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E-grāmata: Cantonese: A Comprehensive Grammar: A Comprehensive Grammar 2nd edition [Taylor & Francis e-book]

(The University of Hong Kong), (The Chinese University of Hong Kong)
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Cantonese: A Comprehensive Grammar: A Comprehensive Grammar 2nd editionPalielināt
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Cantonese: A Comprehensive Grammar is a complete reference guide to Cantonese as spoken by native speakers in Hong Kong. It presents a fresh and accessible description of the language, concentrating on the real patterns of use in current Cantonese. This makes it the ideal reference source for all learners and users of Cantonese, irrespective of level, in schools, colleges, universities and adult classes of all types. Moreover, it will provide a lasting and reliable resource for all fluent speakers of the language.

The book is organized to promote a thorough understanding of Cantonese grammar. Arranged by both syntactic categories and language functions, the Grammar provides an in-depth treatment of structures and pays special attention to idiom and speech registers, including trendy language.

Explanations are full, clear and free of jargon. A glossary, extensive index and generous use of cross-references provide readers with easy access to the information they require.

Features include:

  • comprehensive pronunciation section
  • full use of examples from films, advertising and authentic conversations
  • Cantonese-English parallels highlighted throughout the book
  • all examples given in Cantonese characters as well as Yale romanization
  • a Companion Website with supplementary multimedia material.

Stephen Matthews is Associate Professor in Linguistics at the University of Hong Kong and Virginia Yip is Professor in the Department of Linguistics and Modern Languages at the Chinese University of Hong Kong. They are Directors of the Childhood Bilingualism Research Centre and have previously co-authored: Basic Cantonese: A Grammar and Workbook (Routledge, 1999) and Intermediate Cantonese: A Grammar and Workbook (Routledge, 2000).

