Atjaunināt sīkdatņu piekrišanu

CDMA Radio with Repeaters 2007 ed. [Hardback]

,
  • Formāts: Hardback, 424 pages, height x width: 235x155 mm, weight: 1780 g, 221 Illustrations, black and white; XXIV, 424 p. 221 illus., 1 Hardback
  • Sērija : Information Technology: Transmission, Processing and Storage
  • Izdošanas datums: 18-Jan-2007
  • Izdevniecība: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
  • ISBN-10: 0387263292
  • ISBN-13: 9780387263298
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
  • Hardback
  • Cena: 136,16 €*
  • * ši ir gala cena, t.i., netiek piemērotas nekādas papildus atlaides
  • Standarta cena: 160,19 €
  • Ietaupiet 15%
  • Grāmatu piegādes laiks ir 3-4 nedēļas, ja grāmata ir uz vietas izdevniecības noliktavā. Ja izdevējam nepieciešams publicēt jaunu tirāžu, grāmatas piegāde var aizkavēties.
  • Daudzums:
  • Ielikt grozā
  • Piegādes laiks - 4-6 nedēļas
  • Pievienot vēlmju sarakstam
CDMA Radio with Repeaters 2007 ed.Palielināt
  • Formāts: Hardback, 424 pages, height x width: 235x155 mm, weight: 1780 g, 221 Illustrations, black and white; XXIV, 424 p. 221 illus., 1 Hardback
  • Sērija : Information Technology: Transmission, Processing and Storage
  • Izdošanas datums: 18-Jan-2007
  • Izdevniecība: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
  • ISBN-10: 0387263292
  • ISBN-13: 9780387263298
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9780387263298.html
Keywords:
Cellular Communications is about Service, Technology and Economy. Public awareness and safety is considered the fourth dimension in the equation, that rolls back to impact all of the other three. Mobile communications has become an indispensable element of modem lifestyle. The 3G cellular systems focus on high data-rate multimedia services and a host of respective applications, mostly leisure-time oriented. At the other extreme, mobile communications is a most effective driving force in boosting the economy of developing communities. These two processes may share technology momentum and the economy of scale, but their substantial differences have to be recognized, at the time when the momentum of cellular deployment moves in that direction. The introduction of mobile wireless services to developing communities is challenged by the cost of infrastructure, operations and user terminals of the advanced networks, and the mixture of older generation systems to coexist with the new deployments. Affordability considerations and priority of services inspire innovative architectural and optimization solutions to the infrastructure, choice of applications and user terminals.
PREFACE xv
ABBREVIATIONS xix
1 INTRODUCTION AND PREVIEW
1
1.1 Evolution of Distributed Radio Access in the Cellular Communications
1
1.1.1 The Cellular Communications Concept
1
1.1.2 The Coverage Challenge
3
1.1.3 The Cost of the Service
4
1.1.4 The Evolution of Repeaters in the Cellular Service
5
1.2 Classification of Repeaters
6
1.2.1 Distributed Wireless Communications
6
1.2.2 Repeaters in the Cellular Communications
7
1.2.3 Repeaters in Multiple Access Systems
9
1.2.4 Repeater Classification by their Backhaul Conduit
11
1.2.5 Repeater Classification by Application
14
1.3 Repeaters in the CDMA Cellular Network
14
1.3.1 Repeater Interaction with the Network, and Tuning
14
1.3.2 Impact of Repeaters on the CDMA Network
15
1.4 Cost Considerations
17
1.5 Theme of the Book
18
1.5.1 The Complexity of the Multiple Access Mobile Communications Channel
18
1.5.2 Propagation Modeling
