-track
74(1)
4.2.10 Criminal Courts
74(1)
4.2.10.1 The Crown Court
75(1)
4.2.10.2 The Magistrates' Court
75(1)
4.3 Tribunals
76(3)
4.3.1 Introduction
76(1)
4.3.2 The advantages of the tribunal system
77(1)
4.3.3 The disadvantages of tribunals
77(1)
4.3.4 Employment tribunals
78(1)
4.4 Alternative dispute resolution
79(12)
4.4.1 The need for alternative dispute resolution
80(1)
4.4.2 Disadvantages of ADR
80(1)
4.4.3 Dispute resolution in the courts
81(1)
4.4.4 Alternative forms of dispute resolution
82(1)
4.4.4.1 Arbitration
82(1)
4.4.4.2 Mediation
83(1)
4.4.4.3 Conciliation
83(8)
PART 3 CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS
5 Establishing an Agreement: Offer and Acceptance
91(24)
5.1 Introduction
92(1)
5.2 Unilateral and bilateral contracts
92(1)
5.3 Void and voidable contracts
92(1)
5.4 The essential features of a valid contract
93(22)
5.4.1 Offer
94(1)
5.4.1.1 Offer v invitation to treat
94(7)
5.4.1.2 Termination of an offer
101(4)
5.4.2 Acceptance
105(1)
5.4.2.1 Unconditional and full acceptance
105(1)
5.4.2.2 Communication of acceptance
106(9)
6 Establishing the Contract: Consideration, Intention to Create Legal Relations, and Certainty of Terms
115(30)
6.1 Introduction
116(1)
6.2 Consideration
116(12)
6.2.1 Executed and executory consideration
117(1)
6.2.2 Good consideration
118(8)
6.2.3 The doctrine of promissory estoppel
126(2)
6.3 The doctrine of privity of contract
128(5)
6.3.1 The exceptions to privity
129(3)
6.3.2 Reform of the law
132(1)
6.4 Intention to create legal relations
133(5)
6.5 Certainty of terms
138(7)
7 Factors Affecting the Validity of a Contract
145(30)
7.1 Introduction
146(1)
7.2 Capacity to enter a valid contract
146(3)
7.2.1 Minors
146(3)
7.2.2 Mental incapacity
149(1)
7.2.3 Intoxication
149(1)
7.3 Illegality
149(2)
7.4 Mistake
151(3)
7.4.1 Mistake in the terms of the contract
154(2)
7.4.2 Mistake as to the identity of the party
156(3)
7.4.3 The remedy of rectification
159(1)
7.5 Misrepresentation
159(1)
7.5.1 A statement of material fact
159(4)
7.5.2 The representation was false
163(1)
7.5.3 The innocent party believed the statement to be true
163(1)
7.5.4 An inducement to enter the contract
164(1)
7.5.5 Three types of misrepresentation
164(2)
7.5.6 Remedies for misrepresentation
166(1)
7.6 Duress and undue influence
167(1)
7.6.1 Duress
167(2)
7.6.2 Undue influence
169(2)
7.6.2.1 Restriction of rescission
171(4)
8 Terms of a Contract
175(26)
8.1 Introduction
176(1)
8.2 Terms and representations
176(5)
8.3 Terms of the contract
181(4)
8.3.1 Express terms
182(1)
8.3.2 Implied terms
182(3)
8.4 Classification of terms
185(4)
8.4.1 Types of terms
185(4)
8.5 Contractual terms exempting/excluding liability
189(12)
8.5.1 Exclusion/exemption clauses
189(1)
8.5.1.1 Incorporation (the common law approach)
190(5)
8.5.2 Misrepresentation may restrict the operation of an exclusion clause
195(1)
8.5.3 Interpretation of the clause
195(2)
8.5.4 Limitation clauses
197(1)
8.5.5 The statutory position
198(3)
9 Statutory Regulation of Contracts
201(36)
9.1 Introduction
202(1)
9.2 The Sale of Goods Act 1979 and the Consumer Rights Act 2015
202(18)
9.2.1 SOGA I979, ss. 12-15
204(10)
9.2.2 Remedies for breach of the Sale of Goods Act
214(1)
9.2.2.1 Buyer's remedies-SOGA
214(2)
Consumer's rights to enforce terms about goods (s. 19 of the CRA 2015)
216(1)
Right to reject (s. 20)
217(1)
Time limit for short-term right to reject (s. 22)
217(1)
Right to repair or replacement (s. 23)
218(1)
9.2.2.2 Seller's remedies-SOGA
219(1)
