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E-grāmata: Cellular, Molecular, Physiological, and Behavioral Aspects of Spinal Cord Injury

Edited by (Consultant, Medical Protocol Department, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Heath Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia), Edited by , Edited by (Professor, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Kings College Hospital, London, UK; Emeritus Profes)
  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 10-May-2022
  • Izdevniecība: Academic Press Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780128224281
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Cellular, Molecular, Physiological, and Behavioral Aspects of Spinal Cord InjuryPalielināt
  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 10-May-2022
  • Izdevniecība: Academic Press Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780128224281
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Spinal injury affects about 10 million people annually worldwide, impacting on the family unit and causing lifelong disabilities, with varied symptoms including paresthesia, spasticity, loss of motor control, and often severe pain. Cellular, Molecular, Physiological, and Behavioral Aspects of Spinal Cord Injury will enhance readers’ understanding of the biological and psychological effects of spinal cord injury. Featuring chapters on gene expression, metabolic effects, and behavior, this volume discusses in detail the impact of spinal cord injury to better understand the underlying pathways and processes. The book has applicability for neuroscientists, neurologists, clinicians, and anyone working to better understand these injuries.

  • Summarizes the neuroscience of spinal cord injury, including cellular and molecular biology
  • Contains chapter abstracts, key facts, dictionary, and summary points to aid in understanding
  • Features chapters on signaling and hormonal events
  • Includes plasticity and gene expression
  • Examines health and stress behaviors after spinal cord injury
Contributors xix
Preface xxv
Section A Setting the scene and introductory chapters
1 Causes of spinal injury: Motor vehicle accidents and beyond
Joji Inamasu
Introduction
3(1)
Spinal injury in automobile drivers
4(2)
Role of seatbelt and airbag in protecting spine
6(2)
Prevention of spinal injury among motorcycle riders
8(1)
Application to other areas of neuroscience
8(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
8(1)
Key facts of spinal injury simulation
9(1)
Summary points
9(1)
References
9(2)
2 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in spinal cord injury during acute and chronic phases
Kiran Aftab
Namrah Aziz
Batool Mujtaba
Asma Akbar Ladak
Fatima Mubarak
Syed Ather Enam
Introduction
11(1)
MRI sequences used in SCI
11(2)
Conventional MRI
12(1)
Novel and quantitative MRI sequences
12(1)
Protocols for MRI in SCI
13(1)
MRI findings in acute SCI
13(4)
Extra-medullary findings
13(2)
Intramedullary findings
15(2)
MRI findings in subacute SCI
17(1)
Subacute progressive ascending myelopathy
17(1)
Early syrinx
17(1)
MRI findings in chronic SCI
17(2)
Neurodegeneration and demyelination of the spinal cord post SCI
17(1)
Neurodegeneration of the brain post-SCI
18(1)
Conclusion
19(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
19(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
20(1)
Key facts of SPAM
20(1)
Summary points
20(1)
References
20(3)
3 Exercise programs and spinal cord injury (SCI): Linking the clinical, physiological, and psychological consequences of SCI
Jeongmin Lee
Dong-il Kim
Justin Y. Jeon
Prevalence and consequences of spinal cord injury
23(1)
Clinical, physiological, and psychological consequences of SCI
23(2)
Primary consequences of SCI: Paralysis and ANS
23(1)
Secondary consequences of SCI
24(1)
Exercise and SCI
25(5)
Exercise programs for people with SCI
26(3)
UB aerobic and strength exercise
29(1)
FES-assisted LB and/or WB exercise
29(1)
Tailored exercise for people with SCI
30(1)
Conclusion and future perspective
30(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
30(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
31(1)
Key facts on exercises and people with SCI
31(1)
Summary points
31(1)
References
32(3)
4 Use of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation: Features, facets, and applications to incomplete spinal cord injury
Amanda Vitoria Lacerda de Araiijo
Mirelly dos Santos Abilio
Debora Araujo do Nascimento
Beatrix Souza de Albuquerque Cacique New York
Valeria Ribeiro Nogueira Barbosa
Introduction
35(6)
Discovery of the direct current therapeutic effect and technological progress
35(1)
Neurophysiological basis of the a-tDCS
36(2)
Importance of the a-tDCS after iSCI
38(1)
A-tDCS outcomes after iSCI
39(2)
Characteristics of the iSCI individuals under a-tDCS protocols
41(2)
Parameters of the a-tDCS after iSCI
43(1)
Short and long-term effects of the a-tDCS
44(1)
A-tDCS safety and adverse effects (AEs)
44(1)
Clinical practice based on the a-tDCS
45(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
45(1)
Dictionary of terms
45(1)