Acknowledgements to the second edition xvii
Acknowledgements to the first edition xx
List of tables
xxii
List of abbreviations
xxiii
Introduction 1(17)
The language and its speakers
2(1)
The descriptive approach
3(1)
The fallacy of `correct' pronunciation
4(2)
Cantonese and Mandarin
6(1)
Spoken and written Cantonese
7(2)
Cantonese characters
9(1)
Romanization
10(3)
Examples
13(1)
Revisions to the second edition
14(1)
Linguistic literature on Cantonese
15(1)
Dictionaries
16(1)
Learning Cantonese
16(2)
1 Phonology: the Cantonese sound system
18(20)
1.1 Consonants
18(5)
1.1.1 Initial consonants
18(2)
1.1.2 Unreleased consonants
20(1)
1.1.3 Nasal and liquid consonants
21(1)
1.1.4 Syllabic nasals
22(1)
1.2 Vowels
23(2)
1.2.1 Vowel quality
24(1)
1.2.2 Vowel length
24(1)
1.2.3 Diphthongs
24(1)
1.3 Syllable structure
25(2)
1.3.1 Initials and finals
25(2)
1.4 Tone
27(8)
1.4.1 The basic tones
28(1)
1.4.2 Tone change
29(5)
1.4.3 Tone and intonation
34(1)
1.5 Variation and change in pronunciation
35(3)
1.5.1 Consonants
36(1)
1.5.2 Tones
37(1)
2 Word structure: morphology and word formation
38(25)
2.1 Reduplication
38(5)
2.1.1 Reduplication of nouns and classifiers
39(1)
2.1.2 Reduplication of verbs and adjectives
39(2)
2.1.3 Onomatopoeic and sound-symbolic reduplication
41(2)
2.2 Prefixes and suffixes
43(11)
2.2.1 Prefixes
43(2)
2.2.2 Suffixes
45(7)
2.2.3 Infixes
52(2)
2.3 Compounding
54(9)
2.3.1 Compound nouns
55(2)
2.3.2 Compound adjectives
57(1)
2.3.3 Verb--object compounds
58(4)
2.3.4 Subject--verb compounds
62(1)
3 Syntactic categories: parts of speech in Cantonese
63(14)
3.1 Comparability of syntactic categories
65(12)
3.1.1 Verbs versus adjectives
66(2)
3.1.2 Verbs and auxiliaries
68(1)
3.1.3 Coverbs/prepositions
69(2)
3.1.4 Localizers/postpositions
71(1)
3.1.5 Classifiers
72(1)
3.1.6 Adverbs
73(1)
3.1.7 Verbal and sentence particles
74(1)
3.1.8 Conjunctions
75(2)
4 Sentence structure: word order and topicalization
77(15)
4.1 Basic word order: subject, verb and object
78(5)
4.1.1 [ Subject + object + verb] order
79(1)
4.1.2 [ Verb + subject] order
80(2)
4.1.3 Right-dislocation
82(1)
4.2 Topicalization and topic prominence
83(9)
4.2.1 Topicalization of the object
84(2)
4.2.2 Hanging topics and double subjects
86(1)
4.2.3 Secondary topicalization
87(1)
4.2.4 Verb fronting
88(1)
4.2.5 Definite subjects and existential sentences
89(1)
4.2.6 Topic chains
90(2)
5 Pronouns
92(12)
5.1 Personal pronouns
92(6)
5.1.1 Animate, inanimate and expletive keuih
95(2)
5.1.2 Omitted pronouns
97(1)
5.2 Reflexive pronouns
98(4)
5.2.1 jihgei
98(2)
5.2.2 [ Pronoun + jihgei]
100(1)
5.2.3 Syntax of reflexive pronouns
101(1)
5.3 Reciprocals: each other
102(2)
6 The noun phrase
104(26)
6.1 Definiteness and demonstratives
105(4)
6.1.1 [ Classifier + noun] phrases
105(2)
6.1.2 Demonstratives
107(1)
6.1.3 Demonstratives in apposition
108(1)
6.2 Noun classifiers
109(18)
6.2.1 Syntax and usage of classifiers
110(4)
6.2.2 Measure (quantity) classifiers
114(6)
6.2.3 Sortal (type) classifiers
120(4)
6.2.4 Alternative classifiers
124(1)
6.2.5 Verbal classifier phrases
125(2)
6.3 Possessive constructions
127(3)
6.3.1 Possessive constructions with ge
127(1)
6.3.2 Possessive constructions with classifier
128(1)
6.3.3 Associative constructions
129(1)
7 Prepositions and expressions of location
130(14)
7.1 Location
130(9)
7.1.1 Spatial location: coverbs and localizers
132(4)
7.1.2 Distance and movement
136(1)
7.1.3 Direction
137(1)
7.1.4 Placement
138(1)
7.2 Non-spatial relationships
139(5)
7.2.1 Coverbs
139(3)
7.2.2 Non-spatial localizers/postpositions
142(2)
8 The verb phrase
144(34)
8.1 Types of verb
144(9)
8.1.1 The verb haih `be'
144(3)
8.1.2 Stative verbs
147(2)
8.1.3 Verbs of perception
149(3)
8.1.4 Verbs of cognition
152(1)
8.2 Objects of the verb and transitivity
153(7)
