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E-grāmata: Cell Biology: A Short Course

Jeremy S. Hyams (University College London, England), Stephen R. Bolsover (University College London, UK), Greg FitzHarris, Andrea Townsend-Nicholson, Elizabeth A. Shephard (University College London, UK), Sandip Patel

Formāts: PDF+DRM
Sērija : Short Course
Izdošanas datums: 07-Feb-2022
Izdevniecība: Wiley-Blackwell
Valoda: eng
ISBN-13: 9781119757771

Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:

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Formāts: PDF+DRM
Sērija : Short Course
Izdošanas datums: 07-Feb-2022
Izdevniecība: Wiley-Blackwell
Valoda: eng
ISBN-13: 9781119757771

Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:

Evolution

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An accessible and straightforward intro to cell biology

 

In the newly revised Fourth Edition of Cell Biology: A Short Course, a distinguished team of researchers delivers a concise and accessible introduction to modern cell biology, integrating knowledge from genetics, molecular biology, biochemistry, physiology, and microscopy. The book places a strong emphasis on drawing connections between basic science and medicine.

Telling the story of cells as the units of life in a colorful and student-friendly manner, Cell Biology: A Short Course takes an “essentials only” approach. It conveys critical points without overburdening the reader with extraneous or secondary information. Clear diagrams and examples from current research accompany special boxed sections that focus on the importance of cell biology in medicine and industry. A new feature, “BrainBoxes” describes some of the key people who created the current understanding of Cell Biology.

The book has been thoroughly revised and updated since the last edition and includes:

Thorough introduction to cells and tissues, membranes, organelles, and the structure of DNA and genetic code
Explorations of DNA as a data storage medium, transcription and the control of gene expression, and recombinant DNA and genetic engineering
Discussion of the manufacture of proteins, protein structure, and intracellular protein trafficking
Description of ions and voltages, intracellular and extracellular signaling
Introduction to the cytoskeleton and cell movement
Discussion of cell division and apoptosis

Perfect for undergraduate students seeking an accessible, one-stop reference on cell biology, Cell Biology: A Short Course is also an ideal reference for pre-med students.

Preface

Acknowledgments

xiii

About the companion website

Section 1 The Structure Of The Cell

(32)

1 A Look At Cells And Tissues

(18)

Only Two Types of Cell

(1)

Cell Division

(1)

Viruses

(2)

Origin of Eukaryotic Cells

(2)

Cell Specialization in Animals

(2)

Stem Cells and Tissue Replacement

(1)

The Cell Wall

(1)

Microscopes Reveal Cell Structure

(3)

The Modern Light Microscope

(1)

The Transmission Electron Microscope

(2)

The Scanning Electron Microscope

(1)

Fluorescence Microscopy

(7)

Increasing the Resolution of Fluorescence Microscopes

(1)

Fluorescent Proteins

(6)

2 Membranes And Organelles

(12)

Basic Properties of Cell Membranes

(1)

Organelles Bounded by Double-Membrane Envelopes

(2)

The Nucleus

(2)

Mitochondria

(1)

Organelles Bounded by Single Membranes

(2)

Peroxisomes

(1)

Endoplasmic Reticulum

(1)

Golgi Apparatus

(1)

Lysosomes

(1)

The Connected Cell

(9)

Organelle Junctions

(1)

Cell Junctions

(7)

Section 2 The Molecular Biology Of The Cell

(112)

3 DNA Structure And The Genetic Code

(16)

The Structure of DNA

(4)

The DNA Molecule Is a Double Helix

(1)

Hydrogen Bonds Form Between Base Pairs

(1)

DNA Strands Are Antiparallel

(2)

The Two DNA Strands Are Complementary

(1)

DNA as the Genetic Material

(1)

Packaging of DNA Molecules into Chromosomes

(3)

Eukaryotic Chromosomes and Chromatin Structure

(1)

Prokaryotic Chromosomes

(1)

Plasmids

(1)

Viruses

(1)

The Genetic Code

(9)

Amino Acids and Proteins

(1)

Reading the Genetic Code

(2)

Amino Acid Names Are Abbreviated

(1)

The Code Is Degenerate but Unambiguous

(1)