9.3 TheSupply of Goods and Services Act 1982
220(3)
9.3.1 Transfer of property in goods
220(1)
9.3.2 Contract of hire
220(1)
9.3.3 Supply of a service
221(1)
9.3.4 Consumer contracts for services---The CRA 2015
221(1)
9.3.4.1 Service to be performed with reasonable care and skill (s. 49)
221(1)
9.3.4.2 Information about the trader or service to be binding (s. 50)
222(1)
9.3.4.3 Reasonable price to be paid for a service (s. 51)
222(1)
9.3.4.4 Service to be performed within a reasonable time (s. 52)
222(1)
9.3.5 Remedies and implications
223(1)
9.4 The Consumer Contracts (Information, Cancellation and Additional Charges) Regulations 2013
223(6)
9.4.1 The focus of the regulations includes
223(1)
9.4.2 Contracts affected
223(1)
9.4.3 Contracts excluded from the regulations
224(1)
9.4.4 Contracts partially covered
224(1)
9.4.5 Cancellation rights for distance and off-premises contracts
224(1)
9.4.6 Contract excluded for the cancellation rights
225(1)
9.4.7 Delivery times and the passage of risk
226(1)
9.4.8 Additional payments and post-contract helplines
226(1)
9.4.9 Online payment buttons
226(1)
9.4.10 Providing information
226(1)
9.4.11 Examplesof the application of the regulations
226(1)
9.4.1.1.1 On-premises sales
227(1)
9.4.1 1.2 Distance sales
227(2)
9.4.11.3 Downloaded digital content
229(1)
9.4.1 1.4 Off-premises sales
229(1)
9.5 The Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977
229(8)
9.5.1 Liability in contract
230(1)
9.5.2 Liability in negligence
230(1)
9.5.3 Liability under misrepresentation
231(1)
9.5.4 Reasonableness of the exclusion clause
231(6)
10 Ending the Contract
237(32)
10.1 Introduction
238(1)
10.2 Discharge of contract
238(12)
10.2.1 Discharge through performance
238(4)
10.2.2 Discharge through agreement
242(1)
10.2.3 Discharge through frustration
242(6)
10.2.4 Discharge through breach of contract
248(2)
10.3 Remedies for breach of contract
250(19)
10.3.1 Damages
250(10)
10.3.2 Equitable remedies for breach of contract
260(9)
PART 4 TORTIOUS LIABILITY
11 The Tortious Liability of Businesses in Negligence and Nuisance
269(31)
11.1 Introduction
270(1)
11.2 Fault liability
270(1)
11.3 Time limits
270(1)
11.4 The distinction between contractual and tortious liability
270(1)
11.5 Negligence
271(1)
11.5.1 The duty of care
272(1)
11.5.1.1 Proximity of relationship
272(1)
11.5.1.2 Reasonable foreseeability of loss
273(1)
11.5.1.3 Fair, just, and reasonable
274(2)
11.5.2 Breach of the duty
276(1)
11.5.2.1 The `reasonable man' standard
277(1)
11.5.2.2 Actual breach committed
278(4)
11.5.3 Consequential damage
282(1)
11.5.3.1 Causation in fact
282(1)
11.5.3.2 Causation in law
283(3)
11.6 Defences to a claim of negligence
286(5)
11.6.1 Illegality
286(1)
11.6.2 Consent
287(2)
11.6.3 Contributory Negligence
289(2)
11.6.4 Necessity
291(1)
11.7 Remedies
291(1)
11.8 Nuisance
292(8)
11.8.1 Defences to a nuisance claim
294(1)
11.8.1.1 Statutory authority
294(1)
11.8.1.2 Consent
294(1)
11.8.1.3 Prescription
295(1)
11.8.2 Remedies in nuisance
295(1)
11.8.2.1 Damages
295(1)
11.8.2.2 Injunctions
295(1)
11.8.2.3 Abatement
295(5)
12 Non-Physical Damage and Liability for Economic Loss
300(18)
12.1 Introduction
301(1)
12.2 Pure economic loss
301(4)
12.3 Negligent misstatements
305(4)
12.4 Non-physical (psychiatric) damage
309(9)
12.4.1 Primary victims
311(1)
12.4.2 Secondary victims
312(6)
13 Responsibilities of Employers for the Torts of Employees and Statutory Duties
318(31)
13.1 Introduction
319(1)
3.2 Vicarious liability---a definition
319(1)
13.3 Rationale for the doctrine
320(1)
