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1 Biology: Exploring Life |
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Themes in the Study of Biology |
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1.1 All forms of life share common properties |
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1.2 In life's hierarchy of organization, new properties emerge at each level |
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1.3 Cells are the structural and functional units of life |
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1.4 Organisms interact with their environment, exchanging matter and energy |
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Evolution, the Core Theme of Biology |
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1.5 The unity of life is based on DNA and a common genetic code |
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1.6 The diversity of life can be arranged into three domains |
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1.7 Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life |
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1.8 In studying nature, scientists make observations and form and test hypotheses |
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1.9 Scientific Thinking Hypotheses can be tested using controlled field studies |
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Biology and Everyday Life |
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1.10 Evolution Connection Evolution is connected to our everyday lives |
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1.11 Connection Biology, technology, and society are connected in important ways |
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Unit I The Life of the Cell |
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2 The Chemical Basis of Life |
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Elements, Atoms, and Compounds |
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2.1 Organisms are composed of elements, in combinations called compounds |
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2.2 Connection Trace elements are common additives to food and water |
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2.3 Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons |
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2.4 Connection Radioactive isotopes can help or harm us |
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2.5 The distribution of electrons determines an atom's chemical properties |
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2.6 Covalent bonds join atoms into molecules through electron sharing |
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2.7 Ionic bonds are attractions between ions of opposite charge |
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2.8 Hydrogen bonds are weak bonds important in the chemistry of life |
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2.9 Chemical reactions make and break chemical bonds |
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Water's Life-Supporting Properties |
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2.10 Hydrogen bonds make liquid water cohesive |
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2.11 Waters hydrogen bonds moderate temperature |
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2.12 Ice floats because it is less dense than liquid water |
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2.13 Water is the solvent of life |
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2.14 The chemistry of life is sensitive to acidic and basic conditions |
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2.15 Scientific Thinking Scientists study the effects of rising atmospheric CO2 on coral reef ecosystems |
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2.16 Evolution Connection The search for extraterrestrial life centers on the search for water |
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29 | (3) |
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30 | (2) |
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Introduction to Organic Compounds |
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3.1 Life's molecular diversity is based on the properties of carbon |
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3.2 A few chemical groups are key to the functioning of biological molecules |
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3.3 Cells make large molecules from a limited set of small molecules |
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3.4 Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates |
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3.5 Two monosaccharides are linked to form a disaccharide |
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3.6 Connection What is high-fructose corn syrup, and is it to blame for obesity? |
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3.7 Polysaccharides are long chains of sugar units |
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3.8 Fats are lipids that are mostly energy-storage molecules |
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3.9 Scientific Thinking Scientific studies document the health risks of trans fats |
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3.10 Phospholipids and steroids are important lipids with a variety of functions |
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3.11 Connection Anabolic steroids pose health risks |
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42 | (1) |
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3.12 Proteins have a wide range of functions and structures |
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3.13 Proteins are made from amino acids linked by peptide bonds |
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3.14 Visualizing the Concept A proteins functional shape results from four levels of structure |
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45 | (1) |
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3.15 DNA and RNA are the two types of nucleic acids |
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3.16 Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides |
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3.17 Evolution Connection Lactose tolerance is a recent event in human Evolution |
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47 | (3) |
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48 | (2) |
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50 | (22) |
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4.1 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell |
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4.2 The small size of cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane |
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4.3 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells |
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4.4 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments |
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The Nucleus and Ribosomes |
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58 | (1) |
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4.5 The nucleus contains the cell's genetic instructions |
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4.6 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and for export |
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4.7 Many organelles are connected in the endomembrane system |
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4.8 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic workshop |
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4.9 The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and ships cell products |
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4.10 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell |
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4.11 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell |
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4.12 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown |
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Energy-Converting Organelles |
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4.13 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food |
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63 | (1) |
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4.14 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy |
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4.15 Evolution Connection Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis |
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The Cytoskeleton and Cell Surfaces |
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4.16 The cell's internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities |
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4.17 Scientific Thinking Scientists discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools of biochemistry and microscopy |
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4.18 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend |
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4.19 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support and regulation |
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4.20 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues |
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4.21 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells |
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4.22 Review: Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four main functions |
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69 | (3) |
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70 | (2) |
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72 | (16) |
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Membrane Structure and Function |
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74 | (1) |
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5.1 Visualizing the Concept Membranes are fluid mosaics of lipids and proteins with many functions |
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5.2 Evolution Connection The spontaneous formation of membranes was a critical step in the origin of life |
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5.3 Passive transport is diffusion across a membrane with no energy investment |
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5.4 Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a membrane |
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5.5 Water balance between cells and their surroundings is crucial to organisms |
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5.6 Transport proteins can facilitate diffusion across membranes |
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5.7 Scientific Thinking Research on another membrane protein led to the discovery of aquaporins |
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5.8 Cells expend energy in the active transport of a solute |
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5.9 Exocytosis and endocytosis transport large molecules across membranes |
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5.10 Cells transform energy as they perform work |
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5.11 Chemical reactions either release or store energy |
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5.12 ATP drives cellular work by coupling exergonic and endergonic reactions |
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82 | (1) |
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5.13 Enzymes speed up the cell's chemical reactions by lowering energy barriers |
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5.14 A specific enzyme catalyzes each cellular reaction |
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84 | (1) |
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5.15 Enzyme inhibition can regulate enzyme activity in a cell |
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5.16 Connection Many drugs, pesticides, and poisons are enzyme inhibitors |
