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Carbon-Based Metal-Free Catalysts, 2 Volumes: Design and Applications [Hardback]

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  • Izdošanas datums: 07-Nov-2018
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  • ISBN-10: 3527343415
  • ISBN-13: 9783527343416
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Carbon-Based Metal-Free Catalysts, 2 Volumes: Design and ApplicationsPalielināt
  • Formāts: Hardback, 746 pages, height x width x depth: 252x173x43 mm, weight: 1746 g
  • Izdošanas datums: 07-Nov-2018
  • Izdevniecība: Blackwell Verlag GmbH
  • ISBN-10: 3527343415
  • ISBN-13: 9783527343416
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9783527343416.html
Keywords:
Offering comprehensive coverage of this hot topic, this two-volume handbook and ready reference treats a wide range of important aspects, from synthesis and catalytic properties of carbon materials to their applications as metal-free catalysts in various important reactions and industrial processes.
Following a look at recent advances in the development of carbon materials as carbon-based metal-free catalysts, subsequent sections deal with a mechanistic understanding for the molecular design of efficient carbon-based metal-free catalysts, with a special emphasis on heteroatom-doped carbon nanotubes, graphene, and graphite. Examples of important catalytic processes covered include clean energy conversion and storage, environmental protection, and synthetic chemistry.
With contributions from world-leading scientists, this is an indispensable source of information for academic and industrial researchers in catalysis, green chemistry, electrochemistry, materials science, nanotechnology, energy technology, and chemical engineering, as well as graduates and scientists entering the field.

Volume 1
Preface
xi
1 Design Principles for Heteroatom-Doped Carbon Materials as Metal-Free Catalysts
1(34)
Zhenghang Zhao
Lipeng Zhang
Chun-Yu Lin
Zhenhai Xia
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 Basic Approaches for Catalyst Design
2(8)
1.2.1 Origin of Catalytic Activities of Metal-Free Carbon Nanomaterials
2(1)
1.2.1.1 Intrinsic Defects and the Edge Topological Structures
2(1)
1.2.1.2 Heteroatom Doping in Carbon Nanomaterials
3(1)
1.2.1.3 Adsorption of Organic Molecules
4(1)
1.2.2 Charge Transfer in Carbon Due to Defects, Doping, and Adsorption
4(2)
1.2.3 Gibbs Free Energy and Overpotentials
6(1)
1.2.4 Energy Barriers
7(1)
1.2.5 Rational Design Strategy for Metal-Free, Carbon-Based Catalysts
7(3)
1.3 Design Principles for Electrocatalysis of Oxygen
10(11)
1.3.1 Elementary Reactions of ORR and OER
10(2)
1.3.2 Overpotentials and Rate-limiting Steps
12(1)
1.3.3 Intrinsic Descriptor for Single-Element-Doped Carbon
13(3)
1.3.4 Intrinsic Descriptor for Dual-element-Doped Carbon
16(1)
1.3.5 Active Centers and Charge Distribution
16(1)
1.3.6 Edge and Defect Effects
17(1)
1.3.7 Catalysis Induced by Molecule Adsorption
18(2)
1.3.8 Catalyst Design Principles
20(1)
1.4 Design Principles for Catalysis of Hydrogen Production
21(10)
1.4.1 HER Mechanisms and Reaction Pathways
21(1)
1.4.2 Hydrogen Adsorption Energy
22(2)
1.4.3 Reaction Kinetics of Hydrogen Evolution
24(1)
1.4.4 Active Origin and Volcano Relationship for p-Element-Doped Carbon
