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E-grāmata: Cerebral Cortex in Neurodegenerative and Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Experimental Approaches to Clinical Issues

Edited by (University of Western Ontario, Canada), Edited by (University of Western Ontario, Canada)
  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 14-Oct-2016
  • Izdevniecība: Academic Press Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780128019566
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  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 14-Oct-2016
  • Izdevniecība: Academic Press Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780128019566

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The Cerebral Cortex in Neurodegenerative and Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Experimental Approaches to Clinical Issues focuses on how pre-clinical investigations are addressing the clinical issues surrounding the involvement of the cerebral cortex in selected conditions of the nervous system, including Alzheimer’s Disease, Parkinson’s, addiction, and cardiovascular dysregulation.

Each chapter is written by an expert in his/her field who provides a comprehensive review of the clinical manifestations of cortical involvement and experimental techniques currently available to tackle cortical issues in disease. Thus, this present title provides a link between cortical clinical problems and investigational approaches to help foster future research with high translational value.

  • Offers a comprehensive overview on the best available in vivo and in vitro models to study cortical involvement
  • Presents models and specific techniques that help to guide investigators in their choices on how to address research questions experimentally
  • Provides expert commentary and a perspective on future trends at the end of each chapter
  • Addresses translational advances and promising therapeutic options
  • Includes references to key articles for additional detailed study