Key facts of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation
46(1)
Summary points
47(1)
References
47(2)
Further reading
49(2)
5 Neuromodulation and restoration of motor responses after severe spinal cord injury
Dimitry G. Sayenko
Humberto A. Cerrel Bazo
Philip J. Horner
Giuliano Taccola
Neuromodulation exploits intrinsic information processing -
51(2)
A residual functional potential remains after SCI
53(1)
Central nervous system reorganization after SCI
53(1)
Mechanisms of spinal neuromodulation
54(1)
The ideal candidate for the restoration of volitional motor responses through neuromodulation
55(1)
Neuromuscular electrical stimulation for the recovery of independent stepping
55(2)
Rationale for combining NMES with other neuromodulation modalities
57(1)
Regaining of motor function after severe spinal cord injury
58(1)
Multimodal rehabilitation
58(2)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
60(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
60(1)
Key facts of neuromodulation and restoration of motor responses after severe spinal cord injury
61(1)
Summary points
61(1)
References
61(2)
Further reading
63(2)
6 Rehabilitation and wheelchair users after spinal cord injury: An overview
Marcelo Riberto
Ligia Jia Lin Wu
Daniel Rubio de Souza
Introduction
65(8)
Epidemiology
65(1)
Classification and prognosis
66(1)
Objectives in spinal cord rehabilitation
66(1)
Robotic rehabilitation of movement
66(3)
Main clinical aspects for rehabilitation
69(1)
Spasticity
70(1)
Heterotopic ossification
70(2)
Autonomic dysreflexia
72(1)
Neurogenic bladder
72(1)
Neurogenic bowel dysfunction
73(1)
Pressure ulcers
73(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
73(2)
Mini-dictionary of terms
74(1)
Key facts of clinical classification of SCI and mobility
75(1)
Key facts on clinical complications of SCI
75(1)
Summary points
75(1)
References
75(7)
Section B Cellular and molecular aspects of spinal injury
7 Gene expression and bone loss following spinal cord injury
Ariane Zamarioli
Introduction
82(1)
Incidence and pathophysiological mechanisms of spinal cord injury
82(1)
Altered gene expression due to spinal cord injury
83(1)
Bone remodeling and osteometabolic dysfunction due to SCI
83(1)
Molecular mechanisms of SCI-induced bone loss
84(1)
Acute and chronic stages of bone loss following SCI
84(2)
Changes in bone quality and quantity following SCI
86(2)
Secondary complication due to SCI-induced bone loss
88(1)
Conclusions
89(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
89(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
89(1)
Key facts of gene expression, bone loss, and spinal cord injury
90(1)
Summary points
90(1)
References
90(3)
8 Sperm DNA fragmentation and its relevance to men with spinal cord injury
Jame Cosalvez
Eduardo Vargas-Baquero
Stephen D. Johnston
Introduction
93(1)
How does SDF in men with SCI compare to other causes of infertility?
94(1)
Molecular mechanisms of SDF
94(1)
Etiologies of SDF in men with SCI
95(3)
Hormone alterations
95(1)
Elevated scrotal temperature
95(1)
Ejaculation frequency
96(1)
Sperm chromatin maturity
96(1)
Reactive oxygen species
96(1)
Leukocytospermia and ROS-related damage
96(1)
Sperm concentration
97(1)
Seminal vesicular secretions
97(1)
Immune function and cytokine production
97(1)
Other seminal plasma biochemical compounds
97(1)
Improving sperm DNA quality in men with SCI
98(2)
Conclusion
100(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
101(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
101(1)
Key facts of sperm DNA fragmentation
101(1)
Summary points
101(1)
References
102(3)
9 Beneficial and detrimental effects of cytokines after spinal cord injury
Jesus Amo-Aparicio
Clara Penas
Introduction
105(1)
Cytokine expression after SCI
106(1)
Cytokines promoting cell death and neurodegeneration after SCI
107(1)
Cytokines in inflammation and glial scar formation
108(2)
Macrophage and microglia polarization
108(1)
Glial scar formation
109(1)
Cytokines in neuroprotection and repair
110(1)
Enhancement of anti-inflammatory cytokine levels
110(1)
Inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine pathways
111(1)
Epigenetic regulation of cytokine expression
111(2)
Histone acetylation
111(1)
Noncoding RNAs
112(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
113(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
113(1)
Key facts
114(1)
Key facts of glial scar
114(1)
Key facts of inflammation after SCI
114(1)
Key facts on the major effects of cytokines
114(1)
Summary points
114(1)
Acknowledgments
114(1)
References
114(5)
10 Neurovascular pathology following traumatic spinal cord injury
Mohammad-Masoud Zawarian
James Hong
Jonathon Chon Teng Chio
Amirali Toossi
Michael C. Fehfings
Introduction
119(1)
Secondary pathogenesis
120(2)
Hemodynamic response
122(1)
Neurovascular unit (NVU)
123(1)
Endothelial cell (EC) response
124(1)
Pericytic response
124(1)
Astrocytic response
125(1)
Level-specific differences in the vascular architecture of the spinal cord
125(1)
Therapeutic approach
126(1)
Pharmacological interventions
126(1)
Acute infusion of mesenchymal stromal cells to attenuate vascular disruption