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85 | (3) |
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86 | (2) |
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6 How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy |
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Cellular Respiration: Aerobic Harvesting of Energy |
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90 | (1) |
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6.1 Photosynthesis and cellular respiration provide energy for life |
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90 | (1) |
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6.2 Breathing supplies O2 for use in cellular respiration and removes CO2 |
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6.3 Cellular respiration banks energy in ATP molecules |
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91 | (1) |
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6.4 Connection The human body uses energy from ATP for all its activities |
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6.5 Cells capture energy from electrons “r;falling”r; from organic fuels to oxygen |
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Stages of Cellular Respiration |
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93 | (1) |
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6.6 Overview: Cellular respiration occurs in three main stages |
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93 | (1) |
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6.7 Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate |
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6.8 Pyruvate is oxidized in preparation for the citric acid cycle |
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96 | (1) |
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6.9 The citric acid cycle completes the oxidation of organic molecules, generating many NADH and FADH2 molecules |
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96 | (2) |
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6.10 Most ATP production occurs by oxidative phosphorylation |
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98 | (1) |
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6.11 Scientific Thinking Scientists have discovered heat-producing, calorie-burning brown fat in adults |
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99 | (1) |
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6.12 Review: Each molecule of glucose yields many molecules of ATP |
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100 | (1) |
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Fermentation: Anaerobic Harvesting of Energy |
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6.13 Fermentation enables cells to produce ATP without oxygen |
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6.14 Evolution Connection Glycolysis evolved early in the history of life on Earth |
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102 | (1) |
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Connections Between Metabolic Pathways |
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102 | (1) |
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6.15 Cells use many kinds of organic molecules as fuel for cellular respiration |
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102 | (1) |
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6.16 Organic molecules from food provide raw materials for biosynthesis |
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103 | (3) |
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104 | (2) |
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7 Photosynthesis: Using Light to Make Food |
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106 | (17) |
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An Introduction to Photosynthesis |
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108 | (1) |
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7.1 Photosynthesis fuels the biosphere |
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7.2 Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts in plant cells |
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109 | (1) |
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7.3 Scientists traced the process of photosynthesis using isotopes |
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110 | (1) |
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7.4 Photosynthesis is a redox process, as is cellular respiration |
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110 | (1) |
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7.5 The two stages of photosynthesis are linked by ATP and NADPH |
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111 | (1) |
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The Light Reactions: Converting Solar Energy to Chemical Energy |
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112 | (1) |
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7.6 Visible radiation absorbed by pigments drives the light reactions |
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112 | (1) |
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7.7 Photosystems capture solar energy |
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113 | (1) |
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7.8 Two photosystems connected by an electron transport chain generate ATP and NADPH |
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114 | (1) |
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7.9 Visualizing the Concept The light reactions take place within the thylakoid membranes |
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115 | (1) |
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The Calvin Cycle: Reducing CO2 to Sugar |
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116 | (1) |
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7.10 ATP and NADPH power sugar synthesis in the Calvin cycle |
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116 | (1) |
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7.11 Evolution Connection Other methods of carbon fixation have evolved in hot, dry climates |
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117 | (1) |
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The Global Significance of Photosynthesis |
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118 | (1) |
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7.12 Photosynthesis makes sugar from CO2 and H2O, providing food and O2 for almost all living organisms |
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118 | (1) |
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7.13 Scientific Thinking Rising atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide and global climate change will affect plants in various ways |
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119 | (1) |
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7.14 Scientific research and international treaties have helped slow the depletion of Earth's ozone layer |
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120 | (3) |
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121 | (2) |
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Unit II Cellular Reproduction and Genetics |
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123 | (130) |
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8 The Cellular Basis of Reproduction and Inheritance |
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124 | (28) |
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Cell Division and Reproduction |
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126 | (1) |
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8.1 Cell division plays many important roles in the lives of organisms |
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126 | (1) |
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8.2 Prokaryotes reproduce by binary fission |
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127 | (1) |
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The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle and Mitosis |
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128 | (1) |
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8.3 The large, complex chromosomes of eukaryotes duplicate with each cell division |
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128 | (1) |
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8.4 The cell cycle includes growing and division phases |
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129 | (1) |
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8.5 Cell division is a continuum of dynamic changes |
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130 | (2) |
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8.6 Cytokinesis differs for plant and animal cells |
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132 | (1) |
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8.7 Anchorage, cell density, and chemical growth factors affect cell division |
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133 | (1) |
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8.8 Growth factors signal the cell cycle control system |
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134 | (1) |
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8.9 Connection Growing out of control, cancer cells produce malignant tumors |
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135 | (1) |
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8.10 Scientific Thinking Tailoring treatment to each patient may improve cancer therapy |
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136 | (1) |
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Meiosis and Crossing Over |
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136 | (1) |
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8.11 Chromosomes are matched in homologous pairs |
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136 | (1) |
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8.12 Gametes have a single set of chromosomes |
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137 | (1) |
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8.13 Meiosis reduces the chromosome number from diploid to haploid |
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8.14 Visualizing the Concept Mitosis and meiosis have important similarities and differences |
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140 | (1) |
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8.15 Independent orientation of chromosomes in meiosis and random fertilization lead to varied offspring |
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141 | (1) |
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8.16 Homologous chromosomes may carry different versions of genes |
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142 | (1) |
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8.17 Crossing over further increases genetic variability |
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142 | (2) |
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Alterations of Chromosome Number and Structure |
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144 | (1) |
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8.18 Accidents during meiosis can alter chromosome number |
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144 | (1) |
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8.19 A karyotype is a photographic inventory of an individual's chromosomes |
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145 | (1) |
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8.20 Connection An extra copy of chromosome 21 causes Down syndrome |
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146 | (1) |
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8.21 Connection Abnormal numbers of sex chromosomes do not usually affect survival |
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147 | (1) |
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8.22 Evolution Connection New species can arise from errors in cell division |
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147 | (1) |
