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E-grāmata: Chance in Physics, Computer Science and Philosophy: Chance as the Foundation of the World

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Chance is uncanny to us. We thought it didn't exist, that God or a reasonable explanation was behind everything. But we know today: It exists. We know that much of what surrounds us and which we do not see through, nevertheless runs causally. Unlike what was thought in the days of the Enlightenment, chance is the rule around us rather than lawful order. The clouds are stochastic fractals, the waves on the sea are pure random machinery. The philosopher Charles Peirce recognized the fundamental importance of chance in precisely this sense, even before quantum and chaos theory, and gave the doctrine its name: Tychism.





Without chance there would be nothing new, no life, no creativity, no history.





This book looks at chance from the perspective of physics, computer science, and philosophy. It spans from antiquity to quantum physics and shows that chance is firmly built into the world and that it would not exist without chance.





This book is a translation of the original German 1st edition Der Zufall in Physik, Informatik und Philosophie by Walter Hehl, published by Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, part of Springer Nature in 2021. The translation was done with the help of artificial intelligence (machine translation by the service DeepL.com). A subsequent human revision was done primarily in terms of content, so that the book will read stylistically differently from a conventional translation. Springer Nature works continuously to further the development of tools for the production of books and on the related technologies to support the authors.
1 Introduction: A Brief History of Science and Coincidence 1(34)
1.1 Ancient Science in today's Light
4(9)
1.1.1 The Science of Aristotle
5(3)
1.1.2 The Ancient Atomists
8(3)
1.1.3 Ancient Science Using Astronomy as an Example
11(2)
1.2 The Scientific Enlightenment
13(8)
1.2.1 The Enlightenment in the Natural Sciences
13(3)
1.2.2 The Dawn of Information Technology
16(3)
1.2.3 The End of the Enlightenment
19(2)
1.3 Modern Science and Technology
21(12)
1.3.1 Modern Physics and Chance
22(4)
1.3.2 Information Technology and Mind
26(5)
1.3.3 Summary of the
Chapter
31(2)
References
33(2)
2 The Coincidence Itself 35(28)
2.1 The Right Word
35(2)
2.2 Coincidence and Necessity: Introduction
37(24)
2.2.1 Definition of Randomness
38(1)
2.2.2 Causal Chains
39(3)
2.2.3 Understanding with Chance: Astronomical
42(3)
2.2.4 Chaotic
45(2)
2.2.5 From Atomic Coincidence to Great Effect
47(3)
2.2.6 From Single Random Event to Statistical Law
50(5)
2.2.7 Entropy and Time
55(5)
2.2.8 Summary of the
Chapter
60(1)
References
61(2)
3 The Natural Coincidence 63(34)
3.1 Looking Correctly According to Mandelbrot
63(15)
3.2 Taking a Closer Look in Everyday Life
78(17)
3.2.1 The Normal Coincidence Around Us
79(4)
3.2.2 Water Waves and Randomness
83(4)
3.2.3 What Information Is around us? Coincidence or Plan?
87(7)
3.2.4 Summary of the
Chapter
94(1)
References
95(2)
4 Understanding Zufall (Coincidences) in the World 97(20)
4.1 Big Bang and the First and Second Coincidence
98(4)
4.1.1 The Emergence of the World from a Vacuum
98(2)
4.1.2 Anthropic Principle and Goldilock Puzzle, Necessity or Agglomeration of Coincidences?
100(2)
4.2 Water and Chance
102(14)
4.2.1 Water Properties as Coincidence and Necessity
102(1)
4.2.2 Water and Vortices
103(1)
4.2.3 Turbulence
104(4)
4.2.4 Between Chances and Order
108(6)
4.2.5 Summary of the
Chapter
114(2)
References
116(1)
5 Three Worlds in the World, with Coincidence 117(18)
5.1 A Brief History of Philosophy
117(3)
5.2 The Three Worlds of Karl Popper Updated with Chance and Software
120(12)
5.2.1 Mechanical Machines cannot Think, Computers Can
120(4)
5.2.2 The Structure of the World Model
124(4)
5.2.3 Chance Is Necessary
128(4)
5.2.4 Summary of the
Chapter
132(1)
References
132(3)
6 Evolution: The Creativity of Nature 135(48)
6.1 Evolution Is Not a Theory
135(5)
6.1.1 Teilhard de Chardin
135(1)
6.1.2 Young-Earth Creationism
136(4)
6.2 Evolution as Software Technology and Process with Chance
140(9)
6.2.1 The Principle
140(1)
6.2.2 The Raw Coincidence
141(4)
6.2.3 Directed Randomness and "Propensity"
145(4)
6.3 Biological Evolution as Creative Chance
149(8)
6.3.1 Charles Darwin
149(1)
6.3.2 The Concept of Evolution
150(2)
6.3.3 Mechanisms of the Action of Evolution
152(5)
6.4 Anthropic and Copernican Principle
157(2)
6.5 Evolution: All Coincidence or Also Necessity9
159(7)
6.5.1 The Eye as an Example
159(1)
6.5.2 The Big Question: Small Coincidence or Very Big Coincidence9
160(2)
6.5.3 Retrograde Directed Randomness
162(2)
6.5.4 Difficult Beginnings and Megatrajectories
164(2)
6.6 Abiogenesis and Chemical Evolution
166(3)
6.7 Evolution as a Randomly Driven software System
169(5)
6.7.1 Evolution as a Large System
170(3)
6.7.2 Evolution as Agile Software Development
173(1)
6.8 Religiousness, Evolution and Chance
174(7)
6.8.1 Summary of the
Chapter
179(2)
References
181(2)
7 Human Creativity and Chance 183(62)
7.1 Types of Human Creativity
183(13)
7.1.1 When There Was no Creativity
183(4)
7.1.2 Forms of Creativity
187(9)
7.2 Creativity and Computers
196(10)
7.2.1 Computers Are Creative with Chance
196(5)
7.2.2 Computers Think Almost Humanly, Even without Understanding
201(5)
7.3 The Human Being in the Computer Model with Randomness
206(37)
7.3.1 Human Creativity and the Computer Model
206(9)
7.3.2 The Problem with Artificial Chance
215(7)
7.3.3 Computer and Human Decide
222(9)
7.3.4 "Free Will" and Chance
231(11)
7.3.5 Summary of the
Chapter
242(1)
References
243(2)
8 Chance as the Foundation of the World 245(16)
8.1 Noise as a Random Continuum and Motor
246(3)
8.2 Chance as a System: The Tychism
249(11)
8.2.1 The Historical Tychism
250(5)
8.2.2 Neo-Tychism: Absolute Chance in the Modern World
255(4)
8.2.3 Summary of the
Chapter
259(1)
References
260(1)
9 Chance in Human Life 261(6)
10 Conclusions 267(4)
Glossary 271(2)
Literature 273(2)
Index 275
Dr. Walter Hehl is a versatile physicist and author of quite a few different books on IT, management, religion, philosophy and the history of science. His book on Galileo received the 2019 Woitschach Foundation Award for the best critical but fair science book.
Biežāk uzdotie jautājumi par e-grāmatām Biežāk uzdotie jautājumi par e-grāmatām
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