18
1.5.3 System Modeling
20
1.5.4 Theme of the Book
20
1.6 Organization of the Book
20
2 CDMA AIR INTERFACE OVERVIEW
23
2.1 Cellular Wireless Communications
23
2.2 CDMA IS 95 Air Interface Overview
25
2.2.1 System Concept
25
2.2.2 Logical and Physical Channels
28
2.2.3 Power Control
30
2.2.4 Soft Handoff
32
2.3 Third Generation - 3G
34
2.3.1 The Motivation
34
2.3.2 The Standardization
34
2.3.3 The Features and Techniques
35
2.4 CDMA2000
36
2.4.1 Introduction
36
2.4.2 Forward Link
36
2.4.3 Reverse Link
37
2.5 WCDMA UMTS
38
2.6 CDMA Timeline
38
2.7 Forward Link Time Multiplexing
39
2.8 1xEV-DO
40
2.9 1xEV-DV
41
2.10 HSDPA
42
3 THE MOBILE RADIO PROPAGATION CHANNEL
45
3.1 Overview of the Mobile Wireless Channel
45
3.1.1 Introduction
45
3.1.2 Channel Characteristics
45
3.1.3 Path-Loss and Channel Fluctuations
46
3.2 Path-Gain Physics
47
3.2.1 The Transmission Equation
47
3.2.2 Wave Reflection from a Perfectly Conducting Plane
48
3.2.3 Reflection at the Interface between Dielectric Media
50
3.2.4 The Two-Ray, Flat Earth Propagation Model
53
3.2.5 Lateral Waves at the Interface – Forest Propagation
55
3.2.6 Diffraction
57
3.3 Path-Gain Prediction Models
62
3.3.1 The Role of Measurement and of Modeling in Channel Characterization and Prediction
62
3.3.2 Physically Based Prediction Models
63
3.3.3 Building Penetration and Indoors Propagation
65
3.3.4 Heuristic Models
67
3.4 Multipath and Fading
67
3.4.1 Impulse Response
67
3.4.2 Coherent Time and Coherent Bandwidth
69
3.4.3 Fading Statistics
71
3.5 Polarization Effects
73
3.5.1 Polarization of Electromagnetic Waves
73
3.5.2 The Depolarization of Electromagnetic Waves
74
3.6 Antennas and Coverage
75
3.6.1 Introduction
75
3.6.2 Antenna Parameters
76
3.6.3 Gain of an Aperture Antenna and the Sidelobe "Skirt"
78
3.6.4 Wave Field Regions
79
3.6.5 Dipole Antenna
80
3.6.6 Colinear Arrays
80
3.6.7 Coverage Shaping
81
3.6.8 Antenna Diversity
86
3.6.9 Antenna Noise Temperature
92
3.6.10 Coupling between On-Site Antennas
94
4 RADIO ACCESS RELATED PERFORMANCE OF CDMA CELLULAR NETWORKS
101
4.1 CDMA Forward and Reverse Links
101
4.2 Reverse Link Coverage-Capacity Assessment
102
4.2.1 The Reverse Link Equation
103
4.2.2 Capacity Limit and Noise Rise
105
4.2.3 Impact of Tower-Top LNA (TTLNA) and of Diversity
106
4.2.4 Cells with Different Size and Load
106
4.3 Soft Handoff and the Definition of the Cell Boundary
107
4.3.1 The Reverse Link Cell Boundary
108
4.3.2 Cell Coverage and "Cell Breathing"
108
4.3.3 Cell Jamming
111
4.3.4 The Forward Link Cell Boundary
113
4.4 Forward Link Assessment
113
4.4.1 Derivation of the Forward Link Equation
113
4.4.2 The Orthogonality Function
115
4.4.3 Orthogonality and Diversity Gain
117
4.4.4 Orthogonality and Forward Link Power Control
120
4.4.5 Forward Link Capacity
120
4.4.6 User Distribution
123
4.4.7 Capacity Limit of the Forward Link
124
4.4.8 Coverage and Capacity - Call Blocking and Dropped Calls
124
4.4.9 Capacity Measurement
125
4.5 Link Balancing
125
4.5.1 Coverage Balance
126
4.5.2 Capacity Balance
126
4.5.3 Balancing the Links by Controlling the Pilot Power
126
4.5.4 Link Balancing by Beam Control
130
4.6 Load Balancing
130
4.7 Soft Handoff Search Window
131
4.8 Heterogeneous Cell Clustering
131
4.8.1 Cell Shaping
131
4.8.2 Microcells
134
4.8.3 Omni Cells
138
4.9 Network Optimization
142
4.9.1 Objectives
142
4.9.2 The Dimensions of Optimization
142
4.9.3 Scope and Dynamics of Optimization
144
5 DIVERSITY IN TRANSMISSION AND RECEPTION
149