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8.23 Connection Alterations of chromosome structure can cause birth defects and cancer |
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148 | (4) |
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149 | (3) |
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9 Patterns of Inheritance |
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152 | (28) |
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154 | (1) |
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9.1 The study of genetics has ancient roots |
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154 | (1) |
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9.2 The science of genetics began in an abbey garden |
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154 | (2) |
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9.3 Mendel's law of segregation describes the inheritance of a single character |
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156 | (1) |
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9.4 Homologous chromosomes bear the alleles for each character |
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157 | (1) |
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9.5 The law of independent assortment is revealed by tracking two characters at once |
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158 | (1) |
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9.6 Geneticists can use a testcross to determine unknown genotypes |
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159 | (1) |
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9.7 Mendel's laws reflect the rules of probability |
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160 | (1) |
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9.8 Visualizing the Concept Genetic traits in humans can be tracked through family pedigrees |
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161 | (1) |
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9.9 Connection Many inherited traits in humans are controlled by a single gene |
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162 | (2) |
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9.10 Connection New technologies can provide insight into one's genetic legacy |
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164 | (2) |
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Variations on Mendel's Laws |
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166 | (1) |
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9.11 Incomplete dominance results in intermediate phenotypes |
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166 | (1) |
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9.12 Many genes have more than two alleles in the population |
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167 | (1) |
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9.13 A single gene may affect many phenotypic characters |
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168 | (1) |
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9.14 A single character may be influenced by many genes |
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169 | (1) |
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9.15 The environment affects many characters |
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170 | (1) |
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The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance |
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170 | (1) |
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9.16 Chromosome behavior accounts for Mendel's laws |
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170 | (2) |
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9.17 Scientific Thinking Genes on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together |
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172 | (1) |
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9.18 Crossing over produces new combinations of alleles |
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172 | (2) |
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9.19 Geneticists use crossover data to map genes |
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174 | (1) |
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Sex Chromosomes and Sex-Linked Genes |
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174 | (1) |
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9.20 Chromosomes determine sex in many species |
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174 | (2) |
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9.21 Sex-linked genes exhibit a unique pattern of inheritance |
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176 | (1) |
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9.22 Connection Human sex-linked disorders affect mostly males |
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177 | (1) |
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9.23 Evolution Connection The Y chromosome provides clues about human male Evolution |
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177 | (3) |
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178 | (2) |
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10 Molecular Biology of the Gene |
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180 | (28) |
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The Structure of the Genetic Material |
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182 | (1) |
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10.1 Scientific Thinking Experiments showed that DNA is the genetic material |
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182 | (2) |
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10.2 DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides |
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184 | (2) |
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10.3 DNA is a double-stranded helix |
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186 | (2) |
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188 | (1) |
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10.4 DNA replication depends on specific base pairing |
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188 | (1) |
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10.5 DNA replication proceeds in two directions at many sites simultaneously |
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188 | (2) |
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The Flow of Genetic Information from DNA to RNA to Protein |
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190 | (1) |
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10.6 Genes control phenotypic traits through the expression of proteins |
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190 | (1) |
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10.7 Genetic information written in codons is translated into amino acid sequences |
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191 | (1) |
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10.8 The genetic code dictates how codons are translated into amino acids |
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192 | (1) |
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10.9 Visualizing the Concept Transcription produces genetic messages in the form of RNA |
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193 | (1) |
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10.10 Eukaryotic RNA is processed before leaving the nucleus as mRNA |
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194 | (1) |
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10.11 Transfer RNA molecules serve as interpreters during translation |
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194 | (2) |
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10.12 Ribosomes build polypeptides |
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196 | (1) |
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10.13 An initiation codon marks the start of an mRNA message |
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196 | (1) |
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10.14 Elongation adds amino acids to the polypeptide chain until a stop codon terminates translation |
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197 | (1) |
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10.15 Review: The flow of genetic information in the cell is DNA → RNA → protein |
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198 | (1) |
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10.16 Mutations can affect genes |
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199 | (1) |
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The Genetics of Viruses and Bacteria |
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200 | (1) |
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10.17 Viral DNA may become part of the host chromosome |
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200 | (1) |
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10.18 Connection Many viruses cause disease in animals and plants |
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201 | (1) |
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10.19 Evolution Connection Emerging viruses threaten human health |
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202 | (1) |
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10.20 The AIDS virus makes DNA on an RNA template |
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203 | (1) |
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10.21 Viroids and prions are formidable pathogens in plants and animals |
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203 | (1) |
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10.22 Bacteria can transfer DNA in three ways |
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204 | (1) |
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10.23 Bacterial plasmids can serve as carriers for gene transfer |
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205 | (3) |
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206 | (2) |
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11 How Genes Are Controlled |
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208 | (22) |
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Control of Gene Expression |
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210 | (1) |
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11.1 Proteins interacting with DNA turn prokaryotic genes on or off in response to environmental changes |
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210 | (2) |
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11.2 Chromosome structure and chemical modifications can affect gene expression |
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212 | (2) |
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11.3 Complex assemblies of proteins control eukaryotic transcription |
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214 | (1) |
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11.4 Eukaryotic RNA may be spliced in more than one way |
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214 | (1) |
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11.5 Small RNAs play multiple roles in controlling gene expression |
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215 | (1) |
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11.6 Later stages of gene expression are also subject to regulation |
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216 | (1) |
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11.7 Visualizing the Concept Multiple mechanisms regulate gene expression in eukaryotes |
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217 | (1) |
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11.8 Cell signaling and waves of gene expression direct animal development |
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218 | (1) |
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11.9 Connection Scientists use DNA microarrays to test for the transcription of many genes at once |