126(1)
Acute IgG infusion for immunomodulation and rescue of BSCB disruption
127(1)
Conclusions
127(1)
Application to other areas of neuroscience
127(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
127(1)
Key facts
128(1)
Key facts of the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) Impairment Scale
128(1)
Key facts of the spinal neurovascular unit (NVU)
128(1)
Summary points
128(1)
References
128(5)
11 Protein degradome in spinal cord injury
Shadi Bsat
Hani Chanbour
Ali Amine
Charbel Moussalem
Mohamad Nabih El Houshiemy
Sarah Kawtharani
Adham Halaoui
Firas Kobeissy
Safwan Alomari
Ibrahim Omeis
Introduction
133(1)
Protease-substrate repertoires
133(3)
Degradomes in SCI
136(1)
Cytoskeletal proteins
136(1)
Extracellular matrix
137(1)
Cell junction proteins
137(1)
Ion channels
138(1)
Clinical perspectives
138(1)
Application to other neuroscience areas
139(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
139(1)
Key facts of spinal cord degradomics
139(1)
Summary points
140(1)
References
140(3)
12 Proteomics of pressure ulcers in spinal cord injury
L. Mourino-Alvarez
N. Corbacho-Alonso
T. Sastre-Oliva
M.G. Barderas
Background
143(1)
Patient's management
144(1)
Clinical proteomics
145(1)
Proteomics in pressure ulcers
146(1)
The importance of precision medicine
147(1)
Limitations of proteomics
148(1)
Conclusions
148(1)
Application to other areas of neuroscience
148(2)
Key facts of proteomics in PUs of spinal cord patients
150(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
150(1)
Summary points
151(1)
Acknowledgments and sources of funding
151(1)
References
151(3)
13 Innate immune responses of glia and inflammatory cells in spinal cord injury
Lun Li
Cigdem Acioglu
Robert F. Heary
Stella Elkabes
Introduction
154(1)
Overview of PRRs
154(3)
TLRs
154(1)
NLRs, inflammasome complexes, and TLR-inflammasome cooperation
155(2)
CLRs and RLRs
157(1)
Role of TLRs in SCI
157(2)
TLR2 in SCI
157(1)
TLR4 in SCI
158(1)
TLR9 in SCI
158(1)
Non-immune functions of TLRs in neurons: Relevance to SCI
159(1)
Modulation of ECM proteins by TLRs: Relevance to SCI
159(2)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
161(1)
Conclusions
161(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
161(1)
Key facts of innate immunity in central nervous system injury
162(1)
Summary points
162(1)
Acknowledgments
162(1)
References
162(4)
14 The role of oxidative stress in spinal cord injury animal models: A focus on nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2
Fernando da Silva Fiorin
Caroline Cunha do Espirito Santo
Luiz Fernando Freire Royes
Introduction
166(1)
Oxidative stress characteristics and mechanisms
167(1)
The implications of oxidative damage in SCI pathophysiology
168(1)
Protection mechanisms by endogenous antioxidants via Nrf2-ARE system
169(1)
Involvement of Nrf2 in blockage of oxidative stress post-SCI induced by exogenous stimuli
170(2)
Concluding remarks
172(1)
Application to others areas of neuroscience
172(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
173(1)
Key facts of oxidative stress
173(1)
Summary points
174(1)
References
174(3)
15 Novel agent ONO-2506 suppresses astrocytic activation and attenuates post-spinal cord injury pain
Hiroyuki Ishiguro
Takashi Kaito
Introduction
177(1)
Secondary injury of the spinal cord and astrocytic activation
178(1)
Primary and secondary injury of the spinal cord
178(1)
Astrocytes and their activation
178(1)
Reactive astrocytes and glial scarring
178(1)
Astrocytic activation and post-SCI neuropathic pain
179(1)
Mechanisms of post-SCI neuropathic pain by astrocytic activation
179(1)
Attenuation of post-SCI neuropathic pain by ONO-2506
180(3)
S100B
180(2)
ONO-2506
182(1)
Action mechanisms of ONO-2506
182(1)
Effects of ONO-2506 on post-SCI neuropathic pain
182(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
183(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
183(1)
Key facts of ONO-2506
184(1)
Summary points
184(1)
References
184(3)
16 Neural tissue loss after spinal cord injury
Jaroslav Pavel
Jana Fedorova
Erika Kellerova
Introduction
187(1)
Dysfunction of vascular system
187(3)
The reduced blood supply of spinal cord
187(1)
Intraparenchymal hemorrhages
188(2)
Spinal cord edema
190(2)
Raised intraspinal pressure
191(1)
Breakdown of BSCB
191(1)
The inflammatory response and elimination of necrotic debris
192(1)
Development of cysts/cavities and syrinx
193(2)
The post-traumatic spinal cord shrinkage
194(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
195(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
195(1)
Key facts of post-traumatic loss of spinal cord tissue
195(1)
Summary points
196(1)
Acknowledgment
196(1)
References
196(3)
17 Remodeling mitochondrial transport and cellular energetics in axonal regeneration and spinal cord injury
Ning Huang
Zu-Hang Sheng
Introduction
199(1)
Complex motility patterns of axonal mitochondria
200(1)
Molecular motors driving mitochondrial bi-directional transport in axons
200(1)
Mitochondrial motor adaptors and receptors
201(1)
Declined axonal mitochondrial transport in mature neurons
201(1)
