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Buying Defence and Security in Europe: The EU Defence and Security Procurement Directive in Context [Hardback]

(University of Birmingham)
  • Formāts: Hardback, 580 pages, height x width x depth: 235x155x25 mm, weight: 940 g
  • Izdošanas datums: 13-Oct-2014
  • Izdevniecība: Cambridge University Press
  • ISBN-10: 1107002508
  • ISBN-13: 9781107002500
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Buying Defence and Security in Europe: The EU Defence and Security Procurement Directive in ContextPalielināt
  • Formāts: Hardback, 580 pages, height x width x depth: 235x155x25 mm, weight: 940 g
  • Izdošanas datums: 13-Oct-2014
  • Izdevniecība: Cambridge University Press
  • ISBN-10: 1107002508
  • ISBN-13: 9781107002500
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9781107002500.html
Keywords:
Buying Defence and Security in Europe is the first critical evaluation of the EU Defence and Security Procurement Directive 2009/81/EC, which is now the basis for public and private entities buying armaments and sensitive goods and services in the EU. This instrument aims to ensure non-discrimination, competition and transparency in the security sectors. Part one provides a critical analysis of the economical, historical, political, military-strategic and legal contexts of the new EU Defence and Security Procurement Directive. Part two covers the main aspects of the Directive: its scope, procedures, security of supply and information, offsets and subcontracting, and finally its review and remedies system. This book is an essential overview of a legislative milestone in the field.

Papildus informācija

A critical evaluation of the EU Defence and Security Procurement Directive 2009/81/EC in its legal, economic, military, and political context.
Acknowledgements xvi
Table of cases xvii
Table of legislation and other instruments xxx
Abbreviations xliv
Introduction 1(14)
Part I The context of the Defence Directive 15(228)
1 The political and economic context of the Defence Directive Buyers, sellers, and national security
17(44)
1 Introduction
17(1)
2 The economic context
18(21)
2.1 Who is buying? Demand of defence and security goods and services in the EU
18(3)
2.2 Who is selling? The structure of the European defence and security market
21(6)
2.2.1 The European defence market: prime contractors
22(4)
2.2.2 The European security market: prime contractors
26(1)
2.2.3 Subcontractors
27(1)
2.3 Economic characteristics of defence procurement
27(12)
2.3.1 Buying European as a last resort: protectionism or buy American
28(3)
2.3.2 Monopsony
31(2)
2.3.3 Monopolies
33(1)
2.3.4 Duplication
33(2)
2.3.5 High costs
35(2)
2.3.6 State ownership and control
37(1)
2.3.7 Inefficiency
38(1)
3 The political and military background
39(10)
3.1 Sovereignty and autarky
40(1)
3.2 National security
41(4)
3.2.1 Security of supply
42(1)
3.2.2 Security of information
43(1)
3.2.3 The military security cost of non-Europe in defence
44(1)
3.3 The pull and push towards deeper European defence and security integration
45(4)
4 Technological and contractual characteristics of defence procurement
49(9)
4.1 Research and development
50(2)
4.1.1 Off-the-shelf purchases
50(1)
4.1.2 Research and development procurement
51(1)
4.2 Long life cycles
52(1)
4.3 Collaboration
53(1)
4.4 Offsets
54(3)
4.5 Long supply chains
57(1)
4.6 Public-private partnerships
57(1)
4.7 Corruption
58(1)
5 Conclusions
58(3)
2 The legal base of the Defence Directive in EU Internal Market law: Prohibitions, exemptions and proportionality
61(24)
1 Introduction
61(1)
2 The EU Internal Market and defence and security procurement
62(20)
2.1 The free movement of goods
63(4)
2.2 The free movement of services and the freedom of establishment
67(3)
2.3 The prohibition of discrimination on grounds of nationality
70(1)
2.4 The public security exemption
70(17)
2.4.1 Public security
72(1)
2.4.2 The narrow interpretation: Johnston, Sirdar, Kreil, and Dory
73(3)
2.4.3 The proportionality test: Campus Oil and Greek Petroleum Law
76(1)
2.4.3.1 Proportionality
76(1)
2.4.3.2 Campus Oil
79(1)