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219 | (1) |
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11.10 Signal transduction pathways convert messages received at the cell surface to responses within the cell |
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220 | (1) |
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11.11 Evolution Connection Cell-signaling systems appeared early in the Evolution of life |
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220 | (1) |
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Cloning of Plants and Animals |
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221 | (1) |
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11.12 Plant cloning shows that differentiated cells may retain all of their genetic potential |
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221 | (1) |
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11.13 Scientific Thinking Biologists can clone animals via nuclear transplantation |
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222 | (1) |
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11.14 Connection Therapeutic cloning can produce stem cells with great medical potential |
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223 | (1) |
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The Genetic Basis of Cancer |
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224 | (1) |
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11.15 Cancer results from mutations in genes that control cell division |
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224 | (1) |
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11.16 Multiple genetic changes underlie the development of cancer |
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225 | (1) |
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11.17 Faulty proteins can interfere with normal signal transduction pathways |
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226 | (1) |
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11.18 Connection Lifestyle choices can reduce the risk of cancer |
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227 | (3) |
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228 | (2) |
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12 DNA Technology and Genomics |
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230 | (23) |
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232 | (1) |
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12.1 Genes can be cloned in recombinant plasmids |
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232 | (2) |
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12.2 Visualizing the Concept Enzymes are used to “r;cut and paste”r; DNA |
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234 | (1) |
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12.3 Cloned genes can be stored in genomic libraries |
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235 | (1) |
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12.4 Reverse transcriptase can help make genes for cloning |
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235 | (1) |
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12.5 Nucleic acid probes identify clones carrying specific genes |
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236 | (1) |
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Genetically Modified Organisms |
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236 | (1) |
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12.6 Recombinant cells and organisms can mass-produce gene products |
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236 | (2) |
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12.7 Connection DNA technology has changed the pharmaceutical industry and medicine |
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238 | (1) |
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12.8 Connection Genetically modified organisms are transforming agriculture |
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239 | (1) |
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12.9 Scientific Thinking Genetically modified organisms raise health concerns |
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240 | (1) |
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12.10 Connection Gene therapy may someday help treat a variety of diseases |
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241 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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12.11 The analysis of genetic markers can produce a DNA profile |
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242 | (1) |
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12.12 The PCR method is used to amplify DNA sequences |
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242 | (1) |
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12.13 Gel electrophoresis sorts DNA molecules by size |
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243 | (1) |
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12.14 Short tandem repeat analysis is commonly used for DNA profiling |
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244 | (1) |
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12.15 Connection DNA profiling has provided evidence in many forensic investigations |
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245 | (1) |
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12.16 RFLPs can be used to detect differences in DNA sequences |
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246 | (1) |
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247 | (1) |
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12.17 Genomics is the scientific study of whole genomes |
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247 | (1) |
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12.18 Connection The Human Genome Project revealed that most of the human genome does not consist of genes |
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248 | (1) |
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12.19 The whole-genome shotgun method of sequencing a genome can provide a wealth of data quickly |
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249 | (1) |
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12.20 Proteomics is the scientific study of the full set of proteins encoded by a genome |
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249 | (1) |
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12.21 Evolution Connection Genomes hold clues to human Evolution |
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250 | (3) |
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250 | (3) |
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Unit III Concepts of Evolution |
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253 | (64) |
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13 How Populations Evolve |
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254 | (22) |
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Darwin's Theory of Evolution |
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256 | (1) |
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13.1 A sea voyage helped Darwin frame his theory of Evolution |
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256 | (2) |
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13.2 The study of fossils provides strong evidence for Evolution |
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258 | (1) |
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13.3 Scientific Thinking Fossils of transitional forms support Darwin's theory of Evolution |
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259 | (1) |
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13.4 Homologies provide strong evidence for Evolution |
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260 | (1) |
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13.5 Homologies indicate patterns of descent that can be shown on an Evolutionary tree |
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261 | (1) |
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13.6 Darwin proposed natural selection as the mechanism of Evolution |
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262 | (1) |
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13.7 Scientists can observe natural selection in action |
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263 | (1) |
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The Evolution of Populations |
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264 | (1) |
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13.8 Mutation and sexual reproduction produce the genetic variation that makes Evolution possible |
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264 | (1) |
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13.9 Evolution occurs within populations |
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265 | (1) |
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13.10 The Hardy-Weinberg equation can test whether a population is evolving |
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266 | (1) |
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13.11 Connection The Hardy-Weinberg equation is useful in public health science |
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267 | (1) |
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Mechanisms of Microevolution |
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268 | (1) |
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13.12 Natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow can cause microevolution |
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268 | (1) |
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13.13 Natural selection is the only mechanism that consistently leads to adaptive Evolution |
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269 | (1) |
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13.14 Natural selection can alter variation in a population in three ways |
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270 | (1) |
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13.15 Sexual selection may lead to phenotypic differences between males and females |
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271 | (1) |
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13.16 Evolution Connection The Evolution of drug-resistant microorganisms is a serious public health concern |
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272 | (1) |
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13.17 Diploidy and balancing selection preserve genetic variation |
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272 | (1) |
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13.18 Natural selection cannot fashion perfect organisms |
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273 | (3) |
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274 | (2) |
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276 | (16) |
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278 | (1) |
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14.1 The origin of species is the source of biological diversity |
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278 | (1) |
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14.2 There are several ways to define a species |
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278 | (2) |
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14.3 Visualizing the Concept Reproductive barriers keep species separate |
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280 | (2) |
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282 | (1) |
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14.4 In allopatric speciation, geographic isolation leads to speciation |
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282 | (1) |
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14.5 Reproductive barriers can evolve as populations diverge |
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283 | (1) |