SNPH immobilizes axonal mitochondria in mature neurons and adult brains
202(1)
Deleting SNPH anchoring boosts axon regeneration in vitro and in vivo
203(1)
Enhanced mitochondrial transport facilitates axon regeneration
204(1)
Remodeling mitochondrial transport promotes regeneration after SCI
205(2)
Boosting energetic metabolism promotes regeneration after SCI
207(1)
Conclusions and new challenges
208(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
208(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
209(1)
Key facts of SNPH-mediated decline of axonal mitochondrial transport in mature neurons
210(1)
Key facts of the energy crisis that accounts for regeneration failure
210(1)
Key facts of boosting local energy supply in injured axons
210(1)
Summary points
210(1)
Acknowledgment
211(1)
References
211(4)
18 Neurotrophins and their role in axonal outgrowth following spinal cord injury
Anusha Dravid
Simon J. O'Carroll
Darren Svirskisr
Introduction
215(1)
Structure and function of the neurotrophins
216(2)
Nerve growth factor
217(1)
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
217(1)
Neurotrophin-3
217(1)
Neurotrophin-4/5
218(1)
Neurotrophic gradients for guiding regenerating axons
218(1)
Preclinical models of neurotrophin delivery to promote axonal outgrowth and regeneration following SCI
219(3)
Acute localized injections and continuous infusions
219(2)
Ex-vivo gene therapy
221(1)
In vivo gene therapy
222(1)
Biomaterial-based approaches
222(1)
Challenges and considerations for neurotrophin delivery and clinical translation
222(1)
Concluding remarks
223(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
223(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
223(1)
Key facts of neurotrophins in spinal cord injury
223(1)
Summary points
224(1)
References
224(5)
19 The neuroscience of transient receptor potential vanilloid type 4 (TRPV4) and spinal cord injury
Hemant Kumar
Inbo Han
Introduction
229(4)
Transient receptor potential vanilloid type 4 (TRPV4)
229(1)
Spinal cord injury
230(1)
TRPV4 and spinal cord injury
231(2)
TRPV4 role in non-injured conditions
233(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
234(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
235(1)
Key facts about SCI
236(1)
Key facts about TRPV4
236(1)
Summary points
236(1)
References
236(3)
20 Autoantibodies in spinal cord injury
Daniel Garcia-Ovejero
Lukas Grassner
Eduardo Molina-Holgado
Angel Arevalo-Martin
Introduction
239(1)
Targets and possible origin of autoantibodies increased after SCI in humans
240(1)
The levels of autoantibodies after SCI are independent of lesion level and severity
241(2)
Autoantibodies increased after SCI target both CNS and peripheral antigens
243(1)
Local versus systemic production of autoantibodies
244(1)
Association of autoantibodies with neuropathic pain development
244(1)
Roles of the autoantibodies increased after SCI in other pathologies
245(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
245(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
246(1)
Key facts of autoantibodies
246(1)
Summary points
246(1)
References
247(2)
21 Calpain role in the pathophysiology of spasticity after spinal cord injury
Nejada Dingu
Hellene Bras
Frederic Brocard
Introduction
249(1)
Spasticity after spinal cord injury (SCI)
250(4)
Animal models of spasticity after SCI
251(1)
Network alterations contributing to spasticity after SCI
252(1)
Cellular and molecular alterations contributing to spasticity after SCI
253(1)
Calpains and their role in spasticity after SCI
254(3)
Calpain expression and activity after SCI
255(1)
Identified and putative calpain targets involved in the pathophysiology of spasticity
256(1)
Physiological and pharmacological inhibition of calpains and effects on spasticity
256(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
257(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
258(1)
Key facts of "spinal hyperexcitability"
258(1)
Key facts of "spinal disinhibition"
258(1)
Summary points
258(1)
Acknowledgments
259(1)
References
259(4)
22 Targeting mTOR signaling to promote autophagy for functional recovery after spinal cord injury
Nadia Al-Sammarraie
Swapan K. Ray
Introduction
263(2)
Natural compounds for inhibition of mTOR signaling and promotion of autophagy flux and functional recovery after SCI
265(2)
Curcumin
265(1)
Resveratrol
266(1)
Salidroside
267(1)
Scopoletin
267(1)
Pharmacological inhibition of mTOR signaling for enhancing autophagy flux and functional recovery following SCI
267(2)
Rapamycin
267(1)
Metformin
268(1)
Liraglutide
269(1)
Simvastatin
269(1)
Probucol
269(1)
Genetic and non-genetic inhibitors of mTOR signaling to regulate autophagy in SCI
269(1)
Mir-223
269(1)
Intermittent fasting
270(1)
Future directions
270(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
270(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
271(1)
Key facts of targeting mTOR signaling in promotion of autophagy for functional recovery after SCI
271(1)
Summary points
271(1)
Acknowledgments
271(1)
References
271(4)
23 Tertiary damage: Hippocampal and brain changes after spinal cord injury
Eignacio Jure
Florencia Labombardar