8.2.1 Direct and directional objects
153(1)
8.2.2 Double object verbs and indirect objects
154(3)
8.2.3 Quantified objects
157(1)
8.2.4 Verb--object compounds
157(2)
8.2.5 Adverbial objects
159(1)
8.3 Serial verbs
160(8)
8.3.1 Directional verbs and verbs of motion
161(5)
8.3.2 Serial constructions expressing actions
166(1)
8.3.3 The jeung construction
167(1)
8.4 Passives
168(5)
8.4.1 Indirect passives
170(2)
8.4.2 Resultative passives
172(1)
8.5 Causative and resultative constructions
173(5)
8.5.1 Causative constructions
173(1)
8.5.2 Resultative compounds
174(1)
8.5.3 Resultative and extent complements
175(2)
8.5.4 Inverted resultative constructions
177(1)
9 Adjectival constructions: description and comparison
178(25)
9.1 Syntax of adjectives
179(6)
9.1.1 Predicative adjectives
179(1)
9.1.2 Attributive adjectives
180(1)
9.1.3 Modification of adjectives
181(4)
9.2 Reduplication of adjectives
185(3)
9.2.1 AA and AABB reduplication
185(1)
9.2.2 [ Adjective + adjective + dei]
186(1)
9.2.3 ABB adjectives
187(1)
9.3 Comparison of adjectives
188(10)
9.3.1 Degrees of comparison
191(2)
9.3.2 Equal comparisons
193(1)
9.3.3 Negative and interrogative comparisons
193(2)
9.3.4 Excessives
195(1)
9.3.5 Superlatives
196(2)
9.4 Complementation: complex structures with adjectives
198(5)
9.4.1 Adjectives of ease and difficulty
198(3)
9.4.2 Evaluative constructions
201(2)
10 Adverbial constructions
203(22)
10.1 Adverbs modifying the verb phrase
203(6)
10.1.1 dak
203(2)
10.1.2 gam
205(2)
10.1.3 gam and gam jaih
207(1)
10.1.4 Reduplicated adverbs
208(1)
10.2 Comparison of adverbs
209(3)
10.3 Sentence adverbs: modifying the sentence
212(9)
10.3.1 Position of sentence adverbs
212(2)
10.3.2 Adverbs of quantity
214(1)
10.3.3 Adverbs of time
215(4)
10.3.4 Adverbs of frequency
219(2)
10.4 Adverbial phrases
221(4)
10.4.1 Viewpoint adverbs
223(2)
11 Aspect and verbal particles
225(38)
11.1 Aspect and the expression of time
226(2)
11.2 Aspect markers
228(15)
11.2.1 Syntax of aspect markers
228(2)
11.2.2 Progressive: gan, haidouh
230(1)
11.2.3 Continuous: jyuh
231(3)
11.2.4 Perfective: jo
234(1)
11.2.5 Experiential: gwo
235(2)
11.2.6 yauh and mouh as auxiliaries
237(2)
11.2.7 Delimitative: hah
239(1)
11.2.8 Inchoative and continuative: hei-seuhng-laih and lohk-heui
240(1)
11.2.9 Habitual: hoi and gwaan
241(2)
11.3 Verbal particles
243(20)
11.3.1 Directional particles
245(5)
11.3.2 Resultative particles
250(5)
11.3.3 Quantifying particles
255(5)
11.3.4 Adversative/habitual chart
260(3)
12 Modality: possibility and probability
263(20)
12.1 Modal verbs
263(11)
12.1.1 Possibility and permission
264(2)
12.1.2 Ability
266(1)
12.1.3 Necessity
267(2)
12.1.4 Obligation
269(1)
12.1.5 Volition: wishes and desires
270(3)
12.1.6 Preference
273(1)
12.2 Modal adverbs
274(3)
12.2.1 Adverbs of possibility
274(1)
12.2.2 Adverbs of necessity
275(2)
12.3 Syntactic constructions expressing modality
277(6)
12.3.1 [ Verb + dak]: expressing potential
277(3)
12.3.2 [ yauh/mouh dak + verb]
280(1)
12.3.3 [ Verb + mh + verbal particle]: expressing inability
281(2)
13 Negation
283(17)
13.1 Lexical negation: negative verbs and adjectives
284(2)
13.2 Adjectival negation
286(1)
13.3 Verbal negation
287(7)
13.4 Indefinite negation: not ... any
294(3)
13.5 Double negatives
297(1)
13.6 Negative wh-constructions
298(2)
14 Quantification and existential sentences
300(26)
14.1 Universal quantification: all, every and each
301(10)
14.1.1 Syntax of dou
301(4)
14.1.2 Reduplicated quantifiers
305(2)
14.1.3 so yauh (ge)
307(1)
14.1.4 muih `each, every'
308(1)
14.1.5 Any
308(3)
14.2 Relative quantities: much/many, little/few
311(6)
14.2.1 Comparing quantities: more and less
314(2)
14.2.2 Most
316(1)
14.3 Existential sentences
317(9)
14.3.1 Indefinite some
318(3)
14.3.2 Negative none, no one, nothing
321(5)
