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E-grāmata: Character Animation Fundamentals: Developing Skills for 2D and 3D Character Animation

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  • Formāts: 456 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 10-Sep-2012
  • Izdevniecība: Routledge
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781136129506
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Character Animation Fundamentals: Developing Skills for 2D and 3D Character AnimationPalielināt
  • Formāts: 456 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 10-Sep-2012
  • Izdevniecība: Routledge
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781136129506
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Expand your animation toolkit and remain competitive in the industry with this leading resource for 2D and 3D character animation techniques. Apply the industry's best practices to your own workflows and develop 2D, 3D and hybrid characters with ease. With side by side comparisons of 2D and 3D character design, improve your character animation and master traditional principles and processes including weight and balance, timing and walks. Develop characters inspired by humans, birds, fish, snakes and four legged animals. Breathe life into your character and develop a characters personality with chapters on acting, voice-synching and facial expressions. Expertly integrate core animation techniques with your software of choice featuring step-by-step tutorials, highlighting 3ds Max, Maya and Blender workflows. Adapt the tips, tricks and techniques for unique projects like character design for rotoscoping and motion capture. Advance beyond the fundamentals of 2D and 3D character animation with the companion website which includes short demonstration movies, 2D and 3D exercises and fully rigged character models.
Acknowledgements xv
Preface xvii
Foreword xix
Chapter 1 Introduction to Animation Working Practice
How Animation Works
1(1)
The Basics
1(1)
Frames per Second
2(1)
What You Need for Your Studio
2(10)
Animation Paper
3(1)
Peg Bars
3(1)
Light Boxes
4(1)
X-sheets
5(6)
Sound
6(1)
Action
7(1)
Frame Numbers
7(1)
Levels
8(1)
Camera
9(2)
Line Testers
11(1)
Pencils
12(1)
Let's Get Animating
12(2)
Key-to-Key Animation
12(2)
Animating Straight Ahead
14(1)
Flipping, Flicking and Rolling
14(8)
Flipping
15(1)
Flicking
16(5)
Rolling
21(1)
How to Use a Line Tester to Help Your Animation
22(1)
Exercises
23(4)
A Bouncing Ball in 2D
23(4)
How to Relate Your 2D Animation to Your 3D Animation
27(1)
The 13 Things You Need to Know About Maya
28(4)
1 Maya Screen Basics
28(1)
2 Maya Keyboard Shortcuts
28(1)
Views Shortcuts
28(1)
Animation/Manipulation Shortcuts
28(1)
Playback Shortcuts
29(1)
3 Setting Up Animation Preferences in Maya
29(1)
4 Creating Basic Objects in Maya
29(1)
5 Moving Objects in Maya
30(1)
6 Setting Keys in Maya
30(1)
7 Using Graph Editor in Maya
30(1)
8 Creating a Preview in Maya
30(1)
9 Hierarchies in Maya
31(1)
10 Creating Objects and Putting Bones in them in Maya
31(1)
11 Giving Your Characters Color in Maya
31(1)
12 Importing Sound into Maya
31(1)
13 Rendering a Scene in Maya
31(1)
The 13 Things You Need to Know About 3D Studio Max
32(6)
1 3D Studio Max Screen Basics
32(1)
2 3D Studio Max Keyboard Shortcuts
32(1)
Views Shortcuts