Introduction
275(1)
Sensorimotor cortex and corticospinal tract alterations after SCI in humans
276(1)
Cognitive and emotional impairment after SCI
276(1)
Humans
276(1)
Animal models
277(1)
The effect of SCI on the hippocampus
277(5)
Hippocampal neurons
277(1)
Neurogenesis
278(2)
Hippocampal neuroinflammation
280(2)
SCI and other brain regions
282(1)
Possible mechanisms underlying the tertiary damage
282(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
282(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
283(1)
Key facts of tertiary damage
283(1)
Summary points
283(1)
References
283(6)
Section C Physiological and metabolic effects
24 Hormonal events and spinal cord injury: A focus on vasopressin and natriuretic peptide
Jason H. Gumbel
Charles H. Hubscher
Introduction
289(6)
Function of vasopressin (AVP)
291(1)
Function of natriuretic peptides (NP)
291(1)
SCI-induced polyuria/nocturia
292(1)
AVP after SCI
293(1)
ANP after SCI
294(1)
Potential mechanisms causing changes in AVP and/or ANP after SCI
295(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
295(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
296(1)
Key facts of vasopressin and natriuretic peptide changes after SCI
296(1)
Summary points
296(1)
References
297(4)
25 Linking sensorimotor plasticity, the motor cortex, and spinal cord injury
Raffaele Nardone
Stefan Golaszewski
Eugen Trinka
Sensorimotor plasticity after spinal cord injury
301(2)
Functional evaluation of motor cortex
303(3)
TMS mapping studies
303(1)
Single-pulse TMS
304(2)
Paired-pulse TMS and paired associative stimulation
306(2)
Discussion
308(2)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
310(1)
Key facts
310(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
310(1)
Summary points
310(1)
References
311(4)
26 Bone loss at the knee after spinal cord injury: Radiographic imaging, fracture risk, and treatment
Ifaz T. Haider
Narina Simonian
Thomas J. Schnitzer
W. Brent Edwards
Introduction
315(1)
Application to other areas of neuroscience
316(1)
Bone loss at the knee after SCI
316(4)
2D DXA imaging
316(1)
Volumetric assessment of bone mineral and bone strength
316(4)
Summary of bone loss after SCI--Temporal and spatial patterns
320(1)
Relationship between bone loss and fracture risk after SCI
320(1)
Interventions for bone loss after SCI
321(2)
Non-pharmaceutical intervention
321(1)
Pharmaceutical intervention
321(1)
Summary of interventions for bone loss after SCI
322(1)
Summary and conclusions
323(1)
Mini-dictionary terms
323(1)
Key facts
323(1)
Summary points
324(1)
References
324(3)
27 Functional and morphological reorganization of the brain following spinal cord injury: Insights from MRI
Maria M. D'souza
Jeanne Maria Dsouza
Prabhjot Kaur
Pawan Kumar
Introduction
327(1)
Brain morphometry
327(1)
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)
328(1)
Functional MRI (fMRI)
328(1)
MR spectroscopy
329(1)
Structural reorganization--Insights from MRI
329(2)
Functional reorganization --Insights from MRI
331(3)
Functional MRI (fMRI) studies
331(1)
Resting-state fMRI studies
332(2)
MR spectroscopy
334(1)
Structural and functional reorganization -- Insights from MRI
334(1)
Mechanisms underlying reorganization
334(1)
Challenges related to MRI evaluation of SCI data
335(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
335(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
335(1)
Key facts
335(1)
Summary points
336(1)
References
336(3)
28 Cardiometabolic changes and upper exercise as an augmentative strategy in spinal cord injury
James Bresnahan
Benjamin Scoblionko
Patricia Orme
James Pendleton
Roger Liu
Introduction
339(1)
Application to other areas of neuroscience
340(1)
Main narrative text
340(6)
Role of inflammation
340(1)
Cardiometabolic changes
341(2)
Role of exercise as a mitigating treatment
343(3)
Mini-dictionary of terms
346(1)
Key facts: Cardiometabolic changes and exercise in SCI
346(1)
Summary points
347(1)
References
347(4)
29 Electrophysiological outcome measures in spinal cord injury: A new narrative
Radha Korupolu
Argyrios Stampas
Sudha S. Tallavajhula
Lumy Adams Sawaki
Introduction
351(8)
Electromyography (EMG)
352(1)
Evoked potentials
353(3)
H-reflex
356(1)
Nerve conduction studies (NCS)
357(1)
Silent period (SP)
358(1)
Sympathetic skin response (SSR)
358(1)
Discussion
359(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
359(1)
Key facts of electrophysiological measures
359(1)
Summary points
360(1)
References
360(5)
30 Features and physiology of spinal stretch reflexes in people with chronic spinal cord injury
Aiko K. Thompson
Thomas Sinkjeer
Introduction
365(1)
Spinal stretch reflexes
366(1)
Function of the soleus stretch reflex pathways in intact human locomotion
366(1)
Features of spinal stretch reflexes in people with SCI
367(1)
Soleus stretch reflexes during locomotion in people with chronic incomplete SCI
368(1)
Stretch reflexes in spastic gait after SCI
368(2)
Consideration of CNS plasticity in addressing the reflex hyperexcitability in chronic SCI
370(1)
Conclusion
371(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
371(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
