Preface |
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xiv | |
Contributors |
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xvi | |
Chapter 1 Clinical Judgment in Critical Care |
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1 | (12) |
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1 | (1) |
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Clinical Judgment Processes |
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2 | (2) |
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2 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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Relationship-Centered Caring in Critical Care |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (5) |
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Trending and Knowing the Patient |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (4) |
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10 | (3) |
Chapter 2 Cardiovascular Anatomy and Physiology |
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13 | (14) |
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13 | (1) |
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Chambers and Valves of the Heart |
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14 | (1) |
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Blood Flow Through the Heart and Major Blood Vessels |
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15 | (2) |
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17 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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Pressure of Blood in Major Blood Vessels |
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18 | (1) |
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Electrical Control of Cardiac Muscle |
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18 | (2) |
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Cardiac Output, Preload, and Afterload |
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20 | (1) |
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External Control of the Heart |
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21 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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Systemic Control of Blood Pressure |
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23 | (1) |
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Disorders of Major Blood Vessels |
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24 | (1) |
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24 | (3) |
Chapter 3 Indications for Cardiac Surgery |
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27 | (26) |
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27 | (1) |
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Surgery for Ischemic Heart Disease |
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27 | (3) |
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Medical Therapy Versus Surgical Revascularization |
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28 | (1) |
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Percutaneous Versus Surgical Revascularization |
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28 | (2) |
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Indications for Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting |
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30 | (7) |
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30 | (6) |
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CABG in Patients with Concomitant Carotid Disease |
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36 | (1) |
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Minimally Invasive Myocardial Revascularization |
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36 | (1) |
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Transmyocardial Laser Revascularization |
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37 | (1) |
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Surgery for Valve Disease |
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37 | (1) |
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Surgical Management of Arrhythmias |
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38 | (3) |
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39 | (1) |
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Surgical Management of Ventricular Tachycardia |
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40 | (1) |
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Surgical Therapies for Heart Failure |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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Heart-Lung Transplantation |
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41 | (1) |
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Surgery for Adult Congenital Heart Disease |
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41 | (1) |
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Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy |
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42 | (2) |
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Other Cardiac Surgeries: Pericardial Surgery |
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44 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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44 | (9) |
Chapter 4 Preoperative Cardiac Surgery Nursing Evaluation |
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53 | (18) |
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53 | (1) |
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Risk Factors of Morbidity and Mortality Following Cardiac Surgery |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (4) |
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Preoperative Patient Interview |
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54 | (2) |
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56 | (1) |
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56 | (2) |
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Preoperative Assessment of Heart Disease |
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58 | (6) |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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61 | (3) |
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Management of High-Risk Patients |
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (6) |
Chapter 5 Heart Valve Surgery |
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71 | (20) |
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71 | (1) |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (2) |
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Aortic Regurgitation (Insufficiency) |
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74 | (1) |
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Indications for Aortic Valve Replacement in Aortic Regurgitation |
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75 | (1) |
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75 | (3) |
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78 | (3) |
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Choice of Valve Prosthesis |
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81 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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Infective Valve Endocarditis |
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82 | (1) |
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Complications of Heart Valve Surgery |
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83 | (2) |