Start and Stop Codons and the Reading Frame

(1)

The Code Is Nearly Universal

(1)

Missense Mutations

(5)

4 DNA As A Data Storage Medium

(16)

DNA Replication

(1)

The DNA Replication Fork

(1)

Proteins Open up the DNA Double Helix During Replication

(1)

DnaA Protein

(1)

DnaB and DnaC Proteins

(1)

Single-Stranded DNA-Binding Proteins

(1)

Biochemistry of DNA Replication

(4)

DNA Synthesis Requires an RNA Primer

(1)

RNA Primers Are Removed

(1)

The Self-Correcting DNA Polymerase

(1)

Mismatch Repair Backs Up the Proofreading Mechanism

(1)

DNA Repair after Replication

(3)

Spontaneous and Chemically Induced Base Changes

(1)

Repair Processes

(2)

Gene Structure and Organization in Eukaryotes

(2)

Introns and Exons - Additional Complexity in Eukaryotic Genes

(1)

The Major Classes of Eukaryotic DNA

(1)

Gene Nomenclature

(6)

5 Transcription And The Control Of Gene Expression

(18)

Structure of RNA

(1)

RNA Polymerase

(1)

Gene Notation

(1)

Bacterial RNA Synthesis

(2)

Control of Bacterial Gene Expression

(4)

Lac, an Inducible Operon

(3)

Trp, a Repressible Operon

(1)

Eukaryotic RNA Synthesis

(2)

Messenger RNA Processing in Eukaryotes

(1)

Control of Eukaryotic Gene Expression

(3)

Glucocorticoids Cross the Plasma Membrane to Activate Transcription

(1)

Noncoding RNAs and the Control of Eukaryotic Gene Expression

(5)

Micro RNAs

(1)

Long Noncoding RNAs

(1)

Circular RNAs

(4)

6 Manufacturing Protein

(18)

Attachment of an Amino Acid to Its tRNA

(4)

Transfer RNA, the Anticodon, and Wobble

(4)

The Ribosome

(1)

Bacterial Protein Synthesis

(6)

Ribosome-Binding Site

(1)

Chain Initiation

(1)

Initiation Factor 2 Is a GTPase

(1)

The 70S Initiation Complex

(1)

Elongation of the Protein Chain in Bacteria

(2)

The Polyribosome

(1)

Termination of Protein Synthesis

(1)

The Ribosome Is Recycled

(1)

Eukaryotic Protein Synthesis Is a Little More Complex

(2)

Antibiotics and Protein Synthesis

(1)

Protein Destruction

(5)

7 Protein Structure

103

(20)

Naming Proteins

103

(1)

Polymers of Amino Acids

104

(5)

The Amino Acid Building Blocks

104

(3)

The Unique Properties of Each Amino Acid

107

(2)

Other Amino Acids Are Found in Nature

109

(1)

The Three-Dimensional Structures of Proteins

109

(1)

Hydrogen Bonds

109

(1)

Electrostatic Interactions

109

(1)

Van der Waals Forces

109

(1)

Hydrophobic Interactions

109

(1)

Disulfide Bonds

109

(1)

Levels of Complexity

110

(8)

The Primary Structure

110

(1)

The Secondary Structure

111

(3)

Tertiary Structure: Domains and Motifs

114

(4)

Quaternary Structure: Assemblies of Protein Subunits

118

(1)

Prosthetic Groups

118

(1)

The Primary Structure Contains all the Information Necessary to Specify Higher-Level Structures

119

(1)

Protein-Protein Interactions Underlie all of Cell Biology

119

(4)

8 Recombinant DNA Technology And Genetic Engineering

123

(22)

DNA Cloning

123

(1)

Creating the Clone

124

(4)

Introduction of Foreign DNA Molecules into Bacteria

124

(2)

Genomic DNA Clones

126

(2)

Uses of DNA Clones

128

(7)

Southern Blotting

129

(1)

In-Situ Hybridization

130

(1)

Northern Blotting

130

(1)

Production of Mammalian Proteins in Bacteria and Eukaryotic Cells

130

(2)

Polymerase Chain Reaction

132

(1)