372(1)
Key facts of spinal reflexes
372(1)
Summary points
372(1)
Funding acknowledgments
373(1)
References
373(5)
31 Metabolic syndrome in spinal cord injury: Impact on health
Arcangelo Barbonetti
Chiara Castellini
Sandro Francavilla
Felice Francavilla
Settimio D'Andrea
Introduction
378(1)
Changes in body composition after spinal cord injury
378(1)
Insulin resistance in spinal cord injury: Pathophysiology and clinical features
378(1)
Diagnostic challenges of metabolic syndrome in people with spinal cord injury
379(1)
Cardiovascular reflections of metabolic syndrome in spinal cord injury
380(1)
Pathophysiology of and rogen deficiency in men with chronic spinal cord injury
381(1)
Correlates of and rogen deficiency in chronic spinal cord injury
382(2)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
384(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
385(1)
Key facts of metabolic syndrome in spinal cord injury: Impact on health
385(1)
Summary points
385(1)
References
386(3)
32 Body composition and spinal cord injury
Katherine J. Desneves
Nicole Kiss
Robin M. Daly
Leigh C. Ward
Introduction
389(1)
Body composition
390(1)
Body composition changes following traumatic spinal cord injury
390(1)
Sarcopenia and SCI
391(2)
Body composition assessment
393(6)
Bedside and field methods
393(2)
Anthropometry
395(1)
Weight and height
395(1)
Body mass index
395(1)
Waist circumference
395(1)
Skinfolds and circumferences
395(1)
Bioelectrical impedance
396(1)
Ultrasound
396(1)
Laboratory and research methods
397(2)
Tracer dilution
399(1)
Air-displacement plethysmograph
399(1)
Imaging techniques
399(1)
Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry
399(1)
Magnetic resonance imaging
399(1)
Computed tomography
400(1)
Peripheral quantitative computer tomography
400(1)
Novel technique
400(1)
Computerized digital image analysis
400(1)
Summary of body composition assessment methods
400(1)
Choosing a body composition method for use in SCI
400(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
401(1)
Key facts
401(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
402(1)
Summary points
402(1)
References
402(3)
33 Energy requirements and spinal cord injury
Katherine J. Desneves
Nicole Kiss
Robin M. Daly
Leigh C. Ward
Introduction
405(1)
Energy expenditure
405(1)
Energy expenditure following SCI
405(1)
Methods for determining energy requirements
406(1)
Doubly labeled water
406(1)
Indirect calorimetry
407(1)
Predictive equations
408(1)
Predictive equations validated in SCI
408(1)
Choosing an energy requirement method for use in SCI
409(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
409(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
409(1)
Key facts of energy metabolism
410(1)
Summary points
410(1)
References
410(3)
34 Virtual walking and spinal cord injury neuropathic pain
Elizabeth J. Richardson
Zina Trost
Introduction
413(1)
SCI-related neuropathic pain as a deafferentation pain
414(1)
Mirror therapy: A precursor to virtual walking
415(1)
What is VR?
415(1)
Non- or partially-immersive virtual walking in SCI
416(2)
Immersion, embodiment, and interactivity
418(2)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
420(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
421(1)
Key facts of virtual walking and spinal cord injury neuropathic pain
421(1)
Key facts of SCI neuropathic pain
421(1)
Key facts of VR use for SCI neuropathic pain
421(1)
Summary points
422(1)
References
422(3)
35 Cervical spinal cord injury and thermoregulatory processes: A new narrative
Charbel Moussalem
Louna Ftouni
Farah Mneimneh
Shadi Bsat
Mohamad Nabih El Houshiemy
Sarah Kawtharani
Adham Halaoui
Safwan Al Oman
Rana Sarieddine
Firas Kobeissy
Ibrahim Omeis
Introduction
425(1)
Homeostasis
426(1)
Thermoregulatory process in able-bodied individuals
426(1)
Differences between healthy individuals and cSCI patients
426(4)
Alterations in the body composition and energy expenditure after cSCI
426(3)
Alterations in the cardiovascular system after cSCI
429(1)
Disruption in the vasomotor, sudomotor, and shivering responses after cSCI
429(1)
Alterations in the blood pressure after cSCI
430(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
430(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
431(1)
Key facts of spinal cord injury
431(1)
Key facts of American Spinal Injury Association
431(1)
Summary points
431(1)
References
432(3)
36 Spinal cord injury and the gut microbiota
Kristina A. Kigerl
Phillip G. Popovich
Introduction
435(1)
Spinal cord injury-induced dysautonomia
436(1)
Gut dysbiosis after SCI: Pre-clinical studies
436(2)
Gut dysbiosis after SCI: Clinical studies
438(1)
Demographic factors (injury level, injury completeness, age, sex)
438(1)
Gut dysbiosis and health/disease after SCI
439(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
440(1)
Key facts of the gut microbiome
440(1)
Summary points
440(1)
References
440(7)
Section D Behavioral and psychological effects
37 Risk factors and predictors of depression after spinal cord injury: Emphasis on the inflammatory process
Caroline Cunha do Espirito Santo
Fernando da Silva Fiorin
