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E-grāmata: C1 Chemistry: Principles and Processes [Taylor & Francis e-book]

, , (Jaypee University of Information Technology, India)
  • Formāts: 268 pages, 9 Tables, black and white; 65 Line drawings, black and white; 2 Halftones, black and white; 67 Illustrations, black and white
  • Izdošanas datums: 07-Jun-2022
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press
  • ISBN-13: 9781003279280
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  • Taylor & Francis e-book
  • Cena: 164,53 €*
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  • Standarta cena: 235,05 €
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C1 Chemistry: Principles and ProcessesPalielināt
  • Formāts: 268 pages, 9 Tables, black and white; 65 Line drawings, black and white; 2 Halftones, black and white; 67 Illustrations, black and white
  • Izdošanas datums: 07-Jun-2022
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press
  • ISBN-13: 9781003279280
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Taylor & Francis e-booksMore info about Taylor & Francis e-books
Rokasgrāmatas mājas lapa: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781003279280
Volatility of crude oil prices, depleting reservoirs and environmental concerns have stimulated worldwide research for alternative and sustainable sources of raw materials for chemicals and fuels. The idea of using single-carbon atom molecules as chemical building blocks is not new, and many such compounds have been techno-economically studied as raw materials for fuels. Nevertheless, unifying the scientific and technical issues under the topic of C1 chemistry is not as easy as it may appear. C1 Chemistry: Principles and Processes provides a comprehensive understanding of the chemical transformation from molecular to commercial plant scales and reviews the sources of C1 molecules, their conversion processes and the most recent achievements and research needs.

This book:











Describes the latest processes developments and introduces commercial technologies





Covers a wide range of feedstocks, including greenhouse gases and organic wastes





Details chemistry, thermodynamics, catalysis, kinetics and reactors for respective conversions





Includes preparation and purification of C1 feedstocks, C1 molecule coupling reactions and process technologies for each C1 conversion reaction