2.4.3.3 Greek Petroleum Law
80(1)
2.4.4 Intensity of scrutiny - a real, specific and serious risk: Albore
81(1)
3 Internal Market legal bases of the Defence Directive
82(1)
4 Conclusions
83(2)
3 Defence derogations from the Treaty: Articles 346 and 347 TFEU
85(51)
1 Introduction
85(2)
2 The armaments exemption of Article 346(1) (b) TFEU
87(41)
2.1 The List of armaments according to Article 346(2) TFEU
88(16)
2.1.1 Armaments on the List
90(4)
2.1.2 Material not on the List
94(2)
2.1.3 Military use: the Agusta case law and Finnish Turntables
96(7)
2.1.4 Armaments intended for exports: Fiocchi Munizioni
103(1)
2.2 The effect of Article 346 (1)(b) TFEU
104(21)
2.2.1 Not necessary for national security: Spanish Weapons and beyond
108(1)
2.2.1.1 Intensity of scrutiny
110(1)
2.2.1.2 Proportionality
113(6)
2.2.2 Burden of proof
119(1)
2.2.3 Derogation on a case-by-case basis
120(1)
2.2.4 Procedural requirements and hard defence material intended for export
121(1)
2.2.5 When the review procedure under Article 348 TFEU is used
122(3)
2.3 The Commission's 2006 Interpretative Communication
125(2)
2.4 Summary: the interpretation of Article 346(1)(b) TFEU
127(1)
3 The secrecy exemption of Article 346 (1) (a) TFEU
128(5)
3.1 Abuse of Article 346(1)(a) TFEU
129(2)
3.2 Intensity of scrutiny: German Military Exports
131(2)
4 The crisis situations exemption in Article 347 TFEU
133(1)
5 Conclusions
134(2)
4 The EU law and policy context beyond the Defence Directive: Intra-Community transfers, exports, standardisation, competition law, mergers, and State aid
136(49)
1 Introduction
136(2)
2 Trade in armaments and dual use goods
138(28)
2.1 Customs duties
139(1)
2.2 Intra-Community transfers
139(21)
2.2.1 Intra-Community transfers of armaments
140(1)
2.2.1.1 Situation before the ICT Directive
143(1)
2.2.1.2 Intra-Community transfers and procurement
146(1)
2.2.1.3 The ICT Directive
147(9)
2.2.2 Intra-Community transfer of dual-use goods: Regulation 428/2009/EC
156(4)
2.3 Defence exports
160(16)
2.3.1 Exports of dual-use goods
161(2)
2.3.2 Exports of armaments: Common Position 2008/944/CFSP
163(3)
3 Standardisation
166(3)
4 Competition (anti-trust) law: Articles 101 and 102 TFEU
169(3)
5 Merger control
172(4)
6 State aid
176(6)
6.1 State aid practices in the defence sector
176(5)
6.2 Legality of State aid practices under the TFEU
181(1)
7 Other activities
182(1)
8 Conclusions
183(2)
5 European armaments law and policy outside the EU Internal Market: EDA, OCCAR, Letter of Intent and NATO
185(58)
1 Introduction
185(1)
2 The European Defence Agency
186(36)
2.1 The organisational structure of the EDA
187(2)
2.2 The tasks of the EDA
189(32)
2.2.1 Development of policies
189(1)
2.2.1.1 The EDA Procurement Code
191(1)
2.2.1.2 Offsets and subcontracting
198(1)
2.2.1.3 Enforcement and remedies
207(1)
2.2.1.4 Compatibility of the EDA Procurement Code with the Defence Directive
209(8)
2.2.2 Evaluation of national capability commitments
217(1)
2.2.3 Pooling and sharing
218(1)
2.2.4 Collaborative projects and joint research programmes
218(3)
2.3 The EDA as part of the CSDP of the Treaty of Lisbon
221(1)
3 OCCAR
222(3)
4 Letter of Intent
225(6)
4.1 The LoI Framework Agreement Treaty
226(1)
4.2 Tasks
227(3)
4.3 Yet another framework
230(1)
5 Bilateral initiatives
231(1)
6 Overcoming the fragmentation of defence procurement frameworks
232(7)
6.1 Going the way of the WEAO: overcoming external fragmentation
233(4)
6.2 Overcoming internal fragmentation
237(2)
7 NATO Agencies
239(1)
8 Conclusions
240(3)
Part II The contents of the Defence Directive 243(241)
6 Inside or outside the Defence Directive: Limitation of scope
245(65)
1 Introduction
245(3)
2 The personal scope of the Defence Directive: covered contracting entities
248(12)
2.1 The abstract definition of contracting authorities
248(11)
2.1.1 The State, regional or local authorities
249(1)
2.1.1.1 Ministries of Defence and the armed forces
249(1)
2.1.1.2 Contracting authorities other than Ministries of Defence and the armed forces
251(1)
2.1.2 Bodies governed by public law
252(1)
2.1.3 Utilities
253(2)
2.1.4 Central purchasing bodies
255(1)