5.1 Overview of Diversity in Communications
149
5.1.1 Introduction
149
5.1.2 Diversity Dimensions
153
5.1.3 Macro- and Micro-Diversity
157
5.2 Diversity Combining
158
5.2.1 Selection Diversity Processing
159
5.2.2 Equal-Gain Combining Diversity Processing
161
5.2.3 Maximal Ratio Combining Diversity Processing
162
5.3 RF Diversity Methods in CDMA Cellular Systems
166
5.3.1 Space Diversity
166
5.3.2 Polarization Diversity
167
5.3.3 Angle Diversity
169
5.4 Transmit Diversity
169
5.4.1 Time-Delay Transmit Diversity (TDTD)
170
5.4.2 Phase-Sweep Transmit Diversity (PSTD)
173
5.5 Relaying and Cascading Diversity in Remote RANs
174
5.5.1 Direct Diversity Relaying
174
5.5.2 Remote Transmit Diversity
176
5.5.3 PseudoDiversity Combining (PDC) – Relaying RL Diversity
177
5.5.4 Diversity Reception of Relayed Diversity Branches
178
5.6 The Impact of Diversity on the CDMA Cellular Network
178
5.6.1 Diversity in the Reverse Link
179
5.6.2 Transmit Diversity in the Forward Link
180
5.6.3 Time-Delay Transmit Diversity
180
5.6.4 Phase-Sweeping Transmit Diversity (PSTD)
185
5.6.5 Comparative Evaluation
187
5.6.6 Impact of Diversity on Network Probes and Status Measurement
187
6 REPEATERS EMBEDDED IN THE CDMA RADIO ACCESS NETWORK
193
6.1 Modeling of the Repeater in the CDMA Network
193
6.2 Classification of Repeaters by their Interaction with the Donor Cell
196
6.2.1 Embedded Repeaters
196
6.2.2 Range Extension Repeaters
196
6.2.3 Cell boundary Repeaters
197
6.2.4 Remote Repeaters
197
6.3 Interaction of the Repeater with the CDMA Network
198
6.3.1 Repeater Modeling – Reverse Link
198
6.3.2 Repeater Impact on Coverage and Capacity – Reverse Link
200
6.3.3 Forward Link Analysis
204
6.3.4 Repeater Links Balancing
207
6.4 Optimization of the Reverse Link
211
6.4.1 Derivation of the Optimization Equation
211
6.4.2 User-Density-Limited Cells
212
6.4.3 Capacity-Limited Cells
215
6.5 Repeater Coverage Overlap with the Donor Cell
217
6.5.1 Coverage Overlap Analysis
217
6.5.2 Coverage Overlap Control.
218
6.6 Multiple Repeaters
219
6.6.1 "Star" Architecture – Parallel Repeaters
219
6.6.2 Multi-hop Repeater Architecture
222
6.6.3 Comparison of Star and Cascade Repeater Linking
229
6.6.4 RF Distribution Network and the Distributed Antenna
231
6.7 Search Windows
232
7 REPEATERS DESIGN AND TUNING IN CDMA NETWORKS
235
7.1 RF Repeaters
235
7.1.1 The Role of RF Repeaters
235
7.1.2 Network Diagram and Signal Flow
235
7.1.3 Repeater Generic Diagram
236
7.1.4 BTS Interface
237
7.1.5 Critical Signal Paths and Parasitic Coupling
239
7.1.6 Signal Distortions
240
7.2 Repeater Architecture
241
7.2.1 Governing Parameters and Design Principles
241
7.2.2 Distributed and Unified Repeater Architectures
249
7.2.3 Band-Filtered and Channel-Filtered Repeaters
251
7.2.4 Signal and Interference Budget
252
7.2.5 Gain and Filtering Chain
254
7.2.6 Level and Gain Control
257
7.2.7 Antennas in Repeater Systems
260
7.3 Repeater Design
261
7.3.1 Basic Design Rules
261
7.3.2 RF Fl/F1 Repeater
274
7.3.3 Optical Fiber Repeater
278
7.3.4 Free-Space Optic Repeater
283
7.3.5 In-Band F1/F2 Repeater
285
7.3.6 Out-of-Band Fl/F2 Repeater
291
7.3.7 MW F1/F2 Repeater
292
7.3.8 Repeater Tuning
294
7.4 Regulation and Type Approval
296
7.4.1 Regulatory Constraints
296
7.4.2 Type Approval
297
7.4.3 Type Classification
297
7.4.4 Test Parameters
297
7.4.5 Test Subtleties
298
7.4.6 Emission Requirements
299
8 BACKHAUL FOR RF DISTRIBUTED RADIO ACCESS NODES
303
8.1 Analog and Digital Backhauls
303
8.1.1 Analog Backhaul
303
8.1.2 Digital Backhaul