Considers environmental impacts and sustainability

This book will be of interest to a wide range of researchers, academics, professionals and advanced students working in the chemical, environmental and energy sectors and offers readers insights into the challenges and opportunities in the active field of C1 chemistry.
Preface xv
Authors xvii
Chapter 1 Cl Chemistry: An Overview
1(6)
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 Definition
2(1)
1.3 Cl Chemistry Developments and Drivers
2(1)
1.4 Feedstocks
3(1)
1.5 Overview of Conversion Technologies
4(1)
1.6 Conclusions
5(2)
References
5(2)
Chapter 2 Cl Sources
7(36)
2.1 Introduction
7(1)
2.2 Natural Gas
7(2)
2.2.1 Sources
7(1)
2.2.2 Purification and Processing
8(1)
2.3 Carbon Dioxide
9(12)
2.3.1 Sources
9(1)
2.3.2 CO2 Capture Options
10(1)
2.3.2.1 Pre-Combustion Capture
10(1)
2.3.2.2 Post-Combustion Capture
11(1)
2.3.2.3 Oxy-Fuel Combustion
11(1)
2.3.3 CO2 Separation Technologies
11(1)
2.3.3.1 CO2 Separation from Stationary Points
11(7)
2.3.3.2 CO2 Separation from Ambient Air
18(1)
2.3.4 CO2 Storage Options
19(1)
2.3.5 CO2 Utilization Options
20(1)
2.3.6 Conclusions on Technologies for CO2 Capture
20(1)
2.4 Coal
21(11)
2.4.1 Chemical Composition
21(1)
2.4.2 Gasification
22(1)
2.4.2.1 Chemistry and Thermodynamics
23(1)
2.4.2.2 Gasification Catalysts
24(1)
2.4.2.3 Kinetics
25(3)
2.4.2.4 Gasifiers
28(3)
2.4.2.5 Commercial Technologies
31(1)
2.5 Heavy Oil Residues
32(1)
2.6 Biomass
33(3)
2.6.1 Thermochemical Conversions
33(1)
2.6.1.1 Gasification Models
34(1)
2.6.1.2 Gasification Technologies for Biomass
34(1)
2.6.2 Biochemical Conversion
35(1)
2.7 Conclusions
36(7)
Nomenclature
37(1)
References
38(5)
Chapter 3 Cl Interconversions
43(46)
3.1 Introduction
43(1)
3.2 Methane Conversions
43(21)
3.2.1 Reforming of Methane
43(1)
3.2.1.1 Steam Reforming of Methane
44(2)
3.2.1.2 Methane Dry Reforming
46(3)
3.2.1.3 Partial Oxidation of Methane
49(1)
3.2.1.4 Combined Reformings
50(2)
3.2.2 Partial Oxidation to Cl Oxygenates
52(1)
3.2.2.1 Methane to Formaldehyde
52(1)
3.2.2.2 Methane to Methanol
53(2)
3.2.3 Methane Halides
55(2)
3.2.3.1 Oxidative Halogenation
57(2)
3.2.3.2 Processes
59(1)
3.2.4 Sulfurated Methanes
59(2)
3.2.5 Methane to Hydrogen Cyanide
61(1)
3.2.5.1 Chemistry of Reaction
62(1)
3.2.5.2 Processes
63(1)
3.3 Carbon Dioxide Conversions
64(14)
3.3.1 Reverse WGS
64(1)
3.3.1.1 Catalysts
65(1)
3.3.2 Methanol Synthesis (Conventional)
66(1)
3.3.2.1 Chemistry
66(1)
3.3.2.2 Catalysts
67(1)
3.3.2.3 Processes
68(1)
3.3.3 Methanol from CO2 Hydrogenation
68(1)
3.3.3.1 Catalysts
69(4)
3.3.3.2 Mechanism
73(4)
3.3.3.3 Commercial Plants
77(1)
3.4 Concluding Remarks
78(11)
Nomenclature
79(1)
References
80(9)
Chapter 4 Methane Conversions
89(42)
4.1 Introduction
89(1)
4.2 Chemistry of Methane
89(1)
4.3 Non-Oxidative Conversions
90(19)
4.3.1 High-Temperature Self-Coupling
91(1)
4.3.1.1 Mechanism
91(2)
4.3.1.2 Industrial Processes
93(1)
4.3.2 Two-Step Methane Homologation
94(1)
4.3.2.1 Catalytic Effects
95(2)
4.3.2.2 Mechanism
97(1)
4.3.3 Methane Dehydroaromatization
98(1)
4.3.3.1 Chemistry and Thermodynamic of Reactions
98(1)
4.3.3.2 Catalytic Systems
99(4)
4.3.3.3 Mechanism and Kinetics
103(3)
4.3.3.4 Reactor Types and Operating Conditions
106(1)
4.3.3.5 Surface Carbon Species
106(1)
4.3.3.6 Catalyst Deactivation
107(1)
4.3.3.7 Coaromatization of Methane
108(1)
4.3.3.8 Processes
109(1)
4.4 Oxidative Conversions
109(13)