13.4 For what is the employer liable?
321(1)
13.5 The qualifications to establish vicarious liability
321(11)
13.5.1 Employee status
322(1)
3.5.1.1 Liability for `loaned' employees
322(1)
13.5.2 Course of employment
323(1)
13.5.2.1 Authorized acts conducted in unauthorized ways
323(3)
13.5.2.2 Acts incidental to the employment
326(2)
13.5.2.3 Deviation from a task
328(1)
3.5.2.4 Criminalacts
329(3)
13.6 Liability for independent contractors
332(3)
13.6.1 The fault of the employer
332(1)
13.6.2 Non-delegable duties
333(2)
13.7 The Consumer Protection Act 1987
335(4)
13.7.1 Protection through the Act
335(1)
13.7.2 The strict liability under the Act
336(1)
13.7.3 Claims under the Act
336(1)
13.7.3.1 Damage
336(1)
13.7.3.2 The defect in the product
337(1)
13.7.3.3 Supply of the product
338(1)
13.7.3.4 The defendant
338(1)
13.7.4 Defences under CPA 1987
338(1)
13.8 The Occupiers' Liability Acts
339(3)
13.8.1 The occupier
339(1)
13.8.2 Occupiers `duties to visitors'
339(1)
13.8.3 Occupiers `duties to non-visitors'
340(1)
13.8.4 Reducing the risks
341(1)
3.9 Breach of statutory duty
342(7)
13.9.1 Establishing a claim
342(1)
13.9.2 Defences available
343(1)
13.9.2.1 The defendant was not negligent
343(1)
13.9.2.2 Contributory negligence
343(1)
13.9.2.3 Consent
343(6)
PART 5 COMPANY LAW
14 Legal Requirements when Establishing a Business Enterprise
349(30)
14.1 Introduction
350(1)
14.2 Legal personality
350(5)
14.3 Types of business organization
355(24)
14.3.1 Sole Traders
355(1)
14.3.2 Partnerships
356(4)
14.3.2.1 Duties on partners
360(1)
14.3.2.2 The rights of partners
361(1)
14.3.2.3 Bringing the partnership to an end
361(1)
14.3.3 Limited liability partnerships
362(1)
14.3.4 Formation of a company
363(2)
14.3.5 Features of a limited company
365(2)
14.3.6 Distinctions between public and private companies
367(3)
14.3.7 Establishing the limited company
370(1)
14.3.8 Procedures of Registration
370(1)
14.3.8.1 The memorandum
370(1)
14.3.8.2 The articles
371(1)
14.3.8.3 Form IN0I
371(1)
14.3.8.4 The certificate of incorporation
371(1)
14.3.8.5 Re-registration of the company
372(1)
14.3.8.6 Buying an off-the-shelf company
373(1)
14.3.8.7 Passing-off
373(2)
14.3.8.8 Bringing the company to an end
375(4)
15 The Administration of Corporations
379(23)
15.1 Introduction
380(1)
15.2 The Companies Act 2006
380(1)
15.3 Capacity to trade
381(1)
15.4 Company meetings
381(6)
15.4.1 The request for a meeting
382(1)
15.4.2 The directors' obligation to call the meeting
382(1)
15.4.3 Notice of meetings
383(1)
15.4.4 Procedures at meetings
384(2)
15.4.5 General Meetings
386(1)
15.5 Resolutions at meetings
387(2)
15.5.1 Ordinary resolutions
387(1)
15.5.2 Special resolutions
388(1)
15.5.3 Written resolutions
388(1)
15.6 Recording business at meetings and of resolutions
389(1)
15.7 Winding-up of companies
390(12)
15.7.1 Liquidation
390(1)
5.7.1.1 Liquidation by a court
390(3)
15.7.1.2 The winding-up order
393(1)
15.7.1.3 Voluntary liquidation
394(1)
15.7.1.4 The liquidator
395(1)
15.7.1.5 Effect of charges on winding-up
396(2)
15.7.2 Administration
398(1)
15.7.2.1 Administrative receivership
398(4)
16 Duties Relating to Corporation Finance and Capital
402(22)
16.1 Introduction