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85 | (6) |
Chapter 6 Cardiopulmonary Bypass and Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass |
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91 | (14) |
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91 | (1) |
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Potential Complications of Bypass Surgery |
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92 | (1) |
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Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass |
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92 | (1) |
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Complications of On-Pump Surgery Versus Off-Pump Surgery |
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93 | (2) |
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95 | (1) |
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Risks of On-Pump Surgery Versus Off-Pump Surgery |
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95 | (2) |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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97 | (8) |
Chapter 7 Minimally Invasive Cardiac Surgery |
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105 | (32) |
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105 | (1) |
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Minimally Invasive Coronary Revascularization |
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105 | (5) |
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Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass |
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108 | (1) |
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Minimally Invasive Direct Coronary Artery Bypass |
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108 | (2) |
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Robotic Assisted or Totally Endoscopic Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting |
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110 | (1) |
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Hybrid Coronary Revascularization |
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110 | (2) |
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Minimally Invasive Valve Surgery |
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112 | (10) |
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Minimally Invasive Mitral Valve Surgery (MIMVS) |
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112 | (2) |
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Minimally Invasive Tricuspid Valve Surgery |
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114 | (1) |
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Minimally Invasive Aortic Valve Replacement |
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115 | (1) |
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Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement |
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116 | (6) |
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Minimally Invasive Pulmonic Valve Replacement |
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122 | (1) |
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Minimally Invasive Atrial Fibrillation Ablation |
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122 | (1) |
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Left Atrial Appendage Procedure |
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123 | (1) |
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Nursing Care and Special Considerations for MICS |
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123 | (6) |
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Admission to the ICU: The First 15 Minutes |
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124 | (1) |
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Secondary Assessment: The Next 15 Minutes |
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125 | (1) |
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126 | (1) |
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Postoperative Complications |
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126 | (1) |
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Postoperative Ventilatory Support |
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127 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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129 | (8) |
Chapter 8 Recovery from Anesthesia |
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137 | (18) |
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137 | (1) |
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Hand-off Communication or Situation-Background-Assessment- Recommendation (SBAR) |
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137 | (2) |
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Immediate Postoperative Care |
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139 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (2) |
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140 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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Neuromuscular Blocking Agents |
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142 | (1) |
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142 | (1) |
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142 | (5) |
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142 | (1) |
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Alterations in Heart Rate and Rhythm |
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143 | (1) |
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Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting |
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144 | (1) |
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Thermoregulation (Hypothermia) |
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144 | (1) |
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Postoperative Respiratory Management |
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145 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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Complications Related to Extubation |
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146 | (1) |
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Potential Postoperative Corn plications |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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Pseudocholinesterase Deficiency |
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147 | (1) |
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Protamine Sulfate Allergic Reactions |
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148 | (1) |
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148 | (7) |
Chapter 9 Hemodynamic Monitoring |
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155 | (22) |
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155 | (1) |
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Essentials of Hemodynamic Monitoring |
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155 | (1) |
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Initial Postoperative Assessment |
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156 | (3) |
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Preparing Hemodynamic Equipment |
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156 | (1) |
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Vital Signs and Hemodynamic Assessment |