4.4.1 Oxidative Coupling of Methane
109(1)
4.4.1.1 Chemistry of OCM
110(1)
4.4.1.2 Catalysts
111(1)
4.4.1.3 Mechanism
112(4)
4.4.1.4 Reactor Options
116(1)
4.4.1.5 Reactor Configuration
117(2)
4.4.1.6 Process
119(1)
4.4.1.7 Recent Developments
119(3)
4.4.1.8 Integrating OCM Process with Other Ones
122(1)
4.5 Concluding Remarks
122(9)
Nomenclature
124(1)
References
124(7)
Chapter 5 Synthesis Gas Chemistry
131(34)
5.1 Introduction
131(1)
5.2 Chemical Properties of Carbon Monoxide
131(1)
5.3 Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis
132(13)
5.3.1 Catalysts
133(1)
5.3.1.1 Iron-Based Catalysts
133(1)
5.3.1.2 Cobalt Catalysts
134(2)
5.3.1.3 Ruthenium Catalysts
136(1)
5.3.1.4 Support Effects
136(1)
5.3.1.5 Comparison
137(1)
5.3.2 Mechanism and Kinetics
137(5)
5.3.3 Catalyst Deactivation
142(1)
5.3.4 Reactor Options
143(1)
5.3.5 Refining and Upgrading FT Products
143(2)
5.3.6 Process Technologies
145(1)
5.4 Modifications of FTS
145(3)
5.4.1 Kolbel--Engelhardt Process
146(1)
5.4.2 Isosynthesis
146(1)
5.4.3 Synthesis of Nitrogen Compounds
147(1)
5.5 Synthesis of Higher Alcohols
148(5)
5.5.1 Chemistry and Thermodynamics
149(1)
5.5.2 Catalysts
150(1)
5.5.2.1 Modified Methanol Synthesis Catalysts
150(1)
5.5.2.2 Modified FT Synthesis Catalysts
150(1)
5.5.2.3 Mo-Based Catalysts
151(1)
5.5.2.4 Rh-Based Catalysts
152(1)
5.5.3 Mechanism
152(1)
5.5.4 Processes
153(1)
5.6 Synthesis of Ethylene Glycol
153(1)
5.7 Hydroformylation
154(3)
5.7.1 Chemistry of Reaction
154(1)
5.7.2 Catalyst Systems
155(1)
5.7.3 Reaction Mechanism
155(2)
5.7.4 Commercial Processes
157(1)
5.8 Conclusions
157(8)
Nomenclature
157(1)
References
158(7)
Chapter 6 Carbon Dioxide Conversions
165(32)
6.1 Introduction
165(1)
6.2 Chemical Utilization Options
166(2)
6.3 Hydrogenation of Carbon Dioxide
168(8)
6.3.1 Chemistry
168(1)
6.3.2 Catalysts
169(1)
6.3.2.1 Role of Active Site
170(1)
6.3.2.2 Role of Support
171(1)
6.3.2.3 Role of the Promoter
171(1)
6.3.2.4 Role of Binder
172(1)
6.3.3 Mechanisms
173(1)
6.3.4 Effect of Reaction Conditions
173(1)
6.3.4.1 Effect of Space Velocity
173(1)
6.3.4.2 Effect of Temperature
173(1)
6.3.4.3 Effect of Pressure
173(1)
6.3.4.4 Role of the Reactor Type
174(1)
6.3.5 Catalyst Deactivation
174(1)
6.3.6 Processes
175(1)
6.4 Coupling with Olefins
176(1)
6.5 CO2 to Polymers
177(10)
6.5.1 Introduction
177(1)
6.5.2 Polymers Based on CO2-Direct Approach
177(1)
6.5.2.1 Polycarbonates
178(2)
6.5.2.2 Polyureas
180(1)
6.5.2.3 Polyurethanes
181(1)
6.5.2.4 Polyesters
182(1)
6.5.2.5 Polyols
182(1)
6.5.3 Polymers Based on CGylndirect Approach
183(2)
6.5.4 Catalysts
185(1)
6.5.5 Mechanisms
186(1)
6.5.5.1 Ring-Opening Copolymerization
186(1)
6.5.6 Industrial Examples
187(1)
6.6 Challenges
187(1)
6.7 Concluding Remarks
188(9)
Nomenclature
188(1)
References
189(8)
Chapter 7 Methanol Conversions
197(46)
7.1 Introduction
197(1)
7.2 Chemical Properties of Methanol
197(1)
7.3 Methanol to Hydrocarbons
197(30)
7.3.1 Chemistry of MTH
198(2)
7.3.2 Catalysts
200(1)
7.3.2.1 Aluminosilicates
201(2)
7.3.2.2 Silicoaluminophosphates (SAPO)
203(1)
7.3.3 Mechanisms
204(1)
7.3.3.1 Oxonium Mechanism
204(1)
7.3.3.2 Carbocation Mechanism
204(1)
7.3.3.3 Carbene Mechanism
205(1)
7.3.3.4 Radical Mechanism
205(1)
7.3.3.5 Hydrocarbon Pool Mechanism
206(1)
7.3.3.6 Dual-Cycle Mechanism
206(1)
7.3.4 Kinetics
207(4)
7.3.5 Catalyst Deactivation
211(2)
7.3.6 Catalyst Modifications
213(1)
7.3.6.1 Metal Incorporation
213(1)