25(2)
1.4.5 Active Origin for C3N4/N-Graphene Hybrid Systems
27(2)
1.4.6 Catalyst Design Principles
29(2)
Acknowledgments
31(1)
References
31(4)
2 Design of Carbon-Based Metal-Free Electrocatalysts
35(24)
Xiaowen Yu
Yue Tong
Gaoquan Shi
2.1 Introduction
35(1)
2.2 C-MFECs for ORR
36(4)
2.2.1 Heteroatom-Doped Carbon Materials for ORR
36(3)
2.2.2 The Defects/Edges of Carbon Materials for Catalyzing ORR
39(1)
2.2.3 Porous Structure for ORR
39(1)
2.3 C-MFECs for OER
40(3)
2.3.1 Heteroatom-Doped Carbon Materials for OER
41(1)
2.3.2 Carbon-Based Composite Catalysts for OER
42(1)
2.3.3 Structural Engineering for OER
43(1)
2.4 C-MFECs for HER
43(3)
2.4.1 Heteroatom-Doped Carbon Electrocatalysts for HER
44(1)
2.4.2 g-C3N4/Graphene Composite Catalyst for HER
44(1)
2.4.3 Structural Engineering of the C-MFECs for HER
45(1)
2.5 Bifunctional ORR/OER Electrocatalysts for Rechargeable Metal-Air Battery
46(2)
2.6 Bifunctional HER/OER C-MFECs for Full Water Splitting
48(1)
2.7 C-MFECs for CDR
48(4)
2.7.1 Dopants/Defects of Carbon Materials for CDR
49(1)
2.7.2 Two Synergistic Components for CDR
50(2)
2.8 Carbon-Based Electrocatalysts for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs)
52(1)
2.9 Conclusions and Perspectives
52(1)
Acknowledgments
53(1)
References
53(6)
3 Defective Carbons for Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction
59(18)
Xuecheng Yan
Xiangdong Yao
3.1 Introduction
59(1)
3.2 Defect-Driven ORR Catalysts
60(12)
3.2.1 Development of the ORR Mechanism
60(1)
3.2.2 A Newly Proposed Defective Catalytic Mechanism for the ORR
61(3)
3.2.3 Experimental Studies on Defect-Promoted ORR
64(5)
3.2.4 Edge Defects and Defects/Dopants Copromoted ORR
69(1)
3.2.5 The Effect of Defect Density on Electrocatalysis
70(2)
3.3 Summary
72(1)
References
73(4)
4 Designing Porous Structures and Active Sites in Carbon-Based Electrocatalysts
77(24)
Jian Zhang
Xiaodong Zhuang
Klaus Mullen
Xinliang Feng
4.1 Introduction
77(1)
4.2 Porous Carbon as ORR Electrocatalysts
78(14)
4.2.1 Metal-Free Porous Carbon as ORR Catalysts
79(1)
4.2.1.1 Metal-Free N-Dopant-Based Carbon
79(1)
4.2.1.2 The Correlation Between Porous Nanostructures and ORR Activity
81(6)
4.2.2 Noble-Metal-Free Porous Carbon Catalysts
87(1)
4.2.2.1 Influence of Metal Centers on the ORR Activity
87(1)
4.2.2.2 The Correlation Between Porous Nanostructures and ORR Activity
90(2)
4.3 Porous Carbon for HER Applications
92(4)
4.3.1 Metal-Free Carbon Electrocatalysts
92(1)
4.3.2 Non-precious Metal/Nitrogen-Doped Porous Carbon Catalysts
93(3)
4.4 Summary and Conclusions
96(1)
Acknowledgments
97(1)
References
97(4)
5 Porous Organic Polymers as a Molecular Platform for Designing Porous Carbons
101(32)
Qing Xu
Qiuhong Jiang
Donglin Jiang
5.1 Introduction
101(1)
5.2 Porous Carbons Derived from Porous Aromatic Frameworks
102(2)
5.3 Porous Carbons Derived from Conjugated Microporous Polymers
104(13)
5.4 Porous Carbons Derived from Hyper-Cross-Linked Polymers
117(1)
5.5 Porous Carbons Derived from Covalent Triazine Frameworks
118(5)
5.6 Porous Carbons Derived from Covalent Organic Frameworks
123(5)
5.7 Summary and Perspectives
128(1)
References
128(5)
6 Nanocarbons from Synthetic Polymer Precursors and Their Catalytic Properties
133(34)
Eric Gottlieb
Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
