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E-grāmata: Cardiovascular Computed Tomography [Oxford Medicine Online E-books]

Edited by James Stirrup (Clinical Research Fellow, Royal Brompton Hospital and National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, ), Edited by Andrew D. Kelion, Edited by Ed Nicol (Consultant Cardiologist, Royal Brompton Hospital and National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK), Edited by Simon P.G. Padley

Formāts: 538 pages, 215 black and white illustrations
Sērija : Oxford Specialist Handbooks in Cardiology
Izdošanas datums: 25-Aug-2011
Izdevniecība: Oxford University Press
ISBN-13: 9780199572595

Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:

Oxford Medicine Online E-books
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Formāts: 538 pages, 215 black and white illustrations
Sērija : Oxford Specialist Handbooks in Cardiology
Izdošanas datums: 25-Aug-2011
Izdevniecība: Oxford University Press
ISBN-13: 9780199572595

Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:

More info about Oxford Medicine Online e-books

Rokasgrāmatas mājas lapa: http://oxfordmedicine.com/view/10.1093/med/9780199572595.001.0001/med-9780199572595

Cardiovascular computed tomography (CT) has rapidly become an important imaging tool in cardiology, and is now a compulsory component of the core curriculum for cardiology in UK and Europe. It is a complex imaging modality, however, with many aspects to master: CT theory, image acquisition and analysis, interpretation and reporting. This practical handbook is therefore essential reading for both training and reference for all cardiovascular CT users, including cardiologists, radiologists and radiographers, providing practical guidance on performing, analysing and interpreting cardiovascular CT scans in an accessible format.

Contributors

xix

Symbols and abbreviations

xxi

1 Development of cardiovascular CT

(8)

Introduction

(1)

Origins of X-ray computed tomography

(1)

Scanner development

(2)

Electron beam CT

(3)

2 MSCT scanner components

(12)

Gantry

(2)

X-ray tube

(2)

Collimators

(1)

Detectors

(1)

Detector terminology

(2)

Detectors, data channels, and slices

(3)

3 Technical principles of cardiovascular CT

(18)

X-ray tube current

(1)

X-ray tube voltage

(1)

Scan pitch

(2)

Spatial resolution

(2)

Temporal resolution

(2)

Multisegment reconstruction

(2)

ECG gating (1)

(2)

ECG gating (2)

(2)

Acquisition mode

(3)

4 Beyond 64-slice CT

(10)

Limitations of 64-slice CT technology

(2)

Cardiac CT with >64 slices

(2)

Dual-source CT

(2)

Single heartbeat CT

(1)

Future technology

(2)

5 Radiation physics, biology, and protection

(20)

Interactions of X-rays with matter

(1)

Biological effects of ionizing radiation

(3)

Radiation dosimetry (1)

(2)

Radiation dosimetry (2)

(2)

Principles of radiation protection

(2)

Patient dose and scanner design

(2)

Scan parameters and radiation dose

(2)

Radiation dose management

(2)

Radiation dose optimization techniques

(3)

6 Practical aspects of cardiovascular CT

(14)

Justification and authorization

(2)

Patient selection

(2)

Preparing the patient

(2)

Sample patient safety questionnaire

(1)

Sample patient observation chart

(1)

Heart-rate control

(2)

Glyceryl trinitrate

(1)

Preparing to scan

(1)

Performing the acquisition

(1)

7 Intravenous contrast media

(16)

Iodinated contrast media (1)

(2)

Coordinated contrast media (2)

(2)

Adminstration of intravenous contrast

(2)

Practical aspects

(2)

Adverse contrast reactions (1)

(2)

Adverse contrast reactions (2)

(2)

Treatment of adverse contrast reactions

(3)

8 Scan protocols

(16)

Introduction

100

(2)

Optimizing scan timing

102

(4)

Coronary artery calcium scoring

106

(2)

CT coronary angiography

108

(2)

Gated CT pulmonary angiogram

110

(1)

Gated CT pulmonary venography

111

(1)

Prior to percutaneous aortic valve replacement

112

(3)

9 Difficult scenarios

115

(1)

Dysrhythmia (1)

116

(2)

Dysrhythmia (2)

118

(2)

Large patients

120

(4)

Children (1)

124

(3)

Children (2)

127

(2)

10 Image reconstruction and processing

129

(22)

Preparing to reconstruct

130

(2)

Reconstruction of the CT image (1)

132

(2)

Convolution filters and kernels

134

(2)

Reconstruction of the CT image (2)

136

(2)

CT numbers and windowing

138

(2)

Image formats

140

(2)

Multiplanar reformatting

142

(2)

Curved multiplanar reformatting

144

(2)

Maximum intensity projection

146

(2)

3D image formats

148

(3)

11 Sources of artefact

151

(16)

Beam hardening

152

(2)