Luiz Fernando Freire Royes
Introduction
447(1)
Pathophysiological overview: From local inflammation to systemic inflammation after SCI
448(2)
Depression and spinal cord injury
450(4)
Epidemiology, assessment, and risk factors of depression after SCI
450(2)
Etiological factors for depression: The role of inflammation
452(2)
Inflammatory aspects of depression after SCI
454(1)
Conclusion
454(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
455(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
455(1)
Key facts of depression
455(1)
Summary points
456(1)
References
456(3)
38 Spirituality, hope, and resilience in the recovery and adaptation process following spinal cord injury
Kate Jones
Julie Pryor
Malcolm Anderson
Candice Care-Unger
Grahame Simpson
Introduction
459(1)
Responses to trauma: The quest narrative and the role of spirituality, hope, and resilience
460(1)
Spirituality after SCI
461(1)
Hope after SCI
462(1)
Resilience after SCI
463(1)
The relationship between spirituality, hope, and resilience after SCI
464(1)
Implications for SCI rehabilitation: Person-centered care that embraces spirituality, hope, and resilience
465(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
466(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
466(1)
Key facts of "Spirituality, hope, and resilience in the recovery and adaptation process following spinal cord injury"
466(1)
Summary points
467(1)
References
467(4)
39 Wellness intervention for persons with spinal cord injury
Stephanie L. Silveira
Emma V. Richardson
Robert W. Motl
Introduction
471(1)
What is wellness?
471(2)
Measurement of wellness in SCI
473(1)
Health behaviors: Targets for wellness interventions
473(1)
Behavior change theory for supporting behavior change interventions in SCI
474(2)
Exemplar wellness interventions for persons with SCI: Examples, settings, and results
476(1)
Design of future wellness interventions for persons with SCI
477(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
478(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
479(1)
Key facts of wellness interventions
479(1)
Summary points
479(1)
References
479(4)
40 Sexual life in individuals with spinal cord injury and management
Secil Taylan
Ilknur Ozkan
Introduction
483(1)
Sexual life in men with SCI
484(1)
Physiology of normal sexual function
484(2)
Parasympathetic innervation
484(1)
Sympathetic innervation
485(1)
Neurophysiology of erection
485(1)
Ejaculation
485(1)
Problems affecting sexual life in men with SCI
486(1)
Erectile dysfunction in men with SCI
486(1)
Ejaculation disorders in men with SCI
486(1)
Orgasm in men with SCI
487(1)
Semen abnormalities and infertility
487(1)
Management of sexual problems in men with SCI
487(2)
Treatment of erectile dysfunction
487(2)
Ejaculation dysfunction treatment
489(1)
Sex life in women with SCI
489(1)
Problems affecting sexual life in women with SCI and their management
490(2)
Difficulty in genital arousal
490(1)
Orgasm
490(1)
Position problems
491(1)
Psychosocial problems
491(1)
Bowel and bladder incontinence
491(1)
Fertility
492(1)
Birth control
492(1)
Pregnancy
492(1)
Conclusion
492(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
492(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
493(1)
Key facts of sexual life in individuals with SCI and management
493(1)
Summary points
494(1)
References
494(3)
41 Depressive symptoms in rehabilitation post-spinal cord injury
Swati Mehta
Steve Orenczuk
Eldon Loh
Robert Teasell
Introduction
497(1)
Screening and assessment of depression post-SCI
498(3)
Theoretical correlates of depression post-SCI
501(1)
Management of depression post-SCI
501(2)
Pharmacological
501(1)
Non-pharmacological
502(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
503(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
503(1)
Key facts of screening and diagnosis
503(1)
Key facts of management
504(1)
Summary points
504(1)
References
504(5)
42 Self-harm behaviors in patients with spinal cord injuries: From non-adherence to suicide
Maggi A. Budd
Herb Ames
John C. Bradley
Introduction
509(1)
Self-harm behaviors and suicidal behaviors
509(1)
Chapter Clarifications
510(1)
Self-harm behaviors as presenting symptoms
510(3)
Adapting to disability
510(2)
Depression
512(1)
Existential (palliative/hospice)
512(1)
Medical mistrust
513(1)
Patient preferences
513(1)
Suicide behaviors and SCI
513(1)
Risk mitigation
514(1)
Warning signs for suicide
514(1)
What to assess
514(1)
Social isolation
515(1)
Reduce access to lethal means
515(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
515(1)
Suicide mitigation safety planning for all populations
516(1)
Conclusion
517(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
517(1)
Key facts of self-harm
517(1)
Summary points
517(1)
References
518(3)
Index 521
Dr Rajkumar Rajendram is a clinician scientist with a focus on internal medicine, anaesthesia, intensive care and peri-operative medicine. He graduated with distinctions from Guys, Kings and St. Thomas Medical School, Kings College London in 2001. As an undergraduate he was awarded several prizes, merits and distinctions in pre-clinical and clinical subjects.