DNA Sequencing

133

(2)

"Omics"

135

(2)

Transcriptomics

135

(1)

Microarrays

135

(1)

RNA-Seq

136

(1)

ChIP-Seq and Epigenomics

136

(1)

Other "Omics"

137

(1)

Identifying the Gene Responsible for a Disease

137

(1)

Reverse Genetics

137

(1)

Transgenic and Knockout Mice

137

(2)

RNA Interference (RNAI)

139

(1)

CRISPR/Cas9

139

(1)

Ethics of DNA Testing for Inherited Disease

140

(5)

Section 3 Cell Communication

145

(54)

9 Carriers, Channels, And Voltages

147

(18)

Carriers

147

(5)

The Glucose Carrier

149

(1)

The Sodium/Calcium Exchanger

150

(1)

The Sodium/Potassium ATPase

150

(1)

The Calcium ATPase

151

(1)

The Potassium Gradient and the Resting Voltage

152

(4)

Potassium Channels Make the Plasma Membrane Permeable to Potassium Ions

152

(2)

Concentration Gradients and Electrical Voltage Can Balance

154

(2)

The Action Potential

156

(9)

The Pain Receptor Neuron

156

(2)

The Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel

158

(1)

The Sodium Action Potential

158

(1)

The Strength of a Signal Is Coded by Action Potential Frequency

159

(2)

Myelination and Rapid Action Potential Transmission

161

(4)

10 Signalling Through Ions

165

(14)

Calcium as a Signaling Ion

165

(5)

Calcium Can Enter Cells from the Extracellular Medium

165

(1)

Calcium Can Be Released from Organelles

166

(1)

Processes Activated by Cytosolic Calcium Are Extremely Diverse

167

(2)

Return of Calcium to Resting Levels

169

(1)

Propagating the Signal

170

(1)

Transmitters Are Released at Synapses

170

(1)

Ligand-Gated Ion Channels Respond to Transmitters

170

(1)

Rapid Communication: From Neurons to Their Targets

171

(8)

Inhibitory Transmission

172

(3)

Signaling at the Neuromuscular Junction

175

(4)

11 Signalling Through Enzymes

179

(20)

G Protein-Coupled Receptors and Second Messengers

179

(4)

G Protein-Coupled Receptors Are an Abundant Class of Cell Surface Receptors

179

(1)

Inositol Trisphosphate Controls Secretion in the Exocrine Pancreas

179

(2)

Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate Helps Us Smell

181

(2)

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases and the Map Kinase Cascade

183

(4)

Growth Factors Can Trigger a Calcium Signal

185

(1)

Akt and the Glucose Carrier: How Insulin Works

185

(2)

Cytokine Receptors

187

(1)

Signaling Through Proteolysis

188

(2)

Wnt Proteins Signal Through Receptors that Prevent Proteolysis of Beta Catenin

188

(1)

Low Oxygen Levels Are Sensed by Preventing Proteolysis of Hypoxia-Inducing Factor

189

(1)

Intracellular Receptors

190

(1)

Guanylate Cyclase Is a Receptor for Nitric Oxide

190

(1)

Many Steroid Hormone Receptors Are Transcription Factors

190

(1)

Crosstalk - Signaling Pathways or Signaling Webs?

190

(2)

Signaling in the Control of Muscle Blood Supply

192

(9)

The Blood Supply Is Under Local Control

193

(1)

The Blood Supply Is Under Nervous System Control

193

(1)

The Blood Supply Is Under Hormonal Control

194

(1)

New Blood Vessels in Growing Muscle

194

(5)

Section 4 The Mechanics Of The Cell

199

(54)

12 Intracellular Trafficking

201

(18)

Principles of Protein Transport

201

(4)

Proteins Enter Organelles in Different Ways

201

(1)

Vesicles Shuttle Proteins Around the Cell Through Fission and Fusion

202

(2)

The Destination of a Protein Is Determined by Sorting Signals

204

(1)

GTPases Are Master Regulators of Traffic

205

(1)

Trafficking to the Endoplasmic Reticulum and Plasma Membrane

205

(4)

Synthesis on the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

205

(1)

Glycosylation: The Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi System

206

(1)