403(1)
16.2 Shares
403(1)
16.3 Shareholders
403(1)
16.4 Share capital
404(4)
16.4.1 Share capital
404(1)
6.4.2 Alteration of share capital
405(1)
16.4.2.1 Reduction of share capital
406(2)
16.5 Share certificate
408(1)
16.6 Types of share
408(1)
16.7 Changing class rights
409(1)
16.8 The company's purchase of its own shares
410(1)
16.9 Share issue
411(1)
16.10 Payment
412(1)
16.11 Dividend payments
413(1)
16.12 Loan capital
414(2)
16.12.1 Debentures
415(1)
16.13 Charges
416(8)
16.13.1 Types of charges
416(3)
16.13.2 Registration of charges
419(1)
16.13.3 Priority of charges
419(5)
17 The Management of Corporations
424(31)
17.1 Introduction
425(1)
17.2 Directors of a company
425(15)
17.2.1 Types of director
426(1)
17.2.2 Number of directors
427(1)
17.2.3 Appointment of directors
427(1)
17.2.4 Registration of directors
428(1)
17.2.5 Directors' pay and contracts
428(1)
17.2.6 Directors' duties
429(1)
17.2.7 Directors' duties under the Companies Act 2006
429(1)
17.2.7.1 Duty to act within their powers
430(1)
17.2.7.2 Duty to promote the success of the company
430(2)
17.2.7.3 Duty to exercise independent judgement
432(1)
7.2.7.4 Duty to exercise reasonable care, skill, and diligence
432(1)
17.2.7.5 Duty to avoid conflicts of interest
433(1)
7.2.7.6 Duty not to accept benefits from third parties
434(1)
7.2.7.7 Duty to declare interest in proposed transaction or arrangement
435(1)
17.2.8 Duty of the director to disclose interests in contracts
435(1)
17.2.9 Civil consequences of a breach of the duties
435(2)
17.2.10 The meetings of directors
437(1)
17.2.11 Indemnifying the directors
437(1)
17.2.12 Removal of a director
437(2)
17.2.13 Disqualification of directors
439(1)
17.3 Directors' Liability to shareholders
440(1)
17.4 Minority protection
440(5)
17.4.1 Unfair prejudice
441(3)
7.4.2 Property transactions by the company
444(1)
17.4.3 Loans, quasi-Loans, and credit transactions
445(1)
17.5 The secretary
445(10)
17.5.1 Appointment
446(9)
PART 6 AGENCY LAW
18 Businesses and the Responsibility to Agents
455(24)
18.1 Introduction
456(1)
18.2 Types of agent
456(1)
18.3 Creation of agency
457(7)
18.3.1 Actual authority
458(2)
8.3.1.1 Usual authority
460(1)
8.3.2 Apparent authority
460(2)
8.3.3 Authority through ratification
462(1)
8.3.4 Authority through necessity
463(1)
18.4 Duties of the agent
464(3)
18.4.1 Duty not to take bribes
465(1)
18.4.2 Secret profits
466(1)
18.4.3 Avoid a conflict of interest
466(1)
18.4.4 Duty to account
467(1)
8.5 Liability of the agent
467(2)
8.6 Rights of an agent
469(1)
8.7 Termination at common law
469(1)
18.8 The Commercial Agents (Council Directive) Regulations 1993
470(9)
18.8.1 Indemnity and compensation
471(1)
18.8.2 Excluding the right to indemnity and compensation
472(1)
18.8.3 Termination of the agency under the Regulations
472(7)
PART 7 EMPLOYMENT
19 Hiring Staff and Establishing the Contract of Employment
479(31)
19.1 Introduction
480(1)
19.2 The reason for the distinction
480(2)
19.3 Tests to establish the employment relationship
482(11)
19.3.1 The control test
483(1)
19.3.2 The right to control
483(2)
19.3.3 The integration/organization test
485(1)
19.3.4 The mixed/economic reality test
486(7)