Tomasz Kowalewski
6.1 Introduction
133(6)
6.1.1 From Geochemical to Biomass-Derived to Synthetic-polymer-Derived Carbons
134(5)
6.2 Carbon Catalysts Derived from Non-templated Synthetic Polymers
139(3)
6.3 Hard Templating of Polymer-Derived Carbons
142(3)
6.4 Soft Templated Carbons
145(10)
6.4.1 Block Copolymer Templating
145(5)
6.4.2 Templating Through Polymer Architecture
150(1)
6.4.3 Amphiphilic Templating Methods
151(4)
6.5 Templating by Carbon/Polymer Hybrids
155(1)
6.6 Polymer-Derived Carbons as Catalysts
155(5)
6.7 Conclusions and Outlook
160(1)
Acknowledgments
160(1)
References
161(6)
7 Heteroatom-Doped, Three-Dimensional, Carbon-Based Catalysts for Energy Conversion and Storage by Metal-Free Electrocatalysis
167(60)
Rajib Paul
Ajit Roy
Liming Dai
7.1 Introduction
167(4)
7.2 3D Carbon Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR)
171(20)
7.3 Carbon-Based 3D Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER)
191(15)
7.4 Carbon-Based 3D Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolutions Reaction (HER)
206(8)
7.5 Carbon-Based 3D Electrocatalysts for Carbon Dioxide Reduction Reaction (CO2RR)
214(4)
7.6 Carbon-Based 3D Electrocatalysts for H2O2 Reduction (HPRR)
218(1)
7.7 Conclusions and Perspectives
218(2)
Acknowledgments
220(1)
References
220(7)
8 Active Sites in Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Materials for Oxygen Reduction Reaction
227(24)
Riku Shibuya
Takahiro Kondo
Junji Nakamura
8.1 Introduction
227(1)
8.2 Debate for the Active Sites (Pyridinic-N or Graphitic-N?)
228(1)
8.3 The Differences Between Pyridinic-N and Graphitic-N
229(2)
8.4 Pyridinic-N Creates the Active Sites for ORR
231(7)
8.5 Role of Pyridinic-N and Conjugation Size
238(3)
8.6 Effect of the Local Structure Around Pyridinic-N on ORR
241(1)
8.7 ORR Selectivity in Acid and Basic Condition by DFT Study
242(4)
8.8 Perspective and Future Directions for Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Materials
246(1)
References
246(5)
9 Unraveling the Active Site on Metal-Free, Carbon-Based Catalysts for Multifunctional Applications
251(34)
Hsin-Yi Wang
Hongbin Yang
Bin Liu
Liming Dai
9.1 Introduction
251(3)
9.2 Electrochemical Reduction Reaction: Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) and Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER)
254(8)
9.2.1 Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR)
255(5)
9.2.2 Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER)
260(2)
9.3 Electrochemical Oxidation: Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER)
262(5)
9.3.1 Oxygen Functional Group-Induced Active Site
262(5)
9.3.2 Nitrogen Functional Group-Induced Active Site
267(1)
9.4 Bifunctional ORR and OER Electrocatalyst
267(4)
9.4.1 Density Functional Theory (DFT) Calculation Approach
268(1)
9.4.2 Soft X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) Approach
268(3)
9.5 CO2 Reduction Reaction (CO2RR)
271(4)
9.5.1 Selective Conversion of CO2 to CO
272(1)
9.5.2 CO2 Reduction to Multiple Products
273(1)
9.5.3 Selectively Reduction of CO2 to Formate
274(1)
9.6 Identification of Possible Active Site by Poisoning
275(3)
9.6.1 Electrochemical Testing
276(1)
9.6.2 XPS Measurement
276(2)
9.7 Summary
278(2)
References
280(5)
10 Carbocatalysis: Analyzing the Sources of Organic Transformations
285(28)