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157 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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Blood Pressure Monitoring |
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159 | (2) |
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Central Venous Pressure Monitoring |
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161 | (3) |
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Monitoring Using a Pulmonary Artery Catheter |
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164 | (1) |
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Cardiac Output Measurement |
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165 | (3) |
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Continuous Cardiac Output |
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165 | (1) |
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Alternative Methods to Determine Cardiac Output |
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166 | (2) |
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Assessment of Oxygenation Parameters |
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168 | (2) |
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168 | (1) |
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Central Venous Oxygen Saturation |
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168 | (1) |
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Postoperative Hemodynamic Assessment |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (7) |
Chapter 10 Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump |
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177 | (18) |
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177 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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Physiology of Balloon Function |
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178 | (1) |
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Indications for IABP Therapy |
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178 | (2) |
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Contraindications to IABP Therapy |
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180 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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181 | (4) |
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182 | (3) |
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Complications of IABP Therapy |
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185 | (1) |
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Weaning from IABP Therapy |
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185 | (1) |
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186 | (3) |
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Low Diastolic Augmentation |
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186 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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187 | (2) |
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Monitoring for Complications of IABP Therapy |
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189 | (1) |
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189 | (6) |
Chapter 11 Mechanical Ventilation After Cardiac Surgery |
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195 | (20) |
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195 | (1) |
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Predictors of Prolonged Mechanical Ventilation |
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196 | (1) |
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Anesthesia and Postoperative Complications |
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196 | (1) |
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Delays Related to Bypass Complications |
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196 | (1) |
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Complications of Prolonged Ventilation |
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196 | (1) |
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Pathophysiology of the Lungs |
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197 | (1) |
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Assessment of Readiness for Weaning |
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197 | (7) |
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General Physiologic and Hemodynamic Stability |
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197 | (1) |
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198 | (1) |
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Respiratory Physiologic Issues |
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199 | (1) |
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199 | (1) |
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200 | (3) |
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203 | (1) |
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Postoperative Mechanical Ventilation |
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204 | (2) |
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Initial Postoperative Ventilator Settings |
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204 | (2) |
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206 | (1) |
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206 | (2) |
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Weaning from Mechanical Ventilation |
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206 | (2) |
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Weaning from Prolonged Ventilation |
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208 | (1) |
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208 | (1) |
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209 | (6) |
Chapter 12 Pharmacologic Support Following Cardiac Surgery |
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215 | (36) |
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215 | (1) |
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Agents Used to Manage Postoperative Hypertension |
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215 | (9) |
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218 | (2) |
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Beta-Adrenergic Antagonists |
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220 | (1) |
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Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors |
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221 | (1) |
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Angiotensin Receptor Blockers |
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222 | (1) |
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222 | (2) |
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Selective Dopamine-1 Receptor Agonists |
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224 | (1) |
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Agents Used to Manage Postoperative Low Cardiac Output and Hypotension |
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224 | (11) |
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225 | (5) |
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Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors |
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230 | (1) |
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Other Agents Used to Control Postoperative Hypotension |
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231 | (4) |
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Agents Used to Prevent or Control Postoperative Dysrhythmias |