Dr Rajendram began his post-graduate medical training in general medicine and intensive care in Oxford. He attained membership of the Royal College of Physicians (MRCP) in 2004 and completed specialist training in acute and general medicine in Oxford in 2010. Dr Rajendram subsequently practiced as a Consultant in Acute General Medicine at the John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford.



Dr Rajendram also trained in anaesthesia and intensive care in London and was awarded a fellowship of the Royal College of Anaesthetists (FRCA) in 2009. He completed advanced training in regional anaesthesia and intensive care. He was awarded a fellowship of the Faculty of Intensive Care Medicine (FFICM) in 2013 and obtained the European diploma of intensive care medicine (EDIC) in 2014. He then moved to the Royal Free London Hospitals as a Consultant in Intensive Care, Anaesthesia and Peri-operative Medicine. He has been a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (FRCP Edin) and the Royal College of Physicians of London (FRCP Lond) since 2017 and 2019 respectively. He is currently a Consultant in Internal Medicine at King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Heath Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Dr Rajendrams focus on improving outcomes from Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has involved research on point of care ultrasound and phenotypes of COVID-19. Dr Rajendram also recognises that nutritional support is a fundamental aspect of medical care. This is particularly important for patients with COVID-19. As a clinician scientist he has therefore devoted significant time and effort into nutritional science research and education. He is an affiliated member of the Nutritional Sciences Research Division of Kings College London and has published over 400 textbook chapters, review articles, peer-reviewed papers and abstracts.

Victor R. Preedy BSc, PhD, DSc, FRSB, FRSPH, FRSC, FRCPath graduated with an Honours Degree in Biology and Physiology with Pharmacology. After gaining his University of London PhD, he received his Membership of the Royal College of Pathologists. He was later awarded his second doctorate (DSc), for his contribution to protein metabolism in health and disease. He is Professor of Clinical Biochemistry (Hon) at Kings College Hospital and Emeritus Professor of Nutritional Biochemistry at Kings College London. He has Honorary Professorships at the University of Hull, and the University of Suffolk. Professor Preedy was the Founding Director and then long-term Director of the Genomics Centre at Kings College London from 2006 to 2020. Professor Preedy has been awarded fellowships of the Royal Society of Biology, the Royal College of Pathologists, the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, the Royal Institute of Public Health, the Royal Society for Public Health, the Royal Society of Chemistry and the Royal Society of Medicine. He carried out research when attached to the National Heart Hospital (part of Imperial College London), The School of Pharmacy (now part of University College London) and the MRC Centre at Northwick Park Hospital. He has collaborated with international research groups in Finland, Japan, Australia, USA, and Germany. To his credit, Professor Preedy has published over 750 articles, which includes peer-reviewed manuscripts based on original research, abstracts and symposium presentations, reviews and edited books. Colin R. Martin RN, BSc, MSc, PhD, MBA, YCAP, FHEA, C.Psychol, AFBPsS, C.Sci is Professor of Clinical Psychobiology and Applied Psychoneuroimmunology and Clinical Director of the Institute of Health and Wellbeing at the University of Suffolk, UK. He is a Chartered Health Psychologist and a Chartered Scientist. He also trained in analytical biochemistry, this aspect reflecting the psychobiological focus of much of his research within mental health. He has published or has in press well over 300 research papers and book chapters. He is a keen book author and editor having written and/or edited more than 50 books. These outputs include the prophetic insight into the treatment of neurological disease, Handbook of Behavior, Food and Nutrition (2011), Nanomedicine and the Nervous System (2012), Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants in Neurological Disease (2020), Zika Virus Impact, Diagnosis, Control and Models (2021), Factors Affecting Neurodevelopment: Genetics, Neurology, Behavior and Diet (2021), Diagnosis and Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury (2022), The Neurobiology, Physiology, and Psychology of Pain (2022) and The Handbook of Lifespan Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Childhood, Adolescence, Pregnancy, Adulthood, and Aging (2023). Professor Martin is particularly interested in all aspects of the relationship between underlying physiological substrates and behavior, particularly in how these relationships manifest in both acute and chronic psychiatric disorder. He has published original research germane to significant mental health disorders including the areas of schizophrenia, anxiety, depression, self-esteem, alcohol and drug dependency, high secure forensic mental health and personality disorder. He has a keen interest in the impact of postviral illness and is actively involved in clinical research post-Covid pandemic and in particular, the impact of Long Covid on psychological, neurological, physiological and social functioning. He is involved in collaborative International research with many European and Non-European countries.
Biežāk uzdotie jautājumi par e-grāmatām Biežāk uzdotie jautājumi par e-grāmatām
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