32(1)
Animation/Manipulation Shortcuts
33(1)
Playback Shortcuts
33(1)
3 Setting Up Animation Preferences in 3D Studio Max
33(1)
4 Creating Basic Objects in 3D Studio Max
34(1)
5 Moving Objects in 3D Studio Max
34(1)
6 Setting Keys in 3D Studio Max
34(1)
7 Using Track View in 3D Studio Max
35(1)
8 Creating a Preview in 3D Studio Max
35(1)
9 Hierarchies in 3D Studio Max
35(1)
10 Creating Objects and Putting Bones in them in 3D Studio Max
35(1)
11 Giving Your Characters Color in 3D Studio Max
36(1)
12 Importing Sound into 3D Studio Max
36(1)
13 Rendering Your Work in 3D Studio Max
37(1)
Overview of the 'Ball Drop' Exercise in 3D
38(4)
How to Animate a Basic Bouncy Ball in Maya
42(7)
How to Create Your Ball
42(1)
How to Animate Your Ball
43(2)
Adjusting the In-Betweens
45(4)
How to Animate a Basic Bouncy Ball in 3D Studio Max
49(6)
How to Create Your Ball
49(1)
How to Animate Your Ball
50(2)
Adjusting the In-Betweens
52(3)
Drawing
55(3)
The 12 Principles of Animation
58(5)
Squash and Stretch
59(1)
Anticipation
59(1)
Staging
59(1)
Straight-Ahead Action and Pose-to-Pose
59(1)
Follow-Through and Overlapping Action
60(1)
Slow In and Slow Out
60(1)
Arcs
60(1)
Secondary Action
60(1)
Timing
61(1)
Exaggeration
61(1)
Solid Drawing
61(1)
Appeal
61(2)
Chapter 2 Matter and the Animation of Inanimate Objects 63(32)
Inanimate Objects
63(3)
Weight
64(1)
Environment
64(1)
Solidity
65(1)
Force
65(1)
Construction
66(1)
How to Animate Inanimate Objects
66(1)
The Animation of Solids
66(8)
A Bowling Ball
66(3)
A Soccer Ball
69(1)
A Balloon
70(1)
A Water-Filled Balloon
71(3)
The Animation of Liquids
74(3)
A Drip
74(1)
A Splash
75(1)
An Object Falling into Water
76(1)
2D Exercises
77(13)
The Background Level
77(1)
Animating a 2D Bowling Ball
78(7)
Animating a 2D Soccer Ball
85(3)
Animating a 2D Beach Ball
88(1)
Animating a 2D Ping-Pong Ball
89(1)
Animating a 2D Water-Filled Balloon
89(1)
3D Exercises
90(5)
Chapter 3 The Construction of a Simple Character, its Articulation and Balance 95(64)
Basic Human Anatomy
95(5)
The Spine
96(1)
The Rib Cage
97(1)
The Pelvic Girdle
97(1)
The Skull
98(1)
The Shoulders
99(1)
Joints
100(2)
Plane Joints
100(1)
Pivot Joints
101(1)
Hinge Joints
101(1)
Ball and Socket Joints
101(1)
Saddle Joints
102(1)
Condyloid Joints
102(1)
Movement in Arcs
102(2)
Line of Action
104(1)
Designing a Basic Human Character
104(2)
How to Design a 3D Character
106(8)
Complexity
109(1)
The Graphic Nature of the Character
109(1)
Strong Silhouettes
110(1)
Weight and Balance
111(3)
Gravity
111(1)
Balance
111(3)
Overview of How to Build and Rig a Simple 3D Character
114(2)
Skin and Bones
114(1)
Child of the Joint
115(1)
Planning a Scene
116(1)
Animating Your Characters (Using the Left and Right Sides of the Brain)
117(1)
Exercises
118(41)
The Lift Exercise in 2D
119(10)
Working Out the Key Positions
119(5)
In-Betweening the Key Positions
124(5)
The Lift Exercise in 3D
129(3)
The Lift Exercise in Maya
132(16)
Setting the Keys in Maya
136(9)
Setting the Breakdowns in Maya
145(3)
The Lift Exercise in 3D Studio Max
148(13)
Setting the Key Positions in 3D Studio Max
150(3)
Setting the Breakdowns in 3D Studio Max
153(6)
Chapter 4 Timing, Anticipation, Overshoot, Follow-Through and Overlapping Action with an Animated Character 159(64)
Timing
159(2)
Anticipation
161(12)
How Much Anticipation?