15 Relative and noun-modifying clauses
326(9)
15.1 Restrictive and non-restrictive relative clauses
327(1)
15.2 Relative clauses with ge
328(1)
15.3 Relative clauses with classifier
328(2)
15.4 Resumptive pronouns
330(2)
15.5 Attributive clauses
332(1)
15.6 Free relative clauses
333(2)
16 Coordination and subordinate clauses
335(24)
16.1 Coordination
335(6)
16.1.1 Coordination of words and phrases
335(1)
16.1.2 Lists
336(2)
16.1.3 Coordination of clauses
338(2)
16.1.4 Disjunction: either ... or
340(1)
16.2 Subordinate clauses
341(9)
16.2.1 Time clauses
342(4)
16.2.2 Reason clauses
346(2)
16.2.3 Purpose clauses
348(1)
16.2.4 Concessive clauses: although
348(2)
16.3 Conditional sentences
350(6)
16.3.1 Explicit conditionals
351(2)
16.3.2 Implicit conditionals
353(2)
16.3.3 Negative conditionals: if not, unless
355(1)
16.4 Cleft sentences and emphasis
356(1)
16.5 Indirect speech
356(3)
17 Questions
359(30)
17.1 Yes/no questions
359(14)
17.1.1 Particle questions
359(1)
17.1.2 A-not-A questions
360(1)
17.1.3 Copular questions: haih-mhaih
361(2)
17.1.4 Perfective questions: meih
363(2)
17.1.5 Existential questions: yauh-mouh
365(1)
17.1.6 Tag questions
366(1)
17.1.7 Intonation and echo questions
367(2)
17.1.8 Responses to yes/no questions
369(2)
17.1.9 Replies to negative questions
371(2)
17.2 Alternative questions
373(1)
17.3 Wh-questions
373(12)
17.3.1 Who questions
374(1)
17.3.2 What questions
375(2)
17.3.3 Which questions
377(1)
17.3.4 Where questions
378(1)
17.3.5 When and time questions
378(1)
17.3.6 Why questions: reason and purpose
379(2)
17.3.7 How questions: manner and degree
381(2)
17.3.8 How many/how much
383(1)
17.3.9 Fronted wh-questions
384(1)
17.4 Indirect questions
385(2)
17.5 Multiple questions
387(1)
17.6 Exclamatory questions
387(2)
18 Sentence particles and interjections
389(24)
18.1 Role of the sentence particle
389(4)
18.1.1 Pronunciation: tone and intonation
390(3)
18.2 Syntax of sentence-final particles
393(4)
18.2.1 Topic particles
393(1)
18.2.2 Clause-final particles
394(1)
18.2.3 Particle combinations
394(3)
18.3 Functions of the particles
397(13)
18.3.1 Question particles
397(4)
18.3.2 Assertive particles
401(2)
18.3.3 Imperative and persuasive particles
403(1)
18.3.4 Evidential particles
404(3)
18.3.5 Exclamatory and affective particles
407(1)
18.3.6 Adverbial particles
408(2)
18.4 Interjections
410(3)
18.4.1 Place-fillers
410(1)
18.4.2 Exclamations
411(2)
19 Imperative sentences: commands and requests
413(9)
19.1 Second person imperatives
414(1)
19.2 First person imperatives
415(1)
19.3 Third person imperatives
416(2)
19.4 Negative imperatives
418(2)
19.5 Indirect commands
420(2)
20 Cantonese speech conventions: politeness and terms of address
422(22)
20.1 Politeness conventions
423(6)
20.1.1 Requests
423(1)
20.1.2 Thanks
424(2)
20.1.3 Apologies
426(1)
20.1.4 Compliments
427(1)
20.1.5 Introductions
428(1)
20.2 Terms of address
429(2)
20.3 Kinship terms
431(7)
20.3.1 Parents and grandparents
432(1)
20.3.2 Brothers, sisters and cousins
433(1)
20.3.3 Relations by marriage
434(2)
20.3.4 Children and grandchildren
436(1)
20.3.5 Kinship dyads
437(1)
20.4 Greetings
438(3)
20.5 Telephone expressions
441(1)
20.6 Trendy language
442(2)
21 Numerals and times
444(17)
21.1 Numerals
444(12)
21.1.1 Decimals and figures
446(1)
21.1.2 Abbreviations
447(1)
21.1.3 Approximations
448(1)
21.1.4 Cardinal numbers
449(3)
21.1.5 Ordinal numbers
452(1)
21.1.6 Fractions and percentages
453(2)
21.1.7 Lucky and taboo numbers
455(1)
21.2 Days and months
456(2)
21.2.1 Dates
457(1)
21.3 Times of day
458(3)
Appendix: Romanization systems 461(3)
Glossary of grammatical terms 464(10)
Notes 474(12)
References 486(12)
Index (English and Yale romanization) 498(8)
Index (Chinese characters) 506
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