19.4 Employee shareholders
493(1)
19.5 The written statement of particulars
493(2)
19.6 Implied terms in contracts of employment
495(15)
19.6.1 Implied terms on the employee
496(6)
19.6.2 Implied terms on the employer
502(8)
20 Ending Employment Contracts at Common Law; and Duties to Redundant and Transferring Staff
510(28)
20.1 Introduction
511(1)
20.2 Termination of employment
511(3)
20.2.1 Terminations not establishing a dismissal at common law
511(3)
20.3 Wrongful dismissal (the common law route)
514(5)
20.3.1 The notice period
514(1)
20.3.2 What may be claimed
515(2)
20.3.3 Duty to mitigate
517(1)
20.3.4 After discovered reasons
517(1)
20.3.5 Time limit for claims
518(1)
20.3.6 Who may claim
518(1)
20.4 Redundancy
519(9)
20.4.1 The definition of redundancy
520(1)
20.4.1.1 Work of a particular kind
521(1)
20.4.2 Qualifications to the right
522(1)
20.4.2.1 Employee status and continuous employment
522(1)
20.4.2.2 Excluded categories
522(1)
20.4.2.3 Dismissal
523(1)
20.4.3 The employer's selection of employees for redundancy
524(1)
20.4.4 Automatically unfair selection for redundancy
524(1)
20.4.5 Obligation to consult
525(1)
20.4.5.1 Purpose of the consultation
525(1)
20.4.5.2 Failure to follow the consultation requirements
525(1)
20.4.5.3 Requirement to inform
526(1)
20.4.6 Calculation of the Payment
526(1)
20.4.7 Offer of Alternative Employment
527(1)
20.4.8 Trial Period of Employment
527(1)
20.5 Transfer of undertakings
528(10)
20.5.1 A relevant transfer
528(2)
20.5.2 The Effect of the transfer on contracts of employment
530(1)
20.5.2.1 When an employee does not want to transfer
530(1)
20.5.3 Dismissal or variation to the contractual terms and conditions
531(1)
20.5.4 An economic, technical, or organizational reason
532(1)
20.5.5 The obligation to consult regarding the transfer
532(6)
21 Statutory Regulation of Dismissals
538(27)
21.1 Introduction
539(1)
21.2 Unfair dismissal (the statutory route)
539(17)
21.2.1 Excluded groups from unfair dismissal protection
540(1)
21.2.2 Qualifications for protection under unfair dismissal
541(1)
21.2.2.1 Employee status
541(1)
21.2.2.2 Continuously employed for at least two years
541(1)
21.2.2.3 The employee must have been dismissed
541(1)
21.2.2.4 The effective date for termination
542(1)
21.2.3 Justification for dismissal: potentially fair reasons to dismiss
543(1)
21.2.3.1 Capability/qualifications
543(1)
21.2.3.2 Conduct
544(4)
21.2.3.3 Redundancy
548(1)
21.2.3.4 Contravention of a statute
549(1)
21.2.3.5 Some other substantial reason
549(1)
21.2.4 Automatically unfair reasons to dismiss
550(1)
21.2.5 The Procedures for a fair and reasonable dismissal
551(1)
21.2.5.1 The right to be accompanied at grievance and disciplinary hearings
551(1)
21.2.5.2 The ACAS code on disciplinary and dismissal procedures
552(1)
21.2.5.3 Failure to follow the code
553(1)
The early conciliation process
553(1)
21.2.6 Reasonableness of a dismissal
553(2)
21.2.7 After discovered reasons
555(1)
21.3 Constructive unfair dismissal
556(3)
21.3.1 Affirming the breach
559(1)
21.4 Remedies for unfair dismissal
559(6)
21.4.1 Reinstatement
560(1)
21.4.2 Re-engagement
560(1)
21.4.3 Compensation
560(1)
21.4.3.1 The basic award
560(1)