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235 | (4) |
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Agents Used to Manage Atrial Dysrhythmias |
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235 | (3) |
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Agents to Treat Electrolyte Imbalances |
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238 | (1) |
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Other Agents That May Be Required in Postoperative Cardiac Surgery Patients |
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239 | (1) |
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239 | (1) |
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239 | (1) |
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Agents Used to Control Postoperative Bleeding |
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240 | (4) |
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240 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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Recombinant Activated Factor VII (NovoSeven® RT) |
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241 | (1) |
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Epsilon-Aminocaproic Acid (Amicar®) |
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242 | (1) |
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Other Coagulation Factors |
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243 | (1) |
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244 | (7) |
Chapter 13 Postoperative Complications of Cardiac Surgery and Nursing Interventions |
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251 | (34) |
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251 | (2) |
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Systemic Inflammatory Response to Cardiac Surgery |
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253 | (1) |
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253 | (10) |
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Low Cardiac Output Syndrome |
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254 | (1) |
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255 | (1) |
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256 | (1) |
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257 | (1) |
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Right Ventricular Failure |
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257 | (1) |
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Decreased Myocardial Contractility |
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258 | (1) |
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Myocardial Stunning and Hibernation |
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259 | (1) |
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Increased Systemic Vascular Resistance (Afterload) |
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259 | (1) |
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Decreased Systemic Vascular Resistance |
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259 | (1) |
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260 | (1) |
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260 | (1) |
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260 | (1) |
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Myocardial Ischemia and Infarction |
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261 | (1) |
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262 | (1) |
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263 | (5) |
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Postoperative Effects on Pulmonary Function |
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264 | (1) |
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264 | (1) |
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265 | (1) |
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266 | (1) |
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266 | (1) |
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Prolonged Mechanical Ventilation |
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267 | (1) |
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Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome |
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267 | (1) |
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268 | (1) |
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Hematologic Complications |
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268 | (3) |
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268 | (2) |
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270 | (1) |
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Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT) |
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270 | (1) |
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271 | (2) |
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Gastrointestinal Complications |
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273 | (1) |
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273 | (1) |
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274 | (1) |
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Prevention of Hospital-Acquired Pressure Injury |
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274 | (1) |
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275 | (10) |
Chapter 14 Pain Management |
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285 | (24) |
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285 | (1) |
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286 | (1) |
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Pain Pathways and Processes |
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287 | (2) |
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289 | (1) |
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290 | (3) |
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Pain Assessment in Patients Who Are Unable to Communicate |
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291 | (1) |
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Preoperative Baseline Assessment |
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291 | (1) |
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292 | (1) |
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293 | (1) |
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293 | (1) |
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294 | (3) |
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296 | (1) |
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297 | (1) |
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Nonpharmacologic Pain Management |
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298 | (1) |
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298 | (4) |
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299 | (1) |
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Race, Ethnicity, and Culture |
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300 | (1) |
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300 | (2) |
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302 | (7) |
Chapter 15 Postoperative Dysrhythmias |
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309 | (16) |
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309 | (1) |
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309 | (1) |
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310 | (1) |
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310 | (6) |
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Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation |
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311 | (1) |
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311 | (1) |
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312 | (1) |
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313 | (1) |
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313 | (1) |
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Electrical Therapy: Atrial Pacing |
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314 | (1) |
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Atrial Dysrhythmias Following Cardiac Transplant |
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314 | (1) |
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314 | (2) |
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316 | (2) |
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Premature Ventricular Contractions |
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317 | (1) |
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Ventricular Tachycardia and Ventricular Fibrillation |
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317 | (1) |
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Management of Postoperative Ventricular Dysrhythmias |
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317 | (1) |
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318 | (2) |
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Management of Bradyarrhythmias |
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319 | (1) |
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Management of Bradyarrhythmias Following Cardiac Transplant |
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319 | (1) |
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320 | (1) |
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|
320 | (5) |
Chapter 16 Neurologic Complications |
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325 | (24) |
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325 | (1) |
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Risk Factors for Neurologic Complications |
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325 | (1) |
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Underlying Pathophysiology |
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326 | (1) |
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326 | (13) |
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Description and Incidence of Neurologic Complications |
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326 | (13) |
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Other Neurologic Injuries |
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339 | (3) |
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339 | (1) |
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340 | (1) |
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340 | (1) |
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Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Neuropathy |
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341 | (1) |
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342 | (1) |
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Other Peripheral Neuropathies |
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342 | (1) |
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|
342 | (7) |
Chapter 17 Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalances Following Cardiac Surgery |
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349 | (26) |
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349 | (1) |
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Fluid and Electrolyte Distribution |
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349 | (1) |
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Factors Affecting Fluid Volume Distribution |
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350 | (1) |
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350 | (4) |
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351 | (2) |
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353 | (1) |
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354 | (7) |
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354 | (2) |
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356 | (1) |
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357 | (2) |
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359 | (1) |
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360 | (1) |
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Fluid Balance and Volume Management |
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361 | (5) |
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362 | (3) |
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365 | (1) |
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365 | (1) |
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Acute Kidney Injury and Renal Insufficiency |
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366 | (3) |
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366 | (1) |
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366 | (3) |
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369 | (6) |
Chapter 18 Wound Care |
|
375 | (26) |
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375 | (1) |
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375 | (1) |
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376 | (1) |
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Risk Factors for Wound Complications |
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377 | (3) |
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Preoperative Risk Factors |
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377 | (1) |
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Intraoperative Risk Factors |
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378 | (1) |
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Postoperative Risk Factors |
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379 | (1) |
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Wound Infections Classification |
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|
380 | (2) |
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Superficial Wound Infections |
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381 | (1) |
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381 | (1) |
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382 | (1) |
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382 | (1) |
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Prevention of Surgical Site Infection |
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|
382 | (5) |
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Local collagen-Gentamicin |
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|
382 | (1) |
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383 | (1) |
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Preoperativ-Skin Cleansing |
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383 | (1) |
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383 | (1) |
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Preoperative Antibiotic Administration |
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|
384 | (1) |
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384 | (1) |
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Avoiding Potentially Contaminated Sources |
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385 | (1) |
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386 | (1) |
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Evaluation of the Incision Site: Phases of Incision Healing |