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14.6 Sympatric speciation takes place without geographic isolation |
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284 | (1) |
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14.7 Evolution Connection The origin of most plant species can be traced to polyploid speciation |
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285 | (1) |
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14.8 Isolated islands are often showcases of speciation |
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286 | (1) |
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14.9 Scientific Thinking Lake Victoria is a living laboratory for studying speciation |
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287 | (1) |
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14.10 Hybrid zones provide opportunities to study reproductive isolation |
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288 | (1) |
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14.11 Speciation can occur rapidly or slowly |
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289 | (3) |
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290 | (2) |
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15 Tracing Evolutionary History |
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292 | (25) |
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Early Earth and the Origin of Life |
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294 | (1) |
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15.1 Conditions on early Earth made the origin of life possible |
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294 | (1) |
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15.2 Scientific Thinking Experiments show that the abiotic synthesis of organic molecules is possible |
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295 | (1) |
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15.3 Stages in the origin of the first cells probably included the formation of polymers, protocells, and self-replicating RNA |
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296 | (1) |
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Major Events in the History of Life |
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297 | (1) |
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15.4 The origins of single-celled and multicellular organisms and the colonization of land were key events in life's history |
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297 | (1) |
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15.5 The actual ages of rocks and fossils mark geologic time |
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298 | (1) |
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15.6 The fossil record documents the history of life |
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298 | (2) |
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Mechanisms of Macroevolution |
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300 | (1) |
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15.7 Continental drift has played a major role in macroevolution |
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300 | (2) |
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15.8 Connection Plate tectonics may imperil human life |
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302 | (1) |
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15.9 During mass extinctions, large numbers of species are lost |
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302 | (2) |
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15.10 Adaptive radiations have increased the diversity of life |
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304 | (1) |
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15.11 Genes that control development play a major role in Evolution |
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304 | (2) |
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15.12 Evolution Connection Novel traits may arise in several ways |
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306 | (1) |
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15.13 Evolutionary trends do not mean that Evolution is goal directed |
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307 | (1) |
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Phylogeny and the Tree of Life |
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308 | (1) |
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15.14 Phylogenies based on homologies reflect Evolutionary history |
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308 | (1) |
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15.15 Systematics connects classification with Evolutionary history |
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308 | (2) |
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15.16 Shared characters are used to construct phylogenetic trees |
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310 | (2) |
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15.17 An organism's Evolutionary history is documented in its genome |
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312 | (1) |
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15.18 Molecular clocks help track Evolutionary time |
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313 | (1) |
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15.19 Constructing the tree of life is a work in progress |
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314 | (3) |
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315 | (2) |
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Unit IV The Evolution of Biological Diversity |
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317 | (94) |
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16 Microbial Life: Prokaryotes and Protists |
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318 | (22) |
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320 | (1) |
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16.1 Prokaryotes are diverse and widespread |
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320 | (1) |
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16.2 External features contribute to the success of prokaryotes |
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320 | (2) |
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16.3 Populations of prokaryotes can adapt rapidly to changes in the environment |
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322 | (1) |
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16.4 Prokaryotes have unparalleled nutritional diversity |
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323 | (1) |
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16.5 Connection Biofilms are complex associations of microbes |
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324 | (1) |
|
16.6 Connection Prokaryotes help clean up the environment |
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324 | (1) |
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16.7 Bacteria and archaea are the two main branches of prokaryotic Evolution |
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325 | (1) |
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16.8 Archaea thrive in extreme environments---and in other habitats |
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326 | (1) |
|
16.9 Bacteria include a diverse assemblage of prokaryotes |
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326 | (2) |
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16.10 Connection Some bacteria cause disease |
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328 | (1) |
|
16.11 Scientific Thinking Stomach microbiota affect health and disease |
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328 | (2) |
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330 | (1) |
|
16.12 Protists are an extremely diverse assortment of eukaryotes |
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330 | (1) |
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16.13 Evolution Connection Endosymbiosis of unicellular algae is the key to much of protist diversity |
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331 | (1) |
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16.14 The “r;SAR”r; supergroup represents the range of protist diversity |
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332 | (2) |
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16.15 Connection Can algae provide a renewable source of energy? |
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334 | (1) |
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16.16 Some excavates have modified mitochondria |
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334 | (1) |
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16.17 Unikonts include protists that are closely related to fungi and animals |
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335 | (1) |
|
16.18 Archaeplastids include red algae, green algae, and land plants |
|
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336 | (1) |
|
16.19 Evolution Connection Multicellularity evolved several times in eukaryotes |
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337 | (3) |
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338 | (2) |
|
17 The Evolution of Plant and Fungal Diversity |
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340 | (24) |
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Plant Evolution and Diversity |
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|
342 | (1) |
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17.1 Plants have adaptations for life on land |
|
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342 | (2) |
|
17.2 Plant diversity reflects the Evolutionary history of the plant kingdom |
|
|
344 | (2) |
|
Alternation of Generations and Plant Life Cycles |
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346 | (1) |
|
17.3 Visualizing the Concept Haploid and diploid generations alternate in plant life cycles |
|
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346 | (2) |
|
17.4 Seedless vascular plants dominated vast “r;coal forests”r; |
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348 | (1) |
|
17.5 Pollen and seeds are key adaptations for life on land |
|
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348 | (2) |
|
17.6 The flower is the centerpiece of angiosperm reproduction |
|
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350 | (1) |
|
17.7 The angiosperm plant is a sporophyte with gametophytes in its flowers |
|
|
350 | (2) |
|
17.8 The structure of a fruit reflects its function in seed dispersal |
|
|
352 | (1) |
|
17.9 Connection Angiosperms sustain us---and add spice to our diets |
|
|
352 | (1) |
|
17.10 Evolution Connection Pollination by animals has influenced angiosperm Evolution |
|
|
353 | (1) |
|
17.11 Connection Plant diversity is vital to the future of the world's food supply |
|
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354 | (1) |
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355 | (1) |
|
17.12 Fungi absorb food after digesting it outside their bodies |
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355 | (1) |
|
17.13 Fungi produce spores in both asexual and sexual life cycles |
|
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356 | (1) |
|
17.14 Fungi are classified into five groups |
|
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356 | (2) |
|
17.15 Connection Fungi have enormous ecological benefits |
|
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358 | (1) |
|
17.16 Connection Fungi have many practical uses |
|
|
358 | (1) |
|
17.17 Lichens are symbiotic associations of fungi and photosynthetic organisms |
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
17.18 Scientific Thinking Mycorrhizae may have helped plants colonize land |
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
17.19 Connection Parasitic fungi harm plants and animals |
|
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361 | (3) |
|
|
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362 | (2) |
|