21.4.3.2 The compensatory award
561(1)
21.4.3.3 The additional award
562(3)
22 Equality in Employment Relationships
565(47)
22.1 Introduction
566(1)
22.2 The Equality Act 2010
566(1)
22.3 Previous anti-discrimination law repealed
567(1)
22.4 Groups affected by the act
567(1)
22.5 The protected characteristics (groups)
568(1)
22.6 Prohibited conduct
568(8)
22.6.1 Direct discrimination
569(1)
22.6.1.1 The protected characteristics
569(1)
22.6.1.2 Application of the Law
569(1)
22.6.1.3 Occupational requirements
570(1)
22.6.2 Associative discrimination
571(1)
22.6.2.1 The protected characteristics
571(1)
22.6.2.2 Application of the law
572(1)
22.6.3 Perception discrimination
572(1)
22.6.3.1 The protected characteristics
572(1)
22.6.3.2 Application of the law
572(1)
22.6.4 Indirect discrimination
572(1)
22.6.4.1 The protected characteristics
572(1)
22.6.4.2 Application of the law
572(3)
22.6.5 Harrassment
575(1)
22.6.5.1 The protected characteristics
575(1)
22.6.5.2 Application of the law
575(1)
22.6.6 Victimization
576(1)
22.6.6.1 The protected characteristics
576(1)
22.6.6.2 Application of the law
576(1)
22.7 Liability for acts of third parties
576(1)
22.8 Age discrimination
577(1)
22.9 Disability discrimination
578(5)
22.9.1 A comparator
583(1)
22.9.2 Pre-employment health questionnaire
583(1)
22.10 Discrimination on the basis of gender reassignment
583(1)
22.11 Sex, marriage/civil partnership, and race discrimination
584(1)
22.1.1.1 Discrimination before employment
585(1)
22.11.2 A comparator
586(1)
22.12 Equality in pay
586(2)
22.12.1 `Pay'
587(1)
22.1 2.2 A comparator
588(6)
22.12.3 Preparing a claim---pay disclosure
589(1)
22.12.4 The heads of claim
590(1)
22.12.4.1 Like work
590(1)
22.12.4.2 Work rated as equivalent
590(1)
22.12.4.3 Work of equal value
591(1)
22.12.5 Material factor defence
592(2)
22.1 2.6 Time Limits for a claim
594(1)
22.12.7 `Good practice'
594(1)
22.12.8 Gender pay gap reporting
594(1)
22.12.8.1 Who is covered
594(1)
22.12.8.2 What information is reported
595(1)
22.12.8.3 Compliance
595(1)
22.13 Discrimination on the basis of religion or belief
595(4)
22.13.1 Occupational requirements
598(1)
22.14 Discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation
599(1)
22.15 Discrimination against part-time workers
599(1)
22.16 Discrimination against workers on fixed-term contracts
600(1)
22.17 Enforcement and remedies for discrimination claims
601(2)
22.18 Maternity rights
603(9)
22.18.1 Breastfeeding
604(1)
22.18.2 Parental leave
604(1)
22.18.3 Maternity and paternity leave
605(1)
22.18.4 Extension of rights to parents adopting children
606(1)
22.18.5 Family-friendly policies
607(5)
23 Statutory and Common Law Regulation of the Conditions of Employment
612(35)
23.1 Introduction
613(1)
23.2 The Working Time Regulations 1998
613(7)
23.2.1 The maximum working week
615(1)
23.2.2 Opt-outs
616(1)
23.2.3 Enforcement
616(1)
23.2.4 Rest breaks
617(1)
23.2.5 Entitlement to annual leave
617(2)
23.2.6 Night-shift workers
619(1)
23.3 The National Minimum Wage and National Living Wage
620(2)
23.3.1 Worker
620(1)
23.3.2 Calculating the pay
621(1)
23.3.3 Obligation to maintain records
622(1)
23.3.4 Enforcement proceedings
622(1)