Markus Antonietti
Sergio Navalon
Amarajothi Dhakshinamoorthy
Mercedes Alvaro
Hermenegildo Garcia
10.1 How to Identify Active Sites?
286(1)
10.2 Oxygen Atoms in Carbon-Driving Catalysis
286(4)
10.3 Carbon-Carbon and Carbon-Nitrogen Coupling Catalyzed by Carbonaceous Materials
290(2)
10.4 Acidic Sites at Nanocarbons for Carbocatalysis
292(2)
10.5 Carbocatalysis with Carbon Holes and Edges
294(3)
10.6 Frustrated Lewis Pairs in Nanocarbon Structures
297(1)
10.7 Beyond Localized Chemical Functionality as the Active Site: Collective Solid-State Effects in Catalysis
298(3)
10.8 The Heterojunction and Dyad Concepts in Catalysis
301(1)
10.9 Nitrogen, Sulfur, and Boron Doping to Construct Active Sites
301(5)
10.10 Summary of the Current State of the Art of Carbocatalysis and Future Developments
306(2)
Acknowledgements
308(1)
References
308(5)
Volume II
Preface
xiii
1 Carbon-Based, Metal-Free Electrocatalysts for Renewable Energy Technologies
313(22)
Li Tao
Zhaohui Xiao
Ruilun Wang
Shuangyin Wang
1.1 Introduction
313(1)
1.2 Oxygen Reduction Reaction
314(10)
1.2.1 Heteroatom-Doped Carbon Materials
317(2)
1.2.2 Surface Molecule Functionalization
319(1)
1.2.3 Defective Carbon
320(4)
1.3 Electrochemical Water Splitting (HER and OER)
324(6)
1.3.1 Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
324(3)
1.3.2 Oxygen Evolution Reaction
327(3)
1.4 Carbon-Based Electrocatalysts for All-Vanadium Redox Flow Battery
330(2)
References
332(3)
2 Carbon-Based, Metal-Free Catalysts for Electrocatalysis of ORR
335(34)
Lijun Yang
Zheng Hu
2.1 Introduction
335(1)
2.2 Materials and Regulation Strategies
336(13)
2.2.1 Heteroatom Doping
336(1)
2.2.1.1 Nitrogen Doping
337(1)
2.2.1.2 Boron Doping
339(1)
2.2.1.3 Other Mono-doping
341(1)
2.2.1.4 Multi-doping
341(1)
2.2.1.5 Controlled Doping at Specific Positions
343(1)
2.2.2 Molecular-Doping Strategy
344(3)
2.2.3 Dopant-Free Defective Carbon
347(1)
2.2.4 Building 3D Architectures
348(1)
2.2.5 Carbon Quantum Dots
349(1)
2.3 The Origin of the ORR Activity
349(12)
2.3.1 Theoretical Calculations
350(1)
2.3.1.1 O2 Adsorption Promoted by Positively Charged Sites
350(1)
2.3.1.2 Activation of Carbon IC Electrons
350(1)
2.3.1.3 Activity Descriptor of ORR for Metal-Free Carbons
351(1)
2.3.1.4 Spin Redistribution
352(1)
2.3.1.5 Possible Active Sites in Acid: C Neighboring to Pyridinic-N
353(1)
2.3.2 Experimental Studies
354(1)
2.3.2.1 Direct Observation and Measurements
354(1)
2.3.2.2 Controllable Synthesis of Specific Active Structures
354(4)
2.3.3 Extending Discussions
358(1)
2.3.3.1 The Neglected Contribution of the Defects
358(1)
2.3.3.2 Influence of the Metal Residuals
358(1)
2.3.3.3 The Performance in Acidic Medium
359(2)
2.4 Summary and Perspective
361(1)
References
362(7)
3 Hydrothermal Carbon Materials for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction
369(34)
Kathrin Preuss
Mo Qiao
Maria-Magdalena Titirici
3.1 Introduction