18 The Evolution of Invertebrate Diversity |
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364 | (24) |
|
Animal Evolution and Diversity |
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366 | (1) |
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|
366 | (1) |
|
18.2 Animal diversification began more than half a billion years ago |
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
18.3 Visualizing the Concept Animals can be characterized by basic features of their “r;body plan”r; |
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368 | (1) |
|
18.4 Body plans and molecular comparisons of animals can be used to build phylogenetic trees |
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369 | (1) |
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370 | (1) |
|
18.5 Sponges have a relatively simple, porous body |
|
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370 | (1) |
|
18.6 Cnidarians are radial animals with tentacles and stinging cells |
|
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371 | (1) |
|
18.7 Flatworms are the simplest bilateral animals |
|
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372 | (1) |
|
18.8 Nematodes have a body cavity and a complete digestive tract |
|
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373 | (1) |
|
18.9 Diverse molluscs are variations on a common body plan |
|
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374 | (2) |
|
18.10 Annelids are segmented worms |
|
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376 | (2) |
|
18.11 Arthropods are segmented animals with jointed appendages and an exoskeleton |
|
|
378 | (2) |
|
18.12 Evolution Connection Insects are the most successful group of animals |
|
|
380 | (2) |
|
18.13 Scientific Thinking The genes that build animal bodies are ancient |
|
|
382 | (1) |
|
18.14 Echinoderms have spiny skin, an endoskeleton, and a water vascular system for movement |
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
18.15 Our own phylum, Chordata, is distinguished by four features |
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
18.16 Connection Invertebrate diversity is a valuable but threatened resource |
|
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385 | (3) |
|
|
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386 | (2) |
|
19 The Evolution of Vertebrate Diversity |
|
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388 | (23) |
|
Vertebrate Evolution and Diversity |
|
|
390 | (1) |
|
19.1 Derived characters define the major clades of chordates |
|
|
390 | (1) |
|
19.2 Hagfishes and lampreys lack hinged jaws |
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
19.3 Jawed vertebrates with gills and paired fins include sharks, ray-finned fishes, and lobe-finned fishes |
|
|
392 | (2) |
|
19.4 Evolution Connection New fossil discoveries are filling in the gaps of tetrapod evolution |
|
|
394 | (2) |
|
19.5 Amphibians are tetrapods---vertebrates with two pairs of limbs |
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
19.6 Reptiles are amniotes---tetrapods with a terrestrially adapted egg |
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
19.7 Birds are feathered reptiles with adaptations for flight |
|
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398 | (1) |
|
19.8 Mammals are amniotes that have hair and produce milk |
|
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399 | (1) |
|
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
19.9 Visualizing the Concept Primates include lemurs, monkeys, and apes |
|
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400 | (2) |
|
19.10 The human story begins with our primate heritage |
|
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402 | (1) |
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403 | (1) |
|
19.11 The hominin branch of the primate tree includes species that coexisted |
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
19.12 Australopiths were bipedal and had small brains |
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
19.13 Larger brains mark the Evolution of Homo |
|
|
405 | (1) |
|
19.14 From origins in Africa, Homo sapiens spread around the world |
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
19.15 Scientific Thinking New discoveries raise new questions about the history of hominins |
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
19.16 Evolution Connection Human skin color reflects adaptations to varying amounts of sunlight |
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
19.17 Connection Our knowledge of animal diversity is far from complete |
|
|
408 | (3) |
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|
|
409 | (2) |
|
Unit V Animals: Form and Function |
|
|
411 | (208) |
|
20 Unifying Concepts of Animal Structure and Function |
|
|
412 | (16) |
|
Structure and Function in Animal Tissues |
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
20.1 Evolution Connection An animal's form is not the perfect design |
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
20.2 Structure fits function at all levels of organization in the animal body |
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415 | (1) |
|
20.3 Tissues are groups of cells with a common structure and function |
|
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416 | (1) |
|
20.4 Epithelial tissue covers the body and lines its organs and cavities |
|
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416 | (1) |
|
20.5 Connective tissue binds and supports other tissues |
|
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417 | (1) |
|
20.6 Muscle tissue functions in movement |
|
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418 | (1) |
|
20.7 Nervous tissue forms a communication network |
|
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418 | (1) |
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419 | (1) |
|
20.8 Organs are made up of tissues |
|
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419 | (1) |
|
20.9 Connection Bioengineers are learning to produce organs for transplants |
|
|
419 | (1) |
|
20.10 Organ systems work together to perform life's functions |
|
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420 | (2) |
|
20.11 The integumentary system protects the body |
|
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422 | (1) |
|
20.12 Scientific Thinking Well-designed studies help answer scientific questions |
|
|
423 | (1) |
|
External Exchange and Internal Regulation |
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
20.13 Structural adaptations enhance exchange with the environment |
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
20.14 Animals regulate their internal environment |
|
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425 | (1) |
|
20.15 Homeostasis depends on negative feedback |
|
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426 | (2) |
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|
426 | (2) |
|
21 Nutrition and Digestion |
|
|
428 | (24) |
|
Obtaining and Processing Food |
|
|
430 | (1) |
|
21.1 Animals obtain and ingest their food in a variety of ways |
|
|
430 | (1) |
|
21.2 Overview: Food processing occurs in four stages |
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
21.3 Digestion occurs in specialized compartments |
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
The Human Digestive System |
|
|
433 | (1) |
|
21.4 The human digestive system consists of an alimentary canal and accessory glands |
|
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433 | (1) |
|
21.5 Digestion begins in the oral cavity |
|
|
434 | (1) |
|
21.6 After swallowing, peristalsis moves food through the esophagus to the stomach |
|
|
434 | (1) |
|
21.7 Connection The Heimlich maneuver can save lives |
|
|
435 | (1) |
|
21.8 The stomach stores food and breaks it down with acid and enzymes |
|
|
436 | (1) |
|
21.9 Connection Digestive ailments include acid reflux and gastric ulcers |
|
|
437 | (1) |
|
21.10 The small intestine is the major organ of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption |
|
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438 | (2) |
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21.11 The liver processes and detoxifies blood from the intestines |
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
21.12 The large intestine reclaims water and compacts the feces |
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
21.13 Evolution Connection Evolutionary adaptations of vertebrate digestive systems relate to diet |
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441 | (1) |
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442 | (1) |
|
21.14 An animal's diet must provide sufficient energy |
|
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442 | (1) |
|
21.15 An animal's diet must supply essential nutrients |
|
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443 | (1) |
|
21.16 A proper human diet must include sufficient vitamins and minerals |
|
|
444 | (2) |
|
21.17 Connection Food labels provide nutritional information |
|
|
446 | (1) |
|
21.18 Connection Dietary deficiencies can have a number of causes |
|
|
446 | (1) |
|
21.19 Evolution Connection The human health problem of obesity may reflect our Evolutionary past |
|
|
447 | (1) |
|
21.20 Scientific Thinking Scientists use a variety of methods to test weight-loss claims |
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
21.21 Connection Diet can influence risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer |
|
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449 | (3) |
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|
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450 | (2) |
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|
|
452 | (14) |
|
Mechanisms of Gas Exchange |
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
22.1 Gas exchange in humans involves breathing, transport of gases, and exchange with body cells |
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
22.2 Animals exchange O2 and CO2 across moist body surfaces |
|
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454 | (2) |
|
22.3 Visualizing the Concept Gills are adapted for gas exchange in aquatic environments |
|
|
456 | (1) |
|
22.4 The tracheal system of insects provides direct exchange between the air and body cells |
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
22.5 Evolution Connection The Evolution of lungs facilitated the movement of tetrapods onto land |
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
The Human Respiratory System |
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
22.6 In mammals, branching tubes convey air to lungs located in the chest cavity |
|
|
458 | (2) |
|
22.7 Scientific Thinking Warning: Cigarette smoking is hazardous to your health |
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
22.8 Negative pressure breathing ventilates your lungs |
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
22.9 Breathing is automatically controlled |
|
|
461 | (1) |
|
Transport of Gases in the Human Body |
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
22.10 Blood transports respiratory gases |
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
22.11 Hemoglobin carries O2, helps transport CO2, and buffers the blood |
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
22.12 Connection The human fetus exchanges gases with the mother's blood |
|
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463 | (3) |
|
|
|
464 | (2) |
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|
|
466 | (18) |
|
|
|
468 | (1) |
|
23.1 Circulatory systems facilitate exchange with all body tissues |
|
|
468 | (1) |
|
23.2 Evolution Connection Vertebrate cardiovascular systems reflect Evolution |
|
|
469 | (1) |
|
The Human Cardiovascular System and Heart |
|
|
470 | (1) |
|
23.3 Visualizing the Concept The human cardiovascular system illustrates the double circulation of mammals |
|
|
470 | (1) |
|
23.4 The heart contracts and relaxes rhythmically |
|
|
471 | (1) |
|
23.5 The SA node sets the tempo of the heartbeat |
|
|
472 | (1) |
|
23.6 Scientific Thinking What causes heart attacks? |
|
|
473 | (1) |
|