304
8.2 Classification of Backhauls
304
8.2.1 Coax
304
8.2.2 Optical Fiber (OF)
304
8.2.3 Free-Space Optics (FSO)
305
8.2.4 In-Band FSR
305
8.2.5 Out-of-Band FSR
305
8.2.6 MW FSR
305
8.3 Repeater Backhaul Parameters
306
8.3.1 Introduction
306
8.4 Repeater Backhaul Engineering
308
8.4.1 Design Rules
308
8.4.2 Coax Backhaul
310
8.4.3 Optical Fiber Backhaul
311
8.4.4 Free-Space Optic Backhaul (FSO)
316
8.4.5 Radio Point-to-Point Backhauls
319
8.4.6 Backhaul Enhancement by Diversity
321
8.5 Backhaul Cost Considerations
322
8.5.1 Cost Contributors
322
8.5.2 Cost
323
9 REPEATER ECONOMICS
325
9.1 Baseline Networks
325
9.1.1 Network Distribution in Typical Markets
326
9.1.2 Coverage – Capacity Model
327
9.2 Repeater Embedded Networks
329
9.2.1 Constituting Relations
329
9.2.2 Relevant Scenarios
330
9.3 Cost Constituents
330
9.3.1 Tower Cost
331
9.3.2 Tx Power Cost
332
9.3.3 Backhaul Cost
332
9.3.4 BTS and Repeater Cost
333
9.4 Cost Model for Area Coverage
333
9.4.1 Optimal Coverage of a Flat Area
333
9.4.2 Optimal Coverage of a Length of Road
336
9.5 Cost Model for Area Coverage by a Cluster of BTSs and Satellite Repeaters
337
9.5.1 Large Area Coverage
337
9.5.2 Supplementary Coverage
338
9.6 Summary
338
10 ADVANCES IN CDMA REPEATERS 341
10.1 Introduction
341
10.2 Performance Monitoring and Control
342
10.2.1 Application of a CDMA Modem in the Repeater
342
10.3 Stabilization by Gain Control
344
10.4 Interference Suppression
345
10.4.1 Digital Repeaters
345
10.4.2 Enhancing Isolation between the Backhaul and Service Antennas by Adaptive Interference Cancellation
346
10.4.3 Adaptive Interference Cancellation
347
10.4.4 Adaptive Cancellation of Radiated Interference
348
10.5 Receive Diversity in Repeaters
349
10.6 Transmit Diversity in Repeaters
350
10.7 Network Parameters Readout from the Wireless Modem
350
10.8 Antenna Control
351
10.9 Tagging of Repeater-Served STs
351
10.10 Location
351
10.11 Measurement of Traffic Load through the Repeater
352
10.12 Load Balancing between Cells and Sectors
352
10.13 High Data Rate Systems
353
EPILOG 357
APPENDIX A REVERSE LINK INTERFERENCE IN HETEROGENEOUS CELL CLUSTERS 359
A.1 The Ring Model for Other Cells' Interference
359
A.1.1 Introduction
359
A.1.2 The Ring Model
360
A.2 The Embedded Microcell Model
363
APPENDIX B EVALUATION OF THE POWER RISE EQUATION 369
APPENDIX C ORTHOGONALITY FACTOR THROUGH THE CELL 373
C.1 Scattering and Reflections
373
C.1.1 The Reflection Coefficient F
374
C.1.2 The Population of Contributing Reflectors
376
C.1.3 The Reflection Contributions
377
C.2 Orthogonality Factor
379
C.3 Unified Factor – Transitions
381
C.3.1 Transition Near-Intermediate Zones
381
C.3.2 Transition Intermediate-Far Zones
382
APPENDIX D SYSTEM NOISE AND DYNAMIC RANGE 383
D.1 Noise Figure
383
D.1.1 Definitions
383
D.1.2 System Noise
386
D.1.3 System Sensitivity
388
D.2 Dynamic Range
389
D.2.1 Basic NonLinear Model
389
D.2.2 Intermodulation Products
390
D.2.3 System Intercept Point
396
D.2.4 Dynamic Range
399
D.3 Beamforming and Combiners
401
APPENDIX E ENVELOPE CORRELATION AND POWER CORRELATION IN FADING CHANNELS 405
APPENDIX F EIGENVALUE ANALYSIS OF MRC 407
APPENDIX G OPTIMAL SECTOR BEAMWIDTH 409
G.1 Model
409
G.2 Choice of Antenna Gain Function
410
G.3 Total Sector Traffic Power
411
G.4 Softer Handoff Boundary
411
G.5 Discussion
413
G.5.1 Limits on the Analysis
413
G.5.2 Optimal Beamwidth
413
G.5.3 Effect of the SrHO
413
APPENDIX H CELLULAR BANDS AND FREQUENCY ALLOCATIONS 415
ABOUT THE AUTHORS 417
INDEX 419