369(3)
3.2 Sustainable HTC Catalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction
372(16)
3.2.1 Catalysts from Food-Based Biomass
373(4)
3.2.2 Catalysts from Food Waste and Plant Biomass
377(4)
3.2.3 Catalysts from Biomass Precursors
381(4)
3.2.4 Discussion
385(3)
3.3 Carbon-Carbon Composites Based Electrocatalysts
388(7)
3.3.1 Carbon Nanostructures/Biomass-Derived Hydrothermal Carbon Composites
389(1)
3.3.2 Assembly of Carbon Nanostructures and Biomass-Derived Carbon Materials Using Hydrothermal Processes
390(1)
3.3.3 Hydrothermal Assembly of Other Carbon Nanostructures
391(1)
3.3.4 General Discussion and Comparison
392(3)
3.4 Summary and Conclusions
395(1)
References
396(7)
4 Carbon-Based Electrochemical Oxygen Reduction and Hydrogen Evolution Catalysts
403(54)
Ji Liang
Yao Zheng
Anthony Vasileff
Shizhang Qiao
4.1 Carbon Materials for Electrochemical Oxygen Reduction Catalysis
403(35)
4.1.1 Electrochemical Process in the Reduction of Oxygen
404(1)
4.1.1.1 Electrochemical Process and Catalytic Mechanism of the ORR
404(1)
4.1.1.2 Applications of ORR and ORR Catalysis
407(4)
4.1.2 Carbons as Catalyst Supports for ORR
411(1)
4.1.2.1 Composition of Metal Nanoparticles and Carbons
411(1)
4.1.2.2 Conventional Carbons: Carbon Black and Graphite
412(1)
4.1.2.3 Carbon Nanomaterials as Supports for ORR Catalysts
415(1)
4.1.2.4 Porous Carbons as Catalyst Supports for ORR
427(5)
4.1.3 Carbon Materials as Metal-Free Catalysts for the ORR
432(3)
4.1.4 Section Summary
435(3)
4.2 Carbon Materials for the Electrochemical Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
438(7)
4.2.1 Atomic-Level Understanding of Single Heteroatom-Doped Carbon Materials
439(1)
4.2.2 Atomic-Level Understanding of Dual-Heteroatom-Doped Carbon Materials
439(3)
4.2.3 Atomic-Level Understanding of Defective Graphene Materials
442(1)
4.2.4 Atomic-Level Understanding of Hybridized Carbon Materials
443(2)
4.2.5 Section Summary
445(1)
4.3 Conclusion, Summary, and Perspective
445(1)
Acknowledgment
446(1)
References
446(11)
5 Carbon-Based, Metal-Free Catalysts for Photocatalysis
457(44)
Xuting Jin
Hongsheng Yang
Nan Chen
Liangti Qu
5.1 Introduction
457(1)
5.2 Graphene-Based, Metal-Free Photocatalysis
458(3)
5.2.1 Graphene and Graphene Oxide
458(1)
5.2.2 Graphene-Based, Metal-Free Catalysts for Photocatalysis
459(2)
5.3 Carbon-quantum-dot-Based, Metal-Free Photocatalysis
461(9)
5.3.1 Synthesis of Carbon Quantum Dots
463(1)
5.3.1.1 Top-down Approaches
463(1)
5.3.1.2 Bottom-up Approaches
465(1)
5.3.2 Carbon-quantum-dot-Based, Metal-Free Catalysts for Photocatalysis
465(5)
5.4 Graphitic Carbon-Nitride-Based, Metal-Free Photocatalysis
470(17)
5.4.1 Graphitic Carbon Nitride
470(3)
5.4.2 Synthesis of Pristine g-C3N4 and its Functionalization
473(1)
5.4.2.1 Effect of Nitrogen-Rich Precursors and Reaction Parameters
473(1)
5.4.2.2 Nanostructure Design of g-C3N4
474(1)
5.4.2.3 Exfoliation of Bulk g-C3N4
