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Cancer is a Complex Entity. |
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Modern Day Cancer Research and Treatment. |
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Prevalence and Mortality Varies With Each Cancer. |
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Risk Factors Have Been Identified. |
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Will Cancer be Conquered Within Our Lifetime? |
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2. Cells: the Fundamental Unit of Life. |
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Six Hierarchal Levels of Organization. |
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Four Types of Macromolecular Polymers. |
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Cell Structure and Function. |
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Relationship Between Structure and Function is Important. |
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3. The Human Genome and Protein Function. |
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The Composition and Function of the Human Genome. |
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Having a Diploid Genome has its Advantages. |
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Proteins Carry Out Diverse Functions. |
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4. Cell Cycle, Oncogenes, and Tumor Suppressor Genes. |
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Cell Division in Germ-line and Somatic Tissues. |
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Consequences of Germ-line and Somatic Tissue Mutations. |
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Cell Division, Differentiation, and Maturation Occur to Form Functional Tissues. |
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Cell Division is Under the Regulation of the Cell Cycle. |
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Loss of Cell Cycle Control Results in Uncontrolled Cell Growth. |
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5. Tumor Formation, Growth, and Metastasis. |
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Tissue Changes that Occur in Response to Stimuli. |
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Feeding Tumor Growth by Angiogenesis. |
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Characteristics of Benign and Malignant Tumors. |
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Events that Occur During the Process of Metastasis. |
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6. Cancer Screening, Detection and Diagnostic Procedures and Tests. |
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Factors that Determine the Accuracy of a Diagnostic Test or Procedure. |
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Diagnostic Procedures for the Confirmation of a Disease. |
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Tumor Grade and Stage Factors into the Type of Treatment Regimen and Prognosis. |
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7. Cancer Treatment Modalities. |
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Surgery: the Oldest and Most Commonly Used Treatment Method. |
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Radiation Kills by Causing Extensive DNA Damage. |
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Cytotoxic Effects of Chemotherapeutic Drugs. |
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Side Effects and Risks From the Use of Cytotoxic Drugs. |
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Hormonal Deprivation Treatment: Used for Estrogen- and Androgen-dependent Cancers. |
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Can Cancer Growth be Controlled by Inhibiting Angiogenesis? |
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Additional Enzymes Targeted for Inhibition. |
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Biological Therapy Stimulates the Body’s Ability to Fight Cancer. |
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Breast Cancer Statistics. |
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Women’s Breast Tissue: Unique in Structure and Function. |
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Regular Examinations of the Breast are Important for Early Diagnosis. |
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What Follows a Positive Diagnosis? |
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Treatment Options are Unique for Each Individual. |
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Much has Been Accomplished, More Needs to be Done. |
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Ovarian Cancer Statistics. |
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Structure and Function of Ovaries. |
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There are Three Tissue Categories of Ovarian Cancer. |
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Symptoms are Vague and Often Missed. |
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Certain Factors Have Been Associated with a Higher Risk. |
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Diagnostic Tools are Available But Not Always Used or Recommended. |
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Additional Procedures are Necessary to Confirm Suspicious Results or if there is Metastasis. |
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The FIGO System May be Used to Stage Ovarian Cancer. |
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Treatment Options for Ovarian Cancer. |
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Chemotherapy Rather than Radiation is Used Very Often Following Surgery. |
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Steps are Taken to Prevent Recurrence But Do Not Always Work When the Cancer is Advanced. |
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Much Needs to be Done in the Future. |
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Cervical Cancer Statistics. |
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Structure and Function of the Cervix. |
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Symptoms of Cervical Cancer. |
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Pelvic Examinations and Pap Tests Enable Early Detection. |
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Risk Factors for Cervical Cancer. |
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The HPV Test is a Vital Diagnostic Tool. |
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Additional Tests are Necessary to Examine the Cervix. |
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Treatment Depends on the Stage. |
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A Vaccine will Prevent Many Cases of Cervical Cancer. |
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Prostate Cancer Statistics. |
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Function of the Prostate Gland. |
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Certain Factors Influence the Development of Prostate Cancer. |
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Symptoms of an Enlarged Prostate. |
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Screening and Diagnostic Tests for Prostate Cancer. |
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There are Traditional and Unique Treatment Options Available. |
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Prostate Cancer Mortality Rates Have Decreased. |
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Much Attention is being Given to the Number One Cancer Affecting Men. |
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Testicular Cancer Statistics. |
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Structure and Function of Testicles. |
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There are Three Types of Testicular Tumors. |
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Risk Factors for the Disease. |
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Symptoms of Testicular Cancer. |
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Testicular Self-examination (TSE) is Recommended. |
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Blood and Imaging Tests are Used to Determine Diagnosis and Possible Metastasis. |
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Testicular Cancer Treatment Results in a High Cure Rate. |
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Causes and Treatments are being Studied. |
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Structure and Function of the Skin. |
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Three Types of Skin Cancer. |
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Risk Factors for Developing Skin Cancer. |
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Methods Used to Screen for Skin Cancer. |
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Surgery and Chemotherapy are Standard Treatments for Metastatic Skin Cancer. |
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What Happens After Skin Cancer Treatment. |
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Limited UV Radiation Exposure is the Number One Form of Prevention. |
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Lungs are the Site of the Exchange of Gases. |
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Risk Factors Associated with the Development of Lung Cancer. |
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Lack of Distinctive Symptoms Makes Early Diagnosis Difficult. |
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Lung Cancer is Often Diagnosed at an Advanced Stage. |
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There are Two Main Categories of Lung Cancer. |
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Three Traditional Therapies are Used in Lung Cancer Treatment. |
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Is There Discrimination in Cancer Research Funding? |
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Colon and Rectum are the Last Two Sections of the Gastrointestinal Tract. |
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Risk Factors for Colorectal Cancer. |
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Surgery is the Primary Treatment Option. |
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Screening Tests Performed After the Course of Treatment. |
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16. Leukemia and Lymphoma. |
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Leukemia is a Cancer of the Blood Cells. |
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The Exact Cause of Leukemia is Unknown. |
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Early Symptoms of Leukemia. |
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Laboratory Studies are Necessary to Determine the Diagnosis. |
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There are Many Types of Leukemia. |
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Classifications of Leukemia. |
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Nonchemotherapeutic Options have Significantly Improved Survival Rates. |
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Lymphoma is a Malignancy of the Lymphatic System. |
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Hodgkin’s vs. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. |
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Certain Risk Factors are Associated with an Increased Incidence of Lymphoma. |
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Diagnosing Lymphoma Involves Biopsies and Imaging Tests. |
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Lymphomas Must be Classified to Determine Appropriate Treatment. |
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Treatment Options Depend on the Type of Lymphoma, Stage, and Extent of Metastasis. |
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