Papildus informācija

This reference on the cerebral cortex as it pertains to neurological and neuropsychiatric disease focuses on preclinical investigations
List of Contributors
xi
Foreword xiii
Introduction xv
Part I Introductory
Chapters
1 Anatomy of the Cerebral Cortex
K.S. Rockland
Introduction
3(2)
Cortical Areas
5(5)
Frontal Cortex
8(1)
Parietal Cortex
9(1)
Temporal Cortex
10(1)
Cortical Layers
10(6)
Layers and Outputs
13(2)
Layers and Inputs
15(1)
Cortical Verticality (Columns)
16(3)
Cell Types
19(5)
Pyramidal Neurons
19(1)
Neurochemical Features
20(2)
Interneurons
22(1)
Parvalbumin-Positive Interneurons
22(2)
Calretinin-Positive Interneurons
24(1)
Layer 1 Interneurons
24(1)
Nitric Oxide Producing γ-Aminobutyric Acid Transmitting Interneurons
24(1)
Connections
25(2)
Concluding Remarks
27(1)
References
27(10)
2 Cortical Plasticity in Response to Injury and Disease
N. Weishaupt
Plasticity: A Major Player in Recovery From Central Nervous System Injury and Disease
37(1)
Systems Level Plasticity
37(5)
Experience-Based Plasticity
37(1)
Plasticity After Brain Trauma
38(1)
Plasticity in Neurodegeneration
39(2)
Systems Level Plasticity in Therapeutic Approaches
41(1)
Plasticity at the Microanatomical Level
42(4)
Dendritic and Axonal Changes
42(1)
Axonal Plasticity of Injured Corticospinal Axons
43(2)
Synaptic Plasticity
45(1)
How Can We Promote and Modify Plasticity?
46(3)
Beware the Dark Side of Plasticity
49(1)
Challenges and Hopes for the Investigation of Central Nervous System Plasticity
50(1)
References
51(6)
3 Imaging Approaches to Cerebral Cortex Pathology
R. Bartha
T.-Y. Lee
Introduction
57(1)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
58(4)
Brain Volumetry (T1-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
58(1)
Brain Metabolite Levels OH Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy)
59(1)
White Matter Lesions (T2-Weighted Imaging and Fluid-Attenuated Inversion Recovery)
60(1)
Cerebral Microbleeds (T2-Weighted Imaging and Susceptibility Weighted Imaging)
60(1)
Diffusion Tensor Imaging
61(1)
Resting State Brain Network Function
61(1)
Positron Emission Tomography
62(7)
Cerebral Perfusion, Glucose Metabolism and Oxidative Stress
62(2)
Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction
64(1)
Inflammatory Cells
64(1)
β-Amyloidosis
65(1)
Tau Protein Aggregation
66(3)
Future Direction and Expert Opinion
69(1)
References
70(13)
Part II The Cerebral Cortex in Neurodegenerative Disorders
4 Alzheimer's Disease
J.H.K. Tarn
S.H. Pasternak
Clinical Manifestations
83(6)
Tau and Neurofibrillary Tangles
84(2)
Amyloid and Plaques
86(3)
Cerebral Cortex Pattern of Alzheimer's Disease Progression
89(8)
Tauopathy in Clinical Alzheimer's Disease
89(4)
Soluble β-Amyloid and Alzheimer's Disease Pathology
93(4)
Imaging Alzheimer's Disease Pathology
97(2)
Alzheimer's Disease Therapeutics
99(2)
Future Directions
101(1)
References
102(17)
5 Vascular Dementia
D.C. Munoz
N. Weishaupt
Introduction: The Challenge of Vascular Dementia
119(1)
Risk Factors for Vascular Cognitive Impairment
119(1)
Cortical Vascular Lesions Often Associated with Dementia
120(1)
Vascular Alterations Leading to Cerebral Damage
121(3)
Cerebral Lesions Resulting From Vascular Mechanisms
124(3)
Infarcts
124(1)
Hemorrhages
125(1)
Diffuse Leukoencephalopathy
126(1)
Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia
127(2)
Potential Mechanisms of Interaction Between Vascular Conditions and Dementia
129(1)
Experimental Models of Vascular Dementia
130(3)
Ischemic Models
130(1)
Hypertensive Models
131(1)
Diabetic Models
132(1)
Cadasil Models
132(1)
Prevention and Treatment
133(1)
References
133(8)
6 Frontotemporal Dementia
A.E. Arrant
E.D. Roberson
Introduction
141(1)
Clinical Manifestations
141(5)
Frontotemporal Dementia Clinical Syndromes
141(1)
Frontotemporal Dementia Pathology
142(4)
Imaging Studies of Frontotemporal Dementia
146(5)
Frontotemporal Dementia Genetics
151(2)
Experimental Models
153(4)
C90RF72
153(1)
Tau (MAPT)
154(2)
Progranulin (GRN)
156(1)
Therapeutic Approaches
157(3)
Therapies of General Relevance
157(1)
Therapies for Frontotemporal Dementia Genetic Subtypes
158(2)
Future Directions
160(1)
References
161(16)
7 Parkinson's Disease and the Cerebral Cortex
D. F. Cechetto
M. Jog
Introduction
177(1)
Pathophysiology of Parkinson's Disease
177(3)
Animal Models of Parkinson's Disease
180(1)
Tremors and the Cerebral Cortex
181(2)
Akinesia and Bradykinesia and the Cerebral Cortex
183(1)
Cognitive Impairment and the Cerebral Cortex
184(2)
Neurotransmitters and Gene Expression in the Cortex
186(1)
Conclusion
187(1)
References
188(7)
8 Huntington Disease
E. H. Kim
N. Mehrabi
L.J. Tippett
H.J. Waldvogel
R.L.M. Fault
Introduction
195(2)
Clinical Features and Symptoms of Huntington Disease
197(1)
Cerebral Cortex in Huntington Disease: Postmortem Studies
198(5)
Cerebral Cortex in Huntington Disease: Brain Imaging Findings