164(1)
Force
164(3)
Acting and Anticipation
167(1)
Double Takes
167(1)
Speed and Surprise
168(1)
Anticipation During a Movement
169(2)
Varying the Amount of Anticipation
171(1)
Other Ways of Using Anticipation
172(1)
Follow-Through
173(10)
Follow-Through of Inanimate Objects
174(3)
Follow-Through of Animate (Living) Objects
177(6)
Overlapping Action, or Overshoot
183(2)
Vibration
185(1)
Exercises
186(37)
The Stick and String Exercise in 2D
186(4)
The Stick and String Exercise in 3D
190(1)
The Stick and String Exercise in Maya
191(3)
Building the Stick and String in Maya
191(2)
Animating the Stick and String in Maya
193(1)
The Stick and String Exercise in 3D Studio Max
194(4)
Building the Stick and String in 3D Studio Max
194(1)
Animating the Stick and String in 3D Studio Max
195(3)
The Dive Exercise in 2D
198(8)
The Dive Exercise in 3D
206(7)
The Dive Exercise in Maya
213(3)
Building the Background in Maya
213(2)
Animating the Dive in Maya
215(1)
The Dive Exercise in 3D Studio Max
216(10)
Building the Background in 3D Studio Max
217(2)
Animating the Dive in 3D Studio Max
219(4)
Chapter 5 Animation of Human Walks and Runs 223(22)
Walk Cycles
223(1)
Pace
224(2)
Walking Mechanics
226(8)
The Stride Positions
226(2)
The Crossover Positions
228(2)
Shoulder Movement
230(2)
Arm Movement
232(2)
Up-and-Down Movement of the Body
234(1)
Walk Cycles Displaying Different Moods
234(2)
External Influences
236(1)
Two People Walking Together
237(1)
Running
238(2)
Exercises
240(5)
The Walk or Run Cycle Exercise in 2D
240(1)
The Walk or Run Cycle Exercise in 3D
241(1)
Changing the Pace and Mood in a Walk Exercise in 2D
242(1)
Changing the Pace and Mood in a Walk Exercise in 3D
243(2)
Chapter 6 Animation of Animal Walks and Runs 245(30)
The Four Types of Animal Locomotion
245(1)
Construction of an Animal
245(7)
Pantomime Horse Construction
247(2)
Cartoon Four-Legged Construction
249(2)
Correct Four-Legged Construction
251(1)
Animal Leg and Foot Construction
252(10)
Animals with Paws
252(2)
A Dog Walk
254(5)
A Cat Walk
259(1)
Animals with Cloven Feet
259(1)
Animals with Hooves
260(1)
Flat Feet
261(1)
Animal Runs
262(2)
Trotting
262(1)
Cantering
263(1)
Galloping
263(1)
Transverse or Rotary Gallops and Canters
264(1)
Exercises
264(11)
The Dog Walk Cycle in 2D
264(11)
The Dog Walk Cycle in 3D
267(2)
The 3D Dog Walk or Run Cycle
269(6)
Chapter 7 Animation of Acting-Body Language 275(54)
Acting
275(1)
Method Acting
275(1)
Theatrical Acting
276(1)
Consequence
276(1)
Emotions
277(1)
Introduction to Laban Movement Theory
277(3)
Kinesphere
278(1)
Space,Time, Weight and Flow Continuums
278(1)
Eight Basic Efforts
279(2)
Pressing
279(1)
Flicking
279(1)
Wringing
279(1)
Dabbing
279(1)
Slashing
279(1)
Gliding
279(1)
Thrusting
280(1)
Floating
280(1)
General Body Language
280(1)
Basic Body Postures
281(3)
Open Body Postures
282(1)
Closed Body Postures
282(1)
Forwards Body Postures
283(1)
Backwards Body Postures
283(1)
Basic Modes
284(7)
Responsive
284(2)
Reflective
286(1)
Fugitive
287(2)
Combative
289(2)
Palm, Hand, Arm and Leg Gestures
291(7)
Palm Gestures
291(1)
Hand Gestures
292(3)
Arm Crossing
295(1)
Leg Crossing
296(2)
Using Rhythm in Animation
298(1)
Acting Out a Scene in Animation
298(5)
Using Video Footage to Help Your Animation
303(2)
Using Rotoscoping and Motion Capture in Animation
305(3)
Rotoscoping
305(1)
Motion Capture (Mocap)
306(2)
Optical Systems
306(1)
Non-Optical Systems
306(1)