7.3.6.2 Introducing Mesoporosity
214(3)
7.3.6.3 Synthesis of Nanosized SAPO-34
217(2)
7.3.7 Byproduct Upgrading
219(1)
7.3.8 Processes
219(1)
7.3.8.1 MTG Process
219(2)
7.3.8.2 MTP Process
221(2)
7.3.8.3 MTO Process
223(1)
7.3.8.4 MOGD Process
224(1)
7.3.8.5 GTO Process
224(1)
7.3.8.6 DMTO Process
225(1)
7.3.8.7 TIGAS Process
226(1)
7.3.8.8 DTG Process
226(1)
7.3.8.9 Others
226(1)
7.4 Methanol Carbonylation
227(8)
7.4.1 Reaction Chemistry
227(1)
7.4.2 Homogeneous Catalytic Systems
228(1)
7.4.2.1 Catalyst Components
228(1)
7.4.2.2 Commercial Methanol Carbonylation Processes
229(4)
7.4.3 Heterogeneous Carbonylation
233(2)
7.5 Methanol-Based Chemical Industry and Methanol Economy
235(8)
Nomenclature
235(1)
Symbols
236(1)
Greek Symbols
236(1)
References
236(7)
Chapter 8 Methane Derivative Routes
243(14)
8.1 Introduction
243(1)
8.2 Hydrocarbons from Methyl Halides
243(6)
8.2.1 Catalysts
244(3)
8.2.2 Mechanisms
247(1)
8.2.3 Catalyst Deactivation
248(1)
8.2.4 Processes
248(1)
8.3 Hydrocarbons from Sulfurated Methanes
249(3)
8.3.1 Catalysts
250(1)
8.3.2 Mechanism
251(1)
8.3.3 Catalyst Deactivation
251(1)
8.3.4 Challenges
252(1)
8.4 Concluding Remarks
252(5)
Nomenclature
252(1)
References
253(4)
Chapter 9 Outlook and Perspective
257(6)
9.1 Introduction
257(1)
9.2 New Feedstocks
257(2)
9.3 Energy Sources
259(1)
9.4 Methanol Economy
259(1)
9.5 Research Needs
260(3)
References
261(2)
Index 263
Dr. Saeed Sahebdelfar received his PhD from Sharif University of Technology in 2002. He is now the manager of the Catalysis Research Group at Petrochemical Research and Technology Company. Dr. Sahebdelfar's main research interests include C1 chemistry on catalytic conversions of carbon dioxide and natural gas to synfuels and chemicals, petroleum refining, biomass conversions and environmental engineering. He has published over 80 original articles (h-index 26) and written or edited 5 books.

Dr. Maryam Takht Ravanchi holds a PhD in Chemical Engineering. She is a researcher in the Catalysis Research Group at Petrochemical Research and Technology Company. Her research interests are in the fields of natural gas conversion, C1 chemistry, heterogeneous catalyst synthesis, membrane separation technologies and environmental research. Her recent research activities focus on carbon dioxide utilization, paraffin dehydrogenation, hydrogenation processes, and methanol synthesis. She has more than fifteen years of experience in the petrochemical industry as a process engineer and researcher. She has published about 70 journal papers, 70 conference papers, 6 national patents and 13 books (h-index 20 and i-10 index 29).

Dr. Ashok Kumar Nadda is Assistant Professor in the Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, India. He worked as a postdoctoral fellow in the State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, China and as a Brain Pool Researcher/ Assistant Professor at Konkuk University, South Korea. Dr. Ashok has a keen interest in microbial enzymes, biocatalysis, CO2 conversion, biomass degradation, biofuel synthesis, and bioremediation. Dr. Ashok has published more than 120 scientific contributions in the form of research, review, books, book chapters and in various journals of international repute. He is the Series Editor of the Microbial Biotechnology for Environment, Energy and Health book series published by Taylor and Francis/CRC Press.
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