203(2)
Cerebral Cortex and Symptom Heterogeneity From Human Studies
205(3)
Dysfunctional Corticostriatal Network in Huntington Disease Animal Models
208(3)
Huntington Disease Pathogenesis: Mechanisms and Pathways in Relation to Cortex
211(2)
Therapeutic Aspects and Future Directions
213(1)
Conclusion
214(1)
References
215(8)
9 Cortical Manifestations in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
A.J. Moszczynski
M.J. Strong
Background
223(1)
Neuropsychological Manifestations of Frontotemporal Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
223(1)
Molecular, Clinical, and Neuropathological Correlates of Frontotemporal Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
224(7)
Neuroimaging Correlates of Impaired Neural Network Function as the Basis of Frontotemporal Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
231(3)
Models of Neuropsychological Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
234(1)
Therapeutic Strategies
235(1)
Conclusions and Future Directions
235(1)
References
236(7)
10 Cortical Involvement in Multiple Sclerosis
P. Bannerman
Introduction
243(1)
Relevance of Cortical Pathology to Multiple Sclerosis
244(1)
Cortical Studies in Human Multiple Sclerosis
244(7)
In Vivo Models of Multiple Sclerosis Cortical Pathology
251(10)
In Vitro Studies Relevant to Cortical Pathology
261(2)
Cortical Pathology and Therapeutics
263(1)
Future Perspectives
264(2)
References
266(11)
Part III The Cerebral Cortex in Neuropsychiatric Disorders
11 Prefrontal Cortical Abnormalities in Cognitive Deficits of Schizophrenia
N. Rajakumar
Introduction
277(1)
Cognitive Deficits Represent Core Symptoms of Schizophrenia
277(1)
The Prefrontal Cortex: A Nodal Point Mediating Cognitive Deficits
278(1)
Abnormalities Involve Both Pyramidal and Nonpyramidal Neurons
279(1)
Pyramidal Neuronal Abnormalities May Lower Their Excitability
280(1)
γ-Aminobutyric Acid Neuronal Changes Reduce Inhibitory Tone in the PFC
281(3)
Preclinical Animal Models of Schizophrenia With Prefrontal Cortex Abnormalities
284(1)
Conclusions
285(1)
References
285(4)
12 Role of the Prefrontal Cortex in Addictive Disorders
J. Renard
L. Rosen
W.J. Rushlow
S.R. Laviolette
Introduction
289(2)
Clinical Evidence for Prefrontal Cortical Pathology in Addiction
291(1)
Effects of Acute Drug Exposure and Drug-Related Cue Exposure on Human Prefrontal Cortex Activity Patterns
291(2)
Human Prefrontal Cortex Regulation of Inhibitory Control Mechanisms: Relevance to Addiction
293(1)
The Prefrontal Cortex in Addiction-Related Neural Circuits
294(2)
Modulation of Prefrontal Cortical Neurotransmitter Release by Drugs of Abuse: Evidence From Animal Models
296(2)
Role of the Prefrontal Cortex in Addiction-Related Behavioral Phenomena: Evidence From Animal Behavioral Pharmacology Research
298(4)
Neurochemical Control of Drug-Related Reward Processing in the Prefrontal Cortex: Role of Dopamine-Glutamate Interactions in Animal Models
302(2)
Cannabinoid Modulation of Drug-Related Reward Processing in the Animal Prefrontal Cortex-Mesolimbic Circuitry
304(1)
Summary 305(1)
References 306(5)
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations 311(4)
Index 315
Dr. David F. Cechetto is a Professor in the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry at the University of Western Ontario. His research interests are in the role of inflammation in cerebral ischemia and vascular cognitive impairment and dementia. He has developed animal models for the investigation of the combined effects of Alzheimers Disease and cerebral ischemia and other risk factors for vascular cognitive impairment such as diabetes, hypertension and atherosclerosis. He has also developed an agent with potential for the treatment of schizophrenia that targets a new unique class of receptors compared to current antipsychotic therapies. An additional area of research involves the examination of mental stress on cardiovascular reactivity (a risk factor for cardiovascular disease) and the regions of the human brain responsible for varying degrees of reactivity in individuals. He is principal investigator on numerous basic neuroscience studies with clinical implications. He has consulted for companies such as Upjohn, Servier (French), Uriach (Spanish), and Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceuticals. Dr. Nina Weishaupt trained as a veterinarian before committing her career entirely to research in the neurological sciences. Her PhD thesis work in the field of spinal cord injury at the University of Alberta earned her a Dissertation Fellowship and resulted in a number of published articles. Nina has extensive experience with animal models of neurological conditions, and is currently developing a novel rat model for studying early events in the development of Alzheimers Disease at the University of Western Ontario.