23.4 Health and safety
622(10)
23.4.1 The common law
623(2)
23.4.1.1 Competent employees
625(1)
23.4.1.2 Safe system of work
626(1)
23.4.1.3 Safe equipment
627(1)
23.4.1.4 Safe workplace
627(1)
23.4.1.5 Defences
628(1)
23.4.2 Statutory provisions
628(1)
23.4.2.1 The Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974
628(1)
23.4.2.2 Responsibilities on the employer
629(2)
23.4.2.3 Potential consequences for employers
631(1)
23.4.2.4 Advancement of protection through the EU
631(1)
23.4.2.5 Compulsory insurance
632(1)
23.5 Restraint of trade clauses
632(7)
23.5.1 The application of a restraint of trade
633(1)
23.5.2 The protection afforded by the clause
634(1)
23.5.3 A legitimate proprietary interest
634(1)
23.5.4 Reasonableness
635(1)
23.5.5 Repudiation of the contract by the employer
636(1)
23.5.6 Blue penciling
637(1)
23.5.7 Remedies
638(1)
23.5.8 Garden leave agreements
639(1)
23.6 The insolvency of the employer
639(8)
PART 8 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND DATA PROTECTION
24 Intellectual Property and Data Protection
647(36)
24.1 Introduction
648(1)
24.2 Protecting intellectual property
648(1)
24.3 Copyright
649(8)
24.3.1 Who is protected?
650(1)
24.3.2 What is protected?
650(2)
24.3.3 Rights provided through copyright
652(1)
24.3.4 Registration of copyright
653(1)
24.3.5 Duration of copyright protection
653(1)
24.3.6 Primary and secondary infringement of copyright
654(1)
24.3.7 Enforcement of copyright
654(1)
24.3.7.1 Civil actions
654(1)
24.3.7.2 Criminal offences
655(1)
24.3.8 Exceptions to breach of copyright
656(1)
24.4 Design rights and registration
657(3)
24.4.1 Enforcement of a design right
659(1)
24.4.2 Changes to design and patent law
660(1)
24.5 Trademarks
660(7)
24.5.1 Reasons to refuse the grant of a trademark
662(1)
24.5.2 Registration of the trademark
662(1)
24.5.3 Rights provided through registration
663(1)
24.5.4 Enforcing a registered trademark
664(1)
24.5.5 The tort of passing-off
664(1)
24.5.6 Goodwill
665(1)
24.5.7 Recognizing infringement
666(1)
24.5.8 Defences available
667(1)
24.5.9 Remedies
667(1)
24.6 Patents
667(3)
24.6.1 Exploitation of a patent
668(1)
24.6.2 Application for a patent
669(1)
24.6.3 Breach of a patent
669(1)
24.7 Employees and intellectual property
670(2)
24.8 Independent contractors and intellectual property
672(1)
24.9 The Intellectual Property (Unjustified Threats) Act 207
672(3)
24.9.1 What is a threat?
673(1)
24.9.2 Exclusions permitted
673(1)
24.9.3 Justifying threats
674(1)
24.9.4 Remedies
674(1)
24.10 The General Data Protection Regulation ((EU) S.I. 206/679)
675(1)
24.10.1 What is protected?
675(1)
24.10.2 Special categories of personal data
675(1)
24.10.3 Why is data protection important?
676(1)
24.10.4 Individual rights
677(1)
24.10.5 Data protection principles
678(1)
24.10.6 Data protection officer
678(1)
24.10.7 Data controllers
678(1)
24.10.8 Data processors
678(1)
24.11 The Data Protection Act 2018
678(5)
Glossary 683(8)
Index 691
Dr James Marson is a Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy and Reader in Law. He is Head of Research for Law at Sheffield Hallam University.

Dr Katy Ferris is an Associate Professor in Business Law at Nottingham University.