How to Import Motion Capture into Maya
307(1)
How to Import Motion Capture into 3D Studio Max
307(1)
The Seven Questions of Character
308(1)
The Different Types of Animation Acting
308(2)
Animated Radio
308(1)
Pose-to-Pose Animation Acting
309(1)
Full Animation Acting
309(1)
Mime
310(1)
Analysis of a Character
310(1)
Exercises
311(18)
Animating Acting in 2D
311(5)
Animating Acting in 3D
316(2)
Building a More Sophisticated Character
318(11)
Chapter 8 Animation of Acting-Facial Expressions 329(42)
Emotions
329(3)
The Eyes
332(5)
Facial Expressions
337(14)
Happiness
337(2)
Smiles
337(2)
Sadness
339(2)
Surprise
341(1)
Fear
342(1)
Anger
343(1)
Disgust and Contempt
344(1)
Interest
345(2)
Pain and Distress
347(1)
Combination of Facial Expressions
348(3)
Head Angle
351(1)
Hand-to-Face Gestures
352(3)
Evaluation
353(1)
Deceit
353(2)
Stress
355(1)
Extreme Close-Ups
355(1)
How to Animate a Piece of Facial Acting
356(6)
Exercises
362(9)
The Facial Expression Exercise in 2D
362(2)
The Facial Expression Exercise in 3D
364(2)
Adding a Simple Mouth and Eyebrows to Your Basic 3D Character
366(1)
The Eyebrows
366(1)
Making Mouths
367(1)
Creating Mouths with Blend Shapes in Maya
367(1)
Creating Mouths with the Morpher in 3D Studio Max
367(1)
Creating Facial Expressions with Your More Sophisticated Character
368(17)
Animating Mouths with Blend Shapes in Maya
368(1)
Animating Mouths with the Morpher in 3D Studio Max
369(2)
Chapter 9 Animation of Acting-Two or More Characters 371(20)
Two Characters on Screen Together
371(1)
Personal Space
372(3)
Mirroring
375(2)
How Characters Look at Each Other
377(2)
Two Characters Acting with Each Other While Talking
379(2)
Two Characters: Alternating from One Shot to Another
381(2)
A Large Group of Characters on Screen at the Same Time
383(2)
Exercises
385(6)
The Double Acting Exercise in 2D
385(5)
Animating It
385(5)
The Double Acting Exercise in 3D
390(5)
Loading Two Identical Characters into the Same Scene in Maya
390(1)
Loading Two Identical Characters into the Same Scene in 3D Studio Max
390(1)
Animating It
390(1)
Chapter 10 Lip-Sync 391(24)
Recording and Breaking Down a Dialog Track
392(2)
How We Speak
394(1)
Acting with Dialog
395(2)
Quick from Pose-to-Pose
396(1)
Slow from Pose-to-Pose
397(1)
Eractically From Pose-to-Pose
397(1)
Mouth Shapes
397(8)
Mouth-Shut Consonants
398(2)
'M'
398(1)
'B'
399(1)
'P'
399(1)
'F'
400(1)
'V'
400(1)
Vowels
400(4)
'Ooo'
401(1)
'O'
401(1)
'AR'
402(1)
'A'
402(1)
'EH'
403(1)
'EEE'
403(1)
The Quieter Vowels and Consonants
404(1)
Teeth
405(1)
Animating the Mouth Shapes Early
405(1)
Exercises
405(10)
The Lip-Sync Exercise in 2D
405(3)
The Lip-Sync Exercise in 3D
408(7)
Importing Sound into Maya
408(1)
Importing Sound into 3D Studio Max
408(1)
Animating the Mouth
408(2)
Mouth-Shut Consonants
410(1)
The Vowels
410(3)
The Quieter Vowels and Consonants
413(1)
Animating the Mouth
413(2)
Animation Equipment Suppliers 415(4)
Index 419
has animated and directed movies for over 50 clients in his 25+ year career. Clients include the BBC, Channel 4, Tesco, Marks and Spencer, BT and Electrolux. His movie Electrolux Home products - Why? has won two IVCA awards and a New York Film and Television award. Steve has taught animation for 12 years among some of the UK's leading Universities. He is currently Senior lecturer in Character Animation at Central St Martins College of Art and Design.
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