Partial volume effect

154

(2)

Motion artefact

156

(2)

Data gaps and interpolation errors

158

(2)

ECG interpretation errors

160

(2)

Artefacts that mimic coronary stenoses

162

(2)

Centreline tracking errors

164

(3)

12 Cross-sectional anatomy of the thorax

167

(10)

Introduction

168

(2)

Cross-sectional anatomy of the thorax

170

(7)

13 The coronary arteries and cardiac veins

177

(14)

The coronary arterial circulation

178

(2)

The coronary ostia and left coronary artery

180

(2)

The right coronary artery

182

(2)

The cardiac venous system

184

(2)

Coronary sinus and its tributaries

186

(5)

14 Imaging atherosclerotic plaque

191

(18)

Pathology of atherosclerosis

192

(2)

Coronary artery calcium scoring (1)

194

(2)

Coronary artery calcium scoring (2)

196

(2)

Imaging non-calcified plaque

198

(2)

Quantifying luminal stenosis

200

(2)

Diagnostic performance

202

(2)

Comparison with invasive coronary angiography

204

(2)

Comparison with other techniques

206

(1)

Prognostic performance

207

(2)

15 Coronary stent imaging

209

(10)

Introduction

210

(2)

The blooming effect

212

(2)

Technical requirements

214

(2)

Diagnostic performance

216

(2)

Conclusion

218

(1)

16 Coronary artery bypass graft imaging

219

(10)

Introduction

220

(2)

Scan acquisition

222

(2)

Image analysis and interpretation

224

(2)

Diagnostic performance

226

(2)

Conclusions

228

(1)

17 Evaluation of ventricular and atrial function

229

(10)

Introduction

230

(2)

Assessment of global left ventricular function

232

(2)

Assessment of regional left ventricular function

234

(2)

Right ventriculography

236

(2)

Atrial assessment

238

(1)

18 Ventricular pathology

239

(20)

Introduction

240

(2)

Investigating ischaemic left ventricular dysfunction

242

(2)

Cardiomyopathies and myocardial infiltration

244

(2)

Cardiac CT appearances in cardiomyopathies

246

(2)

Cardiac CT in `unclassified' cardiomyopathies and myocardial infiltrations

248

(1)

Cardiac masses

249

(1)

Benign cardiac tumours

250

(4)

Malignant cardiac tumours

254

(2)

Cardiac pseudotumours

256

(3)

19 Evaluation of myocardial scarring and perfusion

259

(14)

Introduction

260

(2)

Contrast pharmacokinetics

262

(2)

Scan acquisition: technical aspects

264

(2)

Image interpretation

266

(2)

Delayed CCT in clinical practice

268

(2)

Evaluation of myocardial perfusion

270

(3)

20 Evaluation of the left atrium and pulmonary veins

273

(10)

Introduction

274

(1)

Cardiac CT prior to electrophysiology procedures

275

(1)

Left atrium and pulmonary veins

276

(2)

Other relevant anatomy

278

(2)

Substrates for ventricular dysrhythmia

280

(1)

Template report for pre-electrophysiology CT

281

(2)

21 Valve imaging

283

(36)

Introduction

284

(1)

Acquisition for valve imaging

285

(1)

Post-processing

286

(3)

Multiphase reconstruction

289

(1)

Artefacts

290

(2)

Aortic stenosis (1)

292

(2)

Aortic stenosis (2)

294

(2)

Aortic regurgitation

296

(2)

Mitral stenosis

298

(2)

Mitral regurgitation (1)

300

(2)

Mitral regurgitation (2)

302

(2)

Tricuspid regurgitation

304

(4)

Tricuspid stenosis

308

(2)

Pulmonary regurgitation

310

(2)

Pulmonary stenosis

312

(2)

Prosthetic valves (1)

314

(2)

Prosthetic valves (2)

316

(3)

22 Pericardial disease

319

(12)

The pericardium

320

(2)

Pericardial imaging

322

(2)

Pericardial effusion

324

(2)

Constrictive pericarditis

326

(2)

Pericardial tumours and masses

328

(2)

Congenital absence of pericardium

330

(1)

23 Congenital heart disease

331

(40)

Introduction

332

(2)

Sequential segmental analysis

334

(2)

Technical considerations in congenital cardiovascular CT

336

(2)

Anomalous coronary arteries (1)

338

(2)

Anomalous coronary arteries (2)

340

(1)

Myocardial bridging

341

(1)

Coronary assessment in adult congenital heart disease

342

(2)

Other congenital coronary anomalies

344

(2)

Atrial septal defects

346

(2)

Ventricular septal defects

348

(2)

Atrio-ventricular septal defects

350

(2)

Patent ductus arteriosus

352

(2)

Other congenital aortic abnormalities

354

(2)