Coatomer-Coated Vesicles

207

(1)

Trans Golgi Network and Protein Secretion

208

(1)

Trafficking to the Lysosome

209

(1)

Endocytosis Is a Gateway into the Cell

209

(1)

Clathrin-Coated Vesicles

209

(1)

Delivery of Enzymes to Lysosomes

209

(1)

Lysosomes Degrade Proteins from both Outside and Inside of the Cell: Autophagy

210

(1)

Trafficking to and from the Nucleus

210

(2)

The Nuclear Pore Complex

211

(1)

Gated Transport Through the Nuclear Pore

212

(1)

GTPases in Nuclear Transport

212

(1)

Trafficking to Other Organelles

212

(7)

Transport to Mitochondria

212

(3)

Transport to Peroxisomes

215

(4)

13 Cellular Scaffolding

219

(14)

Microtubules

219

(3)

Functions of Microtubules

222

(3)

Intracellular Transport and Cellular Architecture

222

(1)

Cell Movement by Cilia and Flagella

223

(2)

Microfilaments

225

(1)

Functions of Microfilaments

226

(2)

Muscle Contraction

226

(1)

Microfilament-Based Cell Migration

227

(1)

Intermediate Filaments

228

(1)

Functions of Intermediate Filaments

229

(4)

Anchoring Cell Junctions

229

(1)

The Nuclear Lamina

230

(3)

14 Controlling Cell Number

233

(20)

M-phase

235

(3)

Mitosis

235

(1)

Cytokinesis

236

(2)

Control of the Cell Cycle

238

(4)

The Cell Cycle Is Driven by Kinase Activities

238

(1)

Checkpoints Tell the Cell Cycle When to Stop and When to Go

239

(2)

The Mitotic Checkpoint Determines When the Cell Cycle Ends

241

(1)

Cell Cycle Control and Cancer

241

(1)

Meiosis and Fertilization

242

(4)

Meiosis

242

(3)

Crossing Over and Linkage

245

(1)

Cell Death

246

(9)

Cell Stress Activates the Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

246

(1)

Communication with the External Environment Can Activate the Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

247

(1)

Default Death: Apoptosis as a Result of Absence of Growth Factors

248

(5)

Section 5 Case Study

253

(12)

15 Case Study: Cystic Fibrosis

255

(10)

Cystic Fibrosis Is a Severe Genetic Disease

255

(1)

The Fundamental Lesion in Cystic Fibrosis Lies in Chloride Transport

256

(1)

Cloning the CFTR Gene

256

(1)

The CFTR Gene Codes for a Chloride Ion Channel

257

(2)

Replacing or Repairing the Gene

259

(1)

Tailoring Treatment to the Patient's Lesion

260

(1)

New Treatments for CF

261

(1)

Diagnostic Tests for CF

261

(1)

Prenatal implantation diagnosis for CF

262

(1)

Conclusion

262

(3)

Answers to Review Questions

265

(8)

Glossary

273

(34)

Index

307

Stephen Bolsover is Professor Emeritus of Cell Physiology at University College London (UCL). His research focussed on the role of calcium as an intracellular messenger.

Andrea Townsend-Nicholson is Professor of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology at UCL. She is particularly interested in integrating high performance computing and experimental methodologies for the study of G protein-coupled receptors. She served as the Head of Teaching for Molecular Biosciences at UCL from 2010-2019.

Greg FitzHarris was previously a student and then lecturer at UCL, and is now Professor and Head of the Department of Pathology and Cell Biology at Université de Montréal.

Elizabeth Shephard is a Professorial Research Associate at UCL. She has a particular interest in rare genetic disorders and is a scientific advisor for the patient advocacy group, MEBO Research. She has served terms as Vice-Dean Education, Faculty Life Sciences, UCL.

Jeremy Hyams was Professor of Cell Biology at UCL. He left in 2003 to become head of the Institute of Molecular Biosciences at Massey University, New Zealand. He retired in 2008.

Sandip Patel is Professor of Cell Signalling and Deputy Head of the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology at UCL. He has been teaching cell biology to variety of students for more years than he cares to remember but finds time to run a research lab.

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