Structure and Function of Blood Vessels |
|
|
474 | (1) |
|
23.7 The structure of blood vessels fits their functions |
|
|
474 | (1) |
|
23.8 Blood pressure and velocity reflect the structure and arrangement of blood vessels |
|
|
475 | (1) |
|
23.9 Connection Measuring blood pressure can reveal cardiovascular problems |
|
|
476 | (1) |
|
23.10 Smooth muscle controls the distribution of blood |
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
23.11 Capillaries allow the transfer of substances through their walls |
|
|
478 | (1) |
|
Structure and Function of Blood |
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
23.12 Blood consists of red and white blood cells suspended in plasma |
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
23.13 Connection Too few or too many red blood cells can be unhealthy |
|
|
480 | (1) |
|
23.14 Blood clots plug leaks when blood vessels are injured |
|
|
480 | (1) |
|
23.15 Connection Stem cells offer a potential cure for blood cell diseases |
|
|
481 | (3) |
|
|
|
482 | (2) |
|
|
|
484 | (20) |
|
|
|
486 | (1) |
|
24.1 All animals have innate immunity |
|
|
486 | (1) |
|
24.2 Inflammation mobilizes the innate immune response |
|
|
487 | (1) |
|
|
|
488 | (1) |
|
24.3 The adaptive immune response counters specific invaders |
|
|
488 | (1) |
|
24.4 The lymphatic system becomes a crucial battleground during infection |
|
|
489 | (1) |
|
24.5 Lymphocytes mount a dual defense |
|
|
490 | (1) |
|
24.6 Antigen receptors and antibodies bind to specific regions on an antigen |
|
|
491 | (1) |
|
24.7 Visualizing the Concept Clonal selection mobilizes defensive forces against specific antigens |
|
|
492 | (1) |
|
24.8 The primary and secondary responses differ in speed, strength, and duration |
|
|
493 | (1) |
|
24.9 The structure of an antibody matches its function |
|
|
494 | (1) |
|
24.10 Connection Antibodies are powerful tools in the lab and clinic |
|
|
495 | (1) |
|
24.11 Scientific Thinking Scientists measure antibody levels to look for waning immunity after HPV vaccination |
|
|
496 | (1) |
|
24.12 Helper T cells stimulate the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses |
|
|
497 | (1) |
|
24.13 Cytotoxic T cells destroy infected body cells |
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
24.14 Connection HIV destroys helper T cells, compromising the body's defenses |
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
24.15 Evolution Connection The rapid Evolution of HIV complicates AIDS treatment |
|
|
499 | (1) |
|
24.16 The immune system depends on our molecular fingerprints |
|
|
500 | (1) |
|
Disorders of the Immune System |
|
|
500 | (1) |
|
24.17 Connection Immune system disorders result from self-directed or underactive responses |
|
|
500 | (1) |
|
24.18 Connection Allergies are overreactions to certain environmental antigens |
|
|
501 | (3) |
|
|
|
502 | (2) |
|
25 Control of Body Temperature and Water Balance |
|
|
504 | (12) |
|
|
|
506 | (1) |
|
25.1 An animal's regulation of body temperature helps maintain homeostasis |
|
|
506 | (1) |
|
25.2 Thermoregulation involves adaptations that balance heat gain and loss |
|
|
506 | (1) |
|
25.3 Scientific Thinking Coordinated waves of movement in huddles help penguins thermoregulate |
|
|
507 | (1) |
|
Osmoregulation and Excretion |
|
|
508 | (1) |
|
25.4 Animals balance their levels of water and solutes through osmoregulation |
|
|
508 | (1) |
|
25.5 Evolution Connection Several ways to dispose of nitrogenous wastes have evolved in animals |
|
|
509 | (1) |
|
25.6 The urinary system plays several major roles in homeostasis |
|
|
510 | (2) |
|
25.7 Reabsorption and secretion refine the filtrate |
|
|
512 | (1) |
|
25.8 Hormones regulate the urinary system |
|
|
513 | (1) |
|
25.9 Connection Kidney dialysis can save lives |
|
|
513 | (3) |
|
|
|
514 | (2) |
|
26 Hormones and the Endocrine System |
|
|
516 | (16) |
|
The Nature of Chemical Regulation |
|
|
518 | (1) |
|
26.1 Chemical and electrical signals coordinate body functions |
|
|
518 | (1) |
|
26.2 Hormones affect target cells using two main signaling mechanisms |
|
|
519 | (1) |
|
26.3 Scientific Thinking A widely used weed killer demasculinizes male frogs |
|
|
520 | (1) |
|
The Vertebrate Endocrine System |
|
|
520 | (1) |
|
26.4 The vertebrate endocrine system consists of more than a dozen major glands |
|
|
520 | (2) |
|
26.5 The hypothalamus, which is closely tied to the pituitary, connects the nervous and endocrine systems |
|
|
522 | (2) |
|
|
|
524 | (1) |
|
26.6 The thyroid regulates development and metabolism |
|
|
524 | (1) |
|
26.7 The gonads secrete sex hormones |
|
|
525 | (1) |
|
26.8 Visualizing the Concept Pancreatic hormones regulate blood glucose level |
|
|
526 | (1) |
|
26.9 Connection Diabetes is a common endocrine disorder |
|
|
527 | (1) |
|
26.10 The adrenal glands mobilize responses to stress |
|
|
528 | (1) |
|
26.11 Evolution Connection A single hormone can perform a variety of functions in different animals |
|
|
529 | (1) |
|
26.12 Connection Hormones can promote social behaviors |
|
|
530 | (2) |
|
|
|
530 | (2) |
|
27 Reproduction and Embryonic Development |
|
|
532 | (30) |
|
Asexual and Sexual Reproduction |
|
|
534 | (1) |
|
27.1 Asexual reproduction results in the generation of genetically identical offspring |
|
|
534 | (1) |
|
27.2 Sexual reproduction results in the generation of genetically unique offspring |
|
|
534 | (2) |
|
|
|
536 | (1) |
|
27.3 The human female reproductive system includes the ovaries and structures that deliver gametes |
|
|
536 | (2) |
|
27.4 The human male reproductive system includes the testes and structures that deliver gametes |
|
|
538 | (2) |
|
27.5 The formation of sperm and egg cells requires meiosis |
|
|
540 | (2) |
|
27.6 Hormones synchronize cyclic changes in the ovary and uterus |
|
|
542 | (2) |
|
27.7 Scientific Thinking Sexual activity can transmit disease |
|
|
544 | (1) |
|
27.8 Connection Contraception can prevent unwanted pregnancy |
|
|
545 | (1) |
|
Principles of Embryonic Development |
|
|
546 | (1) |
|
27.9 Fertilization results in a zygote and triggers embryonic development |
|
|
546 | (2) |
|
27.10 Cleavage produces a blastula from the zygote |
|
|
548 | (1) |
|
27.11 Gastrulation produces a three-layered embryo |
|
|
549 | (1) |
|
27.12 Organs start to form after gastrulation |
|
|
550 | (2) |
|
27.13 Multiple processes give form to the developing animal |
|
|
552 | (1) |
|
27.14 Evolution Connection Pattern formation during embryonic development is controlled by ancient genes |
|
|
552 | (2) |
|
|
|
554 | (1) |
|
27.15 The embryo and placenta take shape during the first month of pregnancy |
|
|
554 | (2) |
|
27.16 Visualizing the Concept Human pregnancy is divided into trimesters |
|
|
556 | (2) |
|
27.17 Childbirth is induced by hormones and other chemical signals |
|
|
558 | (1) |
|
27.18 Connection Reproductive technologies increase our reproductive options |
|
|
559 | (3) |
|
|
|
560 | (2) |
|
|
|
562 | (2) |
|
28 Nervous System Structure and Function |
|
|
564 | (22) |
|
28.1 Nervous systems receive sensory input, interpret it, and send out commands |
|
|
564 | (1) |
|
28.2 Neurons are the functional units of nervous systems |
|
|
565 | (1) |
|
Nerve Signals and Their Transmission |
|
|
566 | (1) |
|
28.3 Nerve function depends on charge differences across neuron membranes |
|
|
566 | (1) |
|
28.4 A nerve signal begins as a change in the membrane potential |
|
|
566 | (2) |
|
28.5 The action potential propagates itself along the axon |
|
|
568 | (1) |
|
28.6 Neurons communicate at synapses |
|
|
569 | (1) |
|
28.7 Chemical synapses enable complex information to be processed |
|
|
570 | (1) |
|
28.8 A variety of small molecules function as neurotransmitters |
|
|
570 | (1) |
|
28.9 Connection Many drugs act at chemical synapses |
|
|
571 | (1) |
|
28.10 Scientific Thinking Published data are biased toward positive findings |
|
|
572 | (1) |
|
An Overview of Animal Nervous Systems |
|
|
573 | (1) |
|
28.11 Evolution Connection The Evolution of animal nervous systems reflects changes in body symmetry |
|
|
573 | (1) |
|
28.12 Vertebrate nervous systems are highly centralized |
|
|
574 | (1) |
|
28.13 The peripheral nervous system of vertebrates can be divided into functional components |
|
|
575 | (1) |
|
28.14 The vertebrate brain develops from three anterior bulges of the neural tube |
|
|
576 | (1) |
|
|
|
576 | (1) |
|
28.15 The structure of a living supercomputer: The human brain |
|
|
576 | (2) |
|
28.16 The cerebral cortex is a mosaic of specialized, interactive regions |
|
|
578 | (1) |
|
28.17 Connection Injuries and brain operations provide insight into brain function |
|
|
579 | (1) |
|
28.18 Connection fMRI scans provide insight into brain structure and function |
|
|
580 | (1) |
|
28.19 The reticular formation is involved in arousal and sleep |
|
|
580 | (1) |
|
28.20 The limbic system is involved in emotions and memory |
|
|
581 | (1) |
|
28.21 Connection Changes in brain physiology can produce neurological disorders |
|
|
582 | (4) |
|
|
|
584 | (2) |
|
|
|
586 | (16) |
|
|
|
588 | (1) |
|
29.1 Sensory receptors convert stimulus energy to action potentials |
|
|
588 | (1) |
|
29.2 Scientific Thinking The model for magnetic sensory reception is incomplete |
|
|
589 | (1) |
|
29.3 Specialized sensory receptors detect five categories of stimuli |
|
|
590 | (2) |
|
|
|
592 | (1) |
|
29.4 The ear converts air pressure waves to action potentials that are perceived as sound |
|
|
592 | (2) |
|
29.5 The inner ear houses our organs of balance |
|
|
594 | (1) |
|
29.6 Connection What causes motion sickness? |
|
|
594 | (1) |
|
|
|
595 | (1) |
|
29.7 Evolution Connection Several types of eyes have evolved among animals |
|
|
595 | (1) |
|
29.8 Humans have single-lens eyes that focus by changing shape |
|
|
596 | (1) |
|
29.9 Connection Artificial lenses or surgery can correct focusing problems |
|
|
597 | (1) |
|
29.10 The human retina contains two types of photoreceptors: rods and cones |
|
|
598 | (1) |
|
|
|
599 | (1) |
|
29.11 Taste and odor receptors detect chemicals present in solution or air |
|
|
599 | (1) |
|
29.12 Connection “r;Supertasters”r; have a heightened sense of taste |
|
|
599 | (1) |
|
29.13 Review: The central nervous system couples stimulus with response |
|
|
600 | (2) |
|
|
|
600 | (2) |
|
|
|
602 | (17) |
|
|
|
604 | (1) |
|
30.1 Locomotion requires energy to overcome friction and gravity |
|
|
604 | (2) |
|
30.2 Skeletons function in support, movement, and protection |
|
|
606 | (2) |
|
|
|
608 | (1) |
|
30.3 Evolution Connection Vertebrate skeletons are variations on an ancient theme |
|
|
608 | (1) |
|
30.4 Bones are complex living organs |
|
|
609 | (1) |
|
30.5 Connection Healthy bones resist stress and heal from injuries |
|
|
610 | (1) |
|
30.6 Joints permit different types of movement |
|
|
611 | (1) |
|
Muscle Contraction and Movement |
|
|
611 | (1) |
|
30.7 The skeleton and muscles interact in movement |
|
|
611 | (1) |
|
30.8 Each muscle cell has its own contractile apparatus |
|
|
612 | (1) |
|
30.9 A muscle contracts when thin filaments slide along thick filaments |
|
|
612 | (2) |
|
30.10 Motor neurons stimulate muscle contraction |
|
|
614 | (1) |
|
30.11 Connection Aerobic respiration supplies most of the energy for exercise |
|
|
615 | (1) |
|
30.12 Scientific Thinking Characteristics of muscle fiber affect athletic performance |
|
|
616 | (3) |
|
|
|
617 | (2) |
|
Unit VI Plants: Form and Function |
|
|
619 | (58) |
|
31 Plant Structure, Growth, and Reproduction |
|
|
620 | (22) |
|
Plant Structure and Function |
|
|
622 | (1) |
|
31.1 Scientific Thinking The domestication of crops changed the course of human history |
|
|
622 | (1) |
|
31.2 The two major groups of angiosperms are the monocots and the eudicots |
|
|
623 | (1) |
|
31.3 A typical plant body contains three basic organs: roots, stems, and leaves |
|
|
624 | (1) |
|
31.4 Many plants have modified roots, stems, and leaves |
|
|
625 | (1) |
|
31.5 Three tissue systems make up the plant body |
|
|
626 | (2) |
|
31.6 Plant cells are diverse in structure and function |
|
|
628 | (2) |
|
|
|
630 | (1) |
|
31.7 Primary growth lengthens roots and shoots |
|
|
630 | (2) |
|
31.8 Secondary growth increases the diameter of woody plants |