Transposition of the great arteries

356

(2)

Congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries

358

(2)

Anomalous pulmonary venous connection

360

(2)

Major aorto-pulmonary collateral arteries

362

(2)

Tetralogy of Fallot

364

(2)

The Functionally univentricular heart

366

(2)

Congenital valve pathology

368

(3)

24 Non-cardiac findings on cardiac CT

371

(24)

Introduction

372

(2)

Lung parenchyma

374

(2)

Lung nodules

376

(2)

Parenchymal lung disease

378

(2)

Mediastinal anatomy

380

(2)

Mediastinal pathology

382

(2)

Differential diagnosis of mediastinal tumours and masses

384

(4)

Patterns of mediastinal lymphadenopathy

388

(202)

Chest wall and pleural pathology

390

(1)

Upper abdominal pathology

391

(1)

Conclusions

392

(3)

25 Thoracic aortic imaging

395

(24)

Normal anatomy of the thoracic aorta

396

(4)

Aortic aneurysms and dilatation

400

(2)

Aortic dissection

402

(2)

Aortic intramural haematoma

404

(2)

Coarctation of the aorta

406

(302)

Other congenital aortic abnormalities

408

(1)

Aortitis

409

(1)

Pre- and post-surgical assessment

410

(2)

Assessment prior to transcatheter aortic valve implantation (1)

412

(4)

Assessment prior to transcatheter aortic valve implantation (2)

416

(3)

26 Pulmonary artery imaging

419

(10)

Introduction

420

(2)

CT pulmonary angiography

422

(3)

Peripheral venous imaging

425

(1)

Chronic pulmonary hypertension

426

(3)

27 Combined multivessel angiography

429

(4)

The triple rule-out

430

(2)

Combined CT coronary and pulmonary angiography

432

(1)

28 Peripheral arterial imaging

433

(12)

Introduction

434

(2)

CT technique

436

(2)

Abdominal aorta and branches

438

(2)

Renal artery Imaging

440

(2)

Carotid artery imaging

442

(3)

29 Systemic veins

445

(10)

Introduction

446

(2)

Systemic venous anatomy

448

(4)

Imaging the systemic veins

452

(3)

30 Guidelines, accreditation, and certification

455

(10)

Cardiovascular CT guidelines

456

(2)

Appropriate use criteria for cardiovascular CT

458

(2)

Cardiac CT in other clinical guidelines

460

(2)

Accreditation in cardiovascular CT

462

(2)

Certification in cardiovascular CT

464

(1)

31 Comparison of multimodality imaging

465

(36)

Introduction

466

(2)

Basis of functional imaging: coronary physiology and stress testing

468

(2)

Cardiac stress for functional imaging

470

(2)

Myocardial perfusion single photon emission CT (1)

472

(2)

Myocardial perfusion single photon emission CT (2)

474

(2)

Myocardial perfusion single photon emission CT in clinical practice

476

(2)

Myocardial perfusion positron emission tomography (PET)

478

(476)

Radionuclide ventriculography

480

(2)

Echocardiography

482

(2)

Echocardiography in clinical practice

484

(2)

Stress echocardiography

486

(2)

Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging

488

(2)

Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in clinical practice

490

(4)

Stress cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging

494

(2)

Practical aspects of imaging techniques: infrastructure requirements

496

(2)

Practical aspects of imaging techniques: patient-related issues

498

(3)

Index

501

Ed Nicol is a Consultant Cardiologist at the Royal Brompton Hospital, and National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London. He has wide experience in cardiovascular imaging including cardiovascular CT, MRI, echocardiography and nuclear cardiology. He was involved in establishing the clinical cardiovascular CT service at both the Royal Brompton and the Royal Berkshire Hospitals.

James Stirrup is a Clinical Research Fellow in Cardiac Imaging at the Royal Brompton Hospital and National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London. He has experience in nuclear cardiology and cardiovascular computed tomography, holding both CBNC and CBCCT certification in addition to Level 3 accreditation from the Society for Cardiovascular Computed Tomography.

Andrew Kelion is Consultant Cardiologist and Director of Imaging at Harefield Hospital, Harefield, UK. He qualified from the University of Oxford, and trained in cardiology in London, Reading and Oxford. He is an experienced nuclear and echo cardiologist. He is a former President of the British Nuclear Cardiology Society and co-author of the Oxford Handbook of Nuclear Cardiology.

Simon Padley is a Consultant Radiologist at the Royal Brompton Hospital and Chelsea and Westminster Hospital. He qualified from Westminster Medical School, University of London, and trained in Radiology in London, Cambridge and Vancouver. He is an experienced cardiothoracic imager and interventionalist.

Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9780199572595_pe.html

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E-grāmata: Cardiovascular Computed Tomography [Oxford Medicine Online E-books]

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