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386 | (1) |
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Nursing Responsibilities to Enhance Wound Healing |
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387 | (1) |
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|
387 | (1) |
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Impact of Postoperative Infection |
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|
388 | (1) |
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Wound Infection Prediction |
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|
388 | (1) |
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Management of Wound Infections |
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|
389 | (2) |
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|
389 | (1) |
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|
389 | (2) |
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|
391 | (10) |
Chapter 19 Bridge to Transplant and Cardiac Transplantation |
|
401 | (50) |
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|
401 | (1) |
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Management of Heart Failure |
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|
402 | (2) |
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Mechanical Circulatory Support |
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|
404 | (14) |
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|
406 | (1) |
|
Short-Term Mechanical Circulatory Support |
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|
407 | (6) |
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Long-Term Mechanical Circulatory Support |
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
Mechanical Circulatory Support Postoperative Complications |
|
|
414 | (3) |
|
Postoperative Care of the LVAD Patient |
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
Requirements for Being Discharged with an LVAD |
|
|
417 | (1) |
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|
418 | (11) |
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Criteria for Heart Transplantation |
|
|
418 | (1) |
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Heart Transplantation Procedure |
|
|
419 | (1) |
|
Care in the Immediate Postoperative Period |
|
|
420 | (1) |
|
Postoperative Complications |
|
|
421 | (8) |
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|
429 | (11) |
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|
430 | (1) |
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|
430 | (1) |
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|
431 | (1) |
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|
431 | (4) |
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|
435 | (1) |
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Complications of Immunosuppression |
|
|
436 | (3) |
|
Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy |
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
Posttransplant Surveillance |
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
Outcomes After Heart Transplant |
|
|
440 | (2) |
|
Other Long-Term Complications |
|
|
441 | (1) |
|
|
442 | (2) |
|
|
442 | (1) |
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
|
444 | (7) |
Chapter 20 Post-ICU Care and Other Complications |
|
451 | (36) |
|
|
451 | (1) |
|
|
451 | (9) |
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
|
453 | (1) |
|
|
454 | (3) |
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis |
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
Postpericardiotomy Syndrome |
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
Sudden Cardiac Arrest and Sudden Cardiac Death |
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
|
460 | (2) |
|
|
461 | (1) |
|
|
461 | (1) |
|
Hematologic Complications |
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
Transfusion-Related Complications |
|
|
463 | (2) |
|
Transfusion-Associated Circulatory Overload |
|
|
463 | (2) |
|
Venous Thromboembolism (Deep Vein Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism) |
|
|
465 | (1) |
|
Gastrointestinal Complications |
|
|
466 | (1) |
|
Postoperative Intestinal Ileus |
|
|
467 | (1) |
|
Hospital-Acquired Infections |
|
|
467 | (4) |
|
Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections |
|
|
467 | (1) |
|
Sternal Complications and Mediastinitis |
|
|
468 | (3) |
|
|
471 | (4) |
|
|
471 | (2) |
|
Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction |
|
|
473 | (1) |
|
|
474 | (1) |
|
Other Complications in Post-ICU Care |
|
|
475 | (3) |
|
Chest Tube-Related Complications |
|
|
475 | (1) |
|
|
476 | (1) |
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
Post-Intensive Care Syndrome |
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
|
478 | (9) |
Chapter 21 Implications of Obesity of the Cardiac Surgery Patient |
|
487 | (10) |
|
|
487 | (1) |
|
Physiologic Changes Associated with Obesity |
|
|
488 | (1) |
|
|
488 | (1) |
|
|
488 | (1) |
|
|
489 | (1) |
|
|
489 | (1) |
|
Drug Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics |
|
|
489 | (1) |
|
The Preoperative Phase of Cardiac Surgery |
|
|
489 | (1) |
|
Preparation of the Operating Room and Staff |
|
|
490 | (1) |
|
|
490 | (1) |
|
|
491 | (6) |
Chapter 22 Cardiogenetics |
|
497 | (22) |
|
|
497 | (1) |
|
|
497 | (1) |
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
|
498 | (2) |
|
|
500 | (1) |
|
Genetic Counseling/Testing |
|
|
501 | (1) |
|
|
501 | (1) |
|
|
501 | (5) |
|
|
502 | (2) |
|
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy |
|
|
504 | (2) |
|
Familial Hypercholesterolemia |
|
|
506 | (1) |
|
|
506 | (1) |
|
|
506 | (1) |
|
|
506 | (1) |
|
|
507 | (4) |
|
|
507 | (2) |
|
Loeys-Dietz Syndrome (LDS) |
|
|
509 | (1) |
|
Ehlers-Danlos Syndromes (EDS) |
|
|
510 | (1) |
|
Bicuspid Aortic Valve Disease |
|
|
511 | (2) |
|
|
511 | (1) |
|
|
512 | (1) |
|
|
512 | (1) |
|
|
512 | (1) |
|
|
512 | (1) |
|
|
513 | (1) |
|
Drug Metabolism Pharmacogenetics |
|
|
513 | (1) |
|
Cardiogenetic Nursing Considerations |
|
|
514 | (1) |
|
|
515 | (4) |
Chapter 23 Nutritional Issues of the Patient Undergoing Cardiac Surgery |
|
519 | (16) |
|
|
519 | (1) |
|
Cardiac Surgery Patients' Need for Nutrition |
|
|
520 | (1) |
|
|
520 | (2) |
|
|
520 | (1) |
|
|
521 | (1) |
|
Nutrition Risk Scoring Systems |
|
|
521 | (1) |
|
Challenges to Attaining an Adequate Nutritional Status |
|
|
522 | (1) |
|
|
523 | (1) |
|
Evidence-Based Recommendations |
|
|
524 | (3) |
|
|
524 | (1) |
|
|
525 | (1) |
|
|
526 | (1) |
|
|
527 | (1) |
|
|
528 | (7) |
Chapter 24 Depression, Anxiety, and Spirituality Among Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery |
|
535 | (12) |
|
|
535 | (1) |
|
|
535 | (1) |
|
|
536 | (1) |
|
Potential Mechanisms Linking Depression and Cardiac Events |
|
|
536 | (2) |
|
|
536 | (1) |
|
|
536 | (2) |
|
Identifying Depression in Patients Undergoing CABG Surgery |
|
|
538 | (1) |
|
|
538 | (2) |
|
Pharmacological Treatment |
|
|
538 | (1) |
|
|
539 | (1) |
|
|
540 | (1) |
|
|
540 | (1) |
|
|
540 | (1) |
|
|
541 | (6) |
Chapter 25 Rehabilitation and Care of the Cardiac Surgery Patient |
|
547 | (22) |
|
|
547 | (1) |
|
|
548 | (1) |
|
Cardiac Rehabilitation Phases |
|
|
549 | (10) |
|
|
549 | (2) |
|
|
551 | (8) |
|
|
559 | (1) |
|
Rehabilitation Challenges of the Cardiac Surgery Patient |
|
|
559 | (3) |
|
Immediate In-Hospital Postoperative Rehabilitation |
|
|
559 | (1) |
|
|
560 | (1) |
|
|
561 | (1) |
|
|
561 | (1) |
|
Resuming Driving and Regular Physical Activities |
|
|
561 | (1) |
|
Complications and Comorbidities After Discharge |
|
|
562 | (1) |
|
|
562 | (7) |
Glossary |
|
569 | (10) |
Index |
|
579 | |