478(1)
5.4.2.4 Elemental Doping of g-C3N4
479(1)
5.4.2.5 Copolymerization of g-C3N4
479(1)
5.4.3 g-C3N4-Based, Metal-Free Catalysts for Photocatalysis
480(1)
5.4.3.1 Photocatalytic Water Splitting
480(1)
5.4.3.2 Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2
480(1)
5.4.3.3 Photocatalytic Removal of NO2
484(1)
5.4.3.4 Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants
485(1)
5.4.3.5 Photocatalytic Organic Synthesis
486(1)
5.4.3.6 Photocatalytic Bacteria Disinfection
487(1)
5.5 Graphene/g-C3N4 Metal-Free Catalysts for Photocatalysis
487(4)
5.6 CQDs/g-C3N4 Metal-Free Catalysts for Photocatalysis
491(1)
5.7 Summary and Outlook
492(1)
References
492(9)
6 Metal-Free Nanoporous Carbons in Photocatalysis
501(28)
Alicia Gomis-Berenguer
Conchi O. Ania
6.1 Introduction
501(2)
6.2 Semiconductor-Free Nanoporous Carbons as Photocatalysts
503(5)
6.3 Pollutant Confinement on the Porosity of the Nanoporous Carbons
508(11)
6.3.1 Effect of Pore Size and Wavelength Dependence
512(2)
6.3.2 Effect of Functionalization with O-, N-, and S-Containing Groups
514(3)
6.3.3 Effect of Mineral Matter
517(2)
6.4 Postulated Mechanisms
519(3)
6.5 Photocatalytic Cycles
522(1)
6.6 Summary and Conclusions
523(1)
Acknowledgments
524(1)
References
524(5)
7 Functionalized Graphene-Based, Metal-Free Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Fuel Cells
529(26)
Nanjundan Ashok Kumar
Jong-Beom Baek
7.1 Introduction
529(2)
7.2 Carbon Materials as ORR Electrocatalysts
531(2)
7.3 Structurally Engineered Graphene as Metal-Free Catalysts for ORR
533(15)
7.3.1 Heteroatom-Doped Graphene
536(1)
7.3.1.1 Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Structures as Metal-Free Catalysts for ORR
537(1)
7.3.1.2 Other Heteroatom-Doped Graphene for ORR
541(1)
7.3.1.3 Co-doped Graphene Structures as Metal-Free Catalysts for ORR
545(1)
7.3.1.4 Graphene-Based Composites as Metal-Free Catalysts for ORR
547(1)
7.4 Conclusions and Perspectives
548(1)
Acknowledgements
548(1)
References
549(6)
8 Carbon-Based, Metal-Free Catalysts for Metal-Air Batteries
555(42)
Ying Xiao
Alvin Dai
Chuangang Hu
Yi Lin
John W. Connell
Liming Dai
8.1 Introduction
555(2)
8.2 Carbon-Based, Metal-Free Cathodes for Li-O2 Batteries
557(14)
8.2.1 Carbon Nanotubes
557(3)
8.2.2 Graphene
560(1)
8.2.3 Porous Carbon Nanomaterials
561(3)
8.2.4 Free-Standing Carbon Nanomaterials
564(2)
8.2.5 Doped Carbon Nanomaterials
566(4)
8.2.6 Structure-Property Relationship of Carbon Cathodes in Li-O2 Batteries
570(1)
8.3 Carbon-Based, Metal-Free Cathodes for Na-Air Batteries
571(4)
8.4 Carbon-Based, Metal-Free Cathodes for Zn-Air Batteries
575(10)
8.5 Carbon-Based, Metal-Free Cathodes for Other Metal-Air Batteries
585(3)
8.6 Conclusions and Perspectives
588(1)
Acknowledgments
589(1)
References
589(8)
9 Carbon-Based, Metal-Free Catalysts for Chemical Catalysis
597(62)
Mehulkumar Patel
Keerthi Savaram
Qingdong Li