2.1.4.1 Is the EDA a central purchasing body?
256(1)
2.1.4.2 Are OCCAR and LOI central purchasing bodies?
258(1)
2.2 The lack on an Annex IV for the Defence Directive
259(1)
3 The material scope of the Directive: covered contracts
260(7)
3.1 Military equipment
261(2)
3.2 Sensitive contracts
263(2)
3.3 Other included contracts
265(1)
3.4 The Defence Directive and the other procurement Directives
266(1)
4 The material scope of the Directive: excluded contracts
267(40)
4.1 In-house contracts
268(1)
4.2 The thresholds of the Defence Directive
269(3)
4.3 Exceptions
272(31)
4.3.1 Article 12 Defence Directive: contracts awarded under international rules
272(4)
4.3.2 Article 13 Defence Directive: specific rules
276(1)
4.3.2.1 Secrecy
278(1)
4.3.2.2 Intelligence activities
281(1)
4.3.2.3 Cooperative programmes
283(1)
4.3.2.4 Contracts of forces deployed outside the territory of the Union
288(1)
4.3.2.5 Government-to-government contracts
292(1)
4.3.2.6 Contracts for R&D services
299(2)
4.3.3 Article 11 Defence Directive: the safeguard clause?
301(2)
4.4 The Defence Directive and the TFEU
303(2)
4.5 The Defence Directive and the Public Sector Directive
305(2)
4.6 The Defence Directive and the Utilities Directive
307(1)
5 Transposition
307(1)
6 Conclusions
308(2)
7 Security through flexibility: The procurement procedures of the Defence Directive
310(48)
1 Introduction
310(2)
2 No open procedure
312(6)
3 The restricted procedure
318(4)
4 The (default) negotiated procedure with prior publication of a contract notice
322(9)
5 Competitive dialogue
331(5)
6 Negotiated procedure without prior publication of a contract notice
336(11)
6.1 Situations not specific to the Defence Directive
338(3)
6.2 Situations specific to the Defence Directive
341(6)
6.2.1 Urgency resulting from a crisis
342(2)
6.2.2 Armed forces deployed abroad
344(1)
6.2.3 Research and development services
345(1)
6.2.4 Summary
346(1)
6.3 Control mechanism
347(1)
7 Other procedures in the Defence Directive
347(4)
7.1 Framework agreements
348(2)
7.2 Electronic auctions
350(1)
7.3 Dynamic purchasing systems
350(1)
8 Cooperative programmes based on research and development (R&D)
351(5)
8.1 European Space Agency
352(3)
8.2 The Defence Directive
355(1)
8.3 Public Sector Directive 2014/24/EU: innovation partnerships
355(1)
9 Conclusions
356(2)
8 Security of supply and security of information: Description in the specifications, contract conditions, qualification and award criteria
358(48)
1 Introduction
358(4)
1.1 Security of supply
359(2)
1.2 Security of Information
361(1)
2 Contract notice, technical specifications and contract conditions
362(20)
2.1 Technical specifications
364(2)
2.2 Contract performance conditions
366(15)
2.2.1 Security of supply
368(1)
2.2.1.1 Export, transfer and transit of goods associated with the contract
368(1)
2.2.1.2 Restrictions on disclosure, transfer or use
370(1)
2.2.1.3 Organisation of the supply chain
371(1)
2.2.1.4 Additional needs resulting from a crisis
373(1)
2.2.1.5 Maintenance, modernisation and adaptation
375(1)
2.2.1.6 Industrial changes
376(1)
2.2.1.7 Ceasing of production
376(1)
2.2.1.8 Conclusions on contract conditions concerning security of supply
377(2)
2.2.2 Security of information
379(1)
2.2.2.1 Commitment to safeguard confidentiality
379(1)
2.2.2.2 Information on subcontractors
380(1)
2.2.3 Description
381(1)