|
|
632 | (2) |
|
Reproduction of Flowering Plants |
|
|
634 | (1) |
|
31.9 The flower is the organ of sexual reproduction in angiosperms |
|
|
634 | (1) |
|
31.10 The development of pollen and ovules culminates in fertilization |
|
|
635 | (1) |
|
31.11 The ovule develops into a seed |
|
|
636 | (1) |
|
31.12 The ovary develops into a fruit |
|
|
637 | (1) |
|
31.13 Seed germination continues the life cycle |
|
|
638 | (1) |
|
31.14 Asexual reproduction produces plant clones |
|
|
638 | (2) |
|
31.15 Evolution Connection Evolutionary adaptations help some plants to live very long lives |
|
|
640 | (2) |
|
|
|
640 | (2) |
|
32 Plant Nutrition and Transport |
|
|
642 | (18) |
|
The Uptake and Transport of Plant Nutrients |
|
|
644 | (1) |
|
32.1 Plants acquire nutrients from air, water, and soil |
|
|
644 | (1) |
|
32.2 The plasma membranes of root cells control solute uptake |
|
|
645 | (1) |
|
32.3 Visualizing the Concept Transpiration pulls water up xylem vessels |
|
|
646 | (1) |
|
32.4 Guard cells control transpiration |
|
|
647 | (1) |
|
32.5 Phloem transports sugars |
|
|
648 | (2) |
|
Plant Nutrients and the Soil |
|
|
650 | (1) |
|
32.6 Plant health depends on obtaining all of the essential inorganic nutrients |
|
|
650 | (1) |
|
32.7 Connection Fertilizers can help prevent nutrient deficiencies |
|
|
651 | (1) |
|
32.8 Fertile soil supports plant growth |
|
|
652 | (1) |
|
32.9 Connection Soil conservation is essential to human life |
|
|
653 | (1) |
|
32.10 Scientific Thinking Organic farmers follow principles meant to promote health |
|
|
654 | (1) |
|
32.11 Connection Agricultural research is improving the yields and nutritional values of crops |
|
|
654 | (1) |
|
Plant Nutrition and Symbiosis |
|
|
655 | (1) |
|
32.12 Most plants depend on bacteria to supply nitrogen |
|
|
655 | (1) |
|
32.13 Evolution Connection Plants have evolved mutually beneficial symbiotic relationships |
|
|
656 | (1) |
|
32.14 The plant kingdom includes epiphytes, parasites, and carnivores |
|
|
657 | (3) |
|
|
|
658 | (2) |
|
33 Control Systems in Plants |
|
|
660 | (17) |
|
|
|
662 | (1) |
|
33.1 Scientific Thinking A series of experiments by several scientists led to the discovery of a plant hormone |
|
|
662 | (2) |
|
33.2 Botanists have identified several major types of hormones |
|
|
664 | (1) |
|
33.3 Auxin stimulates the elongation of cells in young shoots |
|
|
664 | (2) |
|
33.4 Cytokinins stimulate cell division |
|
|
666 | (1) |
|
33.5 Gibberellins affect stem elongation and have numerous other effects |
|
|
666 | (1) |
|
33.6 Abscisic acid inhibits many plant processes |
|
|
667 | (1) |
|
33.7 Ethylene triggers fruit ripening and other aging processes |
|
|
668 | (1) |
|
33.8 Connection Plant hormones have many agricultural uses |
|
|
669 | (1) |
|
|
|
670 | (1) |
|
33.9 Tropisms orient plant growth toward or away from environmental stimuli |
|
|
670 | (1) |
|
33.10 Plants have internal clocks |
|
|
671 | (1) |
|
33.11 Plants mark the seasons by measuring photoperiod |
|
|
672 | (1) |
|
33.12 Phytochromes are light detectors that help set the biological clock |
|
|
673 | (1) |
|
33.13 Evolution Connection Defenses against herbivores and infectious microbes have evolved in plants |
|
|
674 | (3) |
|
|
|
675 | (2) |
|
|
|
677 | |
|
34 The Biosphere: An Introduction to Earth's Diverse Environments |
|
|
678 | (20) |
|
|
|
680 | (1) |
|
34.1 Ecologists study how organisms interact with their environment at several levels |
|
|
680 | (1) |
|
34.2 Scientific Thinking The science of ecology provides insight into environmental problems |
|
|
681 | (1) |
|
34.3 Physical and chemical factors influence life in the biosphere |
|
|
682 | (1) |
|
34.4 Evolution Connection Organisms are adapted to abiotic and biotic factors by natural selection |
|
|
683 | (1) |
|
34.5 Regional climate influences the distribution of terrestrial communities |
|
|
684 | (2) |
|
|
|
686 | (1) |
|
34.6 Sunlight and substrate are key factors in the distribution of marine organisms |
|
|
686 | (2) |
|
34.7 Current, sunlight, and nutrients are important abiotic factors in freshwater biomes |
|
|
688 | (1) |
|
|
|
689 | (1) |
|
34.8 Terrestrial biomes reflect regional variations in climate |
|
|
689 | (1) |
|
34.9 Tropical forests cluster near the equator |
|
|
690 | (1) |
|
34.10 Savannas are grasslands with scattered trees |
|
|
690 | (1) |
|
34.11 Deserts are defined by their dryness |
|
|
691 | (1) |
|
34.12 Spiny shrubs dominate the chaparral |
|
|
692 | (1) |
|
34.13 Temperate grasslands include the North American prairie |
|
|
692 | (1) |
|
34.14 Broadleaf trees dominate temperate forests |
|
|
693 | (1) |
|
34.15 Coniferous forests are often dominated by a few species of trees |
|
|
693 | (1) |
|
34.16 Long, bitter-cold winters characterize the tundra |
|
|
694 | (1) |
|
34.17 Polar ice covers the land at high latitudes |
|
|
694 | (1) |
|
34.18 The global water cycle connects aquatic and terrestrial biomes |
|
|
695 | (3) |
|
|
|
696 | (2) |
|
35 Behavioral Adaptations to the Environment |
|
|
698 | (24) |
|
The Scientific Study of Behavior |
|
|
700 | (1) |
|
35.1 Behavioral ecologists ask both proximate and ultimate questions |
|
|
700 | (1) |
|
35.2 Fixed action patterns are innate behaviors |
|
|
700 | (2) |
|
35.3 Behavior is the result of both genetic and environmental factors |
|
|
702 | (1) |
|
|
|
703 | (1) |
|
35.4 Habituation is a simple type of learning |
|
|
703 | (1) |
|
35.5 Imprinting requires both innate behavior and experience |
|
|
704 | (1) |
|
35.6 Connection Imprinting poses problems and opportunities for conservation programs |
|
|
705 | (1) |
|
35.7 Visualizing the Concept Animal movement may be a response to stimuli or require spatial learning |
|
|
706 | (1) |
|
35.8 A variety of cues guide migratory movements |
|
|
707 | (1) |
|
35.9 Animals may learn to associate a stimulus or behavior with a response |
|
|
708 | (1) |
|
35.10 Social learning employs observation and imitation of others |
|
|
708 | (1) |
|
35.11 Problem-solving behavior relies on cognition |
|
|
709 | (1) |
|
Survival and Reproductive Success |
|
|
710 | (1) |
|
35.12 Behavioral ecologists use cost-benefit analysis to study foraging |
|
|
710 | (1) |
|
35.13 Communication is an essential element of interactions between animals |
|
|
711 | (1) |
|
35.14 Mating behavior often includes elaborate courtship rituals |
|
|
712 | (1) |
|
35.15 Mating systems and parental care enhance reproductive success |
|
|
713 | (1) |
|
35.16 Connection Chemical pollutants can cause abnormal behavior |
|
|
714 | (1) |
|
Social Behavior and Sociobiology |
|
|
715 | (1) |
|
35.17 Sociobiology places social behavior in an Evolutionary context |
|
|
715 | (1) |
|
35.18 Territorial behavior parcels out space and resources |
|
|
715 | (1) |
|
35.19 Agonistic behavior often resolves confrontations between competitors |
|
|
716 | (1) |
|
35.20 Dominance hierarchies are maintained by agonistic behavior |
|
|
716 | (1) |
|
35.21 Evolution Connection Altruistic acts can often be explained by the concept of inclusive fitness |
|
|
717 | (1) |
|
35.22 Scientific Thinking Jane Goodall revolutionized our understanding of chimpanzee behavior |
|
|
718 | (1) |
|
35.23 Human behavior is the result of both genetic and environmental factors |
|
|
719 | (3) |
|
|
|
720 | (2) |
|
|
|
722 | (16) |
|
Population Structure and Dynamics |
|
|
724 | (1) |
|
36.1 Population ecology is the study of how and why populations change |
|
|
724 | (1) |
|
36.2 Density and dispersion patterns are important population variables |
|
|
724 | (1) |
|
36.3 Life tables track survivorship in populations |
|
|
725 | (1) |
|
36.4 Idealized models predict patterns of population growth |
|
|
726 | (2) |
|
36.5 Multiple factors may limit population growth |
|
|
728 | (1) |
|
36.6 Scientific Thinking Some populations have “r;boom-and-bust”r; cycles |
|
|
729 | (1) |
|
36.7 Evolution Connection Evolution shapes life histories |
|
|
730 | (1) |
|
36.8 Connection Principles of population ecology have practical applications |
|
|
731 | (1) |
|
|
|
732 | (1) |
|
36.9 The human population continues to increase, but the growth rate is slowing |
|
|
732 | (2) |
|
36.10 Connection Age structures reveal social and economic trends |
|
|
734 | (1) |
|
36.11 Connection An ecological footprint is a measure of resource consumption |
|
|
735 | (3) |
|
|
|
736 | (2) |
|
37 Communities and Ecosystems |
|
|
738 | (22) |
|
Community Structure and Dynamics |
|
|
740 | (1) |
|
37.1 A community includes all the organisms inhabiting a particular area |
|
|
740 | (1) |
|
37.2 Interspecific interactions are fundamental to community structure |
|
|
740 | (1) |
|
37.3 Competition may occur when a shared resource is limited |
|
|
741 | (1) |
|
37.4 Mutualism benefits both partners |
|
|
741 | (1) |
|
37.5 Evolution Connection Predation leads to diverse adaptations in prey species |
|
|
742 | (1) |
|
37.6 Evolution Connection Herbivory leads to diverse adaptations in plants |
|
|
742 | (1) |
|
37.7 Parasites and pathogens can affect community composition |
|
|
743 | (1) |
|
37.8 Trophic structure is a key factor in community dynamics |
|
|
744 | (1) |
|
37.9 Visualizing the Concept Food chains interconnect, forming food webs |
|
|
745 | (1) |
|
37.10 Species diversity includes relative abundance and species richness |
|
|
746 | (1) |
|
37.11 Scientific Thinking Some species have a disproportionate impact on diversity |
|
|
747 | (1) |
|
37.12 Disturbance is a prominent feature of most communities |
|
|
748 | (1) |
|
37.13 Connection Invasive species can devastate communities |
|
|
749 | (1) |
|
Ecosystem Structure and Dynamics |
|
|
750 | (1) |
|
37.14 Ecosystem ecology emphasizes energy flow and chemical cycling |
|
|
750 | (1) |
|
37.15 Primary production sets the energy budget for ecosystems |
|
|
750 | (1) |
|
37.16 Energy supply limits the length of food chains |
|
|
751 | (1) |
|
37.17 Connection A pyramid of production explains the ecological cost of meat |
|
|
752 | (1) |
|
37.18 Chemicals are cycled between organic matter and abiotic reservoirs |
|
|
752 | (1) |
|
37.19 The carbon cycle depends on photosynthesis and respiration |
|
|
753 | (1) |
|
37.20 The phosphorus cycle depends on the weathering of rock |
|
|
754 | (1) |
|
37.21 The nitrogen cycle depends on bacteria |
|
|
754 | (2) |
|
37.22 Connection A rapid inflow of nutrients degrades aquatic ecosystems |
|
|
756 | (1) |
|
37.23 Connection Ecosystem services are essential to human well-being |
|
|
757 | (3) |
|
|
|
758 | (2) |
|
|
|
760 | |
|
|
|
762 | (1) |
|
38.1 Loss of biodiversity includes the loss of ecosystems, species, and genes |
|
|
762 | (2) |
|
38.2 Connection Habitat loss, invasive species, overharvesting, pollution, and climate change are major threats to biodiversity |
|
|
764 | (2) |
|
38.3 Connection Rapid warming is changing the global climate |
|
|
766 | (1) |
|
38.4 Connection Human activities are responsible for rising concentrations of greenhouse gases |
|
|
767 | (1) |
|
38.5 Global climate change affects biomes, ecosystems, communities, and populations |
|
|
768 | (1) |
|
38.6 Evolution Connection Climate change is an agent of natural selection |
|
|
769 | (1) |
|
Conservation Biology and Restoration Ecology |
|
|
770 | (1) |
|
38.7 Protecting endangered populations is one goal of conservation biology |
|
|
770 | (1) |
|
38.8 Sustaining ecosystems and landscapes is a conservation priority |
|
|
771 | (1) |
|
38.9 Establishing protected areas slows the loss of biodiversity |
|
|
772 | (1) |
|
38.10 Zoned reserves are an attempt to reverse ecosystem disruption |
|
|
773 | (1) |
|
38.11 Scientific Thinking The Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative seeks to preserve biodiversity by connecting protected areas |
|
|
774 | (2) |
|
38.12 Connection The study of how to restore degraded habitats is a developing science |
|
|
776 | (1) |
|
38.13 Sustainable development is an ultimate goal |
|
|
777 | |
|
|
|
778 | |
| Appendix 1 Metric Conversion Table |
|
1 | (1) |
| Appendix 2 The Periodic Table |
|
2 | (1) |
| Appendix 3 The Amino Acids of Proteins |
|
3 | (1) |
Appendix 4
Chapter Review Answers |
|
4 | (22) |
| Appendix 5 Credits |
|
26 | |
| Glossary |
|
1 | (1) |
| Index |
|
1 | |