Jonathan Buchspies
Ning Ma
Michal Szostak
Huixin He
9.1 Introduction
597(2)
9.2 Dehydrogenation
599(7)
9.3 Oxidation Reactions
606(15)
9.3.1 The n Electrons of Carbocatalysts
606(5)
9.3.2 Geometrical Defects (Point Defects, Vacancies, and Edge Defects)
611(3)
9.3.3 Heteroatom Doping
614(1)
9.3.3.1 0-Doping
614(1)
9.3.3.2 N, B, and NB Co-doping
615(1)
9.3.3.3 P, S, and P,S Co-doping
619(2)
9.4 Reduction Reactions
621(9)
9.4.1 Molecular Hydrogen as the Reductant or Hydrogen Resource
621(4)
9.4.2 Hydrazine as the Reductant (Nitro Group Reduction)
625(1)
9.4.2.1 Nitrobenzene Reduction Reaction Pathway
625(5)
9.5 Carbon-Carbon Coupling
630(11)
9.5.1 Carbon-Carbon Coupling Reactions Catalyzed by Graphene Oxide
631(1)
9.5.1.1 Friedel-Crafts Reactions
631(1)
9.5.1.2 Multicomponent Reactions
633(1)
9.5.1.3 Synthesis of Biaryls
635(1)
9.5.1.4 Michael Addition
636(1)
9.5.1.5 Aldol Condensation
638(1)
9.5.1.6 Miscellaneous Reactions
639(1)
9.5.1.7 Conclusion
640(1)
9.6 Perspective and Future Work
641(4)
9.6.1 For GO
641(1)
9.6.2 Controlled Heteroatom Doping
642(1)
9.6.3 In Situ and In Operando Technologies
643(1)
9.6.4 Recyclability/Reusability of a Carbocatalyst
643(1)
9.6.5 Macroscopic 3D Engineering
644(1)
9.6.6 Leaching
644(1)
9.6.7 Metal Residues
644(1)
9.6.8 Opportunities of Hybrids with Other 2D Materials
645(1)
References
645(14)
10 Carbon-Based, Metal-Free Catalysts for Chemical Productions
659(16)
Dehui Deng
Xiulian Pan
Xingyun Li
Xinhe Bao
10.1 Introduction
659(1)
10.2 Active Sites of Carbon-Based, Metal-Free Catalysts
660(1)
10.3 Oxidation Reactions
661(2)
10.4 Reduction Reactions
663(1)
10.5 H2O2 Synthesis
663(3)
10.6 Vinyl Chloride Monomer Synthesis
666(2)
10.7 Perspectives
668(1)
References
669(6)
11 Heteroatom-Doped, Carbon-Supported Metal Catalysts for Electrochemical Energy Conversions
675(24)
Tanyuan Wang
Qing Li
Gang Wu
11.1 Introduction
675(1)
11.2 N-Doped, Carbon-Supported Metal Catalysts
676(13)
11.2.1 Design and Synthesis
676(4)
11.2.2 N-Doped, Carbon-Supported Metal Electrocatalysts
680(1)
11.2.2.1 Oxygen Electrocatalysis
681(1)
11.2.2.2 HER Electrocatalysis
683(1)
11.2.2.3 Other Electrocatalysis
684(1)
11.2.3 Metal-Nitrogen-Carbon Catalysts for Electrocatalysis
685(4)
11.3 B-Doped, Carbon-Supported Metal Catalysts
689(3)
11.3.1 Design and Synthesis
689(2)
11.3.2 B-Doped, Carbon-Supported Metal Nanoparticle Electrocatalysts
691(1)
11.4 Conclusions and Perspective
692(2)
References
694(5)
Index
699
Liming Dai is the Kent Hale Smith Professor in the Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering at Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) in Cleveland, Ohio (USA). His expertise covers the synthesis, functionalization, and device fabrication of conjugated polymers and carbon nanomaterials for energy-related and biomedical applications. He has published more than 400 scientific papers and is the author/editor of five books.