2.3 National transposition
381(1)
3 Qualification of bidders
382(18)
3.1 Exclusion of unsuitable candidates
383(5)
3.1.1 Professional conduct
384(1)
3.1.2 Grave professional misconduct
384(2)
3.1.3 Risks to the security of the Member State
386(2)
3.2 Economic and financial standing and technical and professional capacity
388(10)
3.2.1 Study and research facilities
389(1)
3.2.2 Geographical location of sources
390(2)
3.2.3 Classified information and security clearances
392(5)
3.2.4 Security of supply and information as technical capacity criteria
397(1)
3.3 Invitation to bid or negotiate: selection
398(2)
3.4 National transposition
400(1)
4 Award criteria
400(3)
5 Conclusions
403(3)
9 Addressing the structure of the European defence industries: Substituting offsets with subcontracts?
406(49)
1 Introduction
406(1)
2 Offsets and subcontracts in defence procurement
406(4)
3 Offsets in EU Internal Market law and the Defence Directive
410(18)
3.1 Offsets under the TFEU
411(7)
3.2 Offsets and the Defence Directive
418(4)
3.3 Commission Guidance Notes
422(3)
3.4 National laws of the Member States
425(3)
4 The subcontracting regime of the Defence Directive
428(24)
4.1 Options for subcontracting
430(8)
4.1.1 Option A: the prime contractor is free to choose subcontractors
431(1)
4.1.2 Option B: awarding subcontracts on the basis of competitive procedures
432(2)
4.1.3 Option C: awarding minimum percentage of subcontracts on the basis of competitive procedures
434(2)
4.1.4 Option D: requirement of minimal percentage to be subcontracted and competition for subcontract beyond the minimal percentage
436(2)
4.2 Subcontracting requirements in the prime contract award procedure
438(2)
4.3 Title III: rules applicable to subcontracting
440(11)
4.3.1 Scope
440(1)
4.3.2 Principles
441(4)
4.3.3 Thresholds and advertising
445(1)
4.3.4 Framework agreements
446(1)
4.3.5 Qualitative selection
447(1)
4.3.6 Exception clause
448(2)
4.3.7 Award criteria
450(1)
4.3.8 Subcontracts awarded by prime contractors which are contracting authorities or entities
451(1)
4.4 The new Public Sector Directive 2014/24/EU
451(1)
5 Conclusions
452(3)
10 The 'hidden Remedies Directive': Review and remedies in the Defence Directive
455(29)
1 Introduction
455(1)
2 The need for review and remedies
456(6)
2.1 The "hidden" Remedies Directive
458(2)
2.2 Security derogations in the TFEU
460(2)
3 Adapting Public Sector Directive 2004/18/EC
462(5)
3.1 Limitation
462(2)
3.2 Flexibility
464(1)
3.3 Description
465(1)
3.4 Substitution
466(1)
4 Adapting the Public Sector Remedies Directive
467(14)
4.1 Review bodies
468(3)
4.2 Security in the review bodies
471(3)
4.3 Interlocutory proceedings
474(3)
4.4 Ineffectiveness
477(4)
5 Conclusions
481(3)
Conclusions and recommendations 484(9)
Bibliography 493(10)
Index 503
Martin Trybus is Professor of European Law and Policy and Director of the Institute of European Law at University of Birmingham. He has been involved in many studies of the OECD, the European Commission and the European Defence Agency on matters of public procurement and the European armaments market. He currently serves on the Procurement Review Board of the European Space Agency and is the legal expert on a team led by RAND Europe providing advice and research for the European Commission on the transposition and implementation of the Defence and Security Procurement.