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Part I Exoplanet Host Star Radiation and Plasma Environment |
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1 Exoplanet Host Star Radiation and Plasma Environment |
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3 | (16) |
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1.1 Introduction: Relevance of Short Wavelength Radiation to Planetary Atmospheres |
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3 | (2) |
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5 | (4) |
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9 | (3) |
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12 | (7) |
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16 | (1) |
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16 | (3) |
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19 | (18) |
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2.1 Introduction: The Wind-Corona Connection |
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19 | (2) |
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2.2 Observational Constraints on Stellar Winds |
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21 | (9) |
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2.2.1 Upper Limits from Direct Detection Techniques |
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21 | (1) |
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2.2.2 Stellar Wind Measurements from Astrospheric Absorption |
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22 | (6) |
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28 | (2) |
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2.3 Expectations from Theoretical Models |
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30 | (7) |
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31 | (1) |
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32 | (5) |
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3 Magnetic Fields and Winds of Planet Hosting Stars |
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37 | (22) |
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3.1 Introduction: Stellar Magnetic Fields |
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37 | (1) |
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3.2 Analyzing Stellar Magnetic Fields: Techniques |
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38 | (2) |
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3.2.1 Zeeman Broadening and Spectropolarimetry |
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38 | (1) |
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3.2.2 Zeeman Doppler Imaging |
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39 | (1) |
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3.3 Rotation and Magnetism in Low Mass Main-Sequence Stars |
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40 | (3) |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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3.3.4 Rotation and Magnetism |
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42 | (1) |
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3.4 Low Mass Pre-Main-Sequence Stars |
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43 | (3) |
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3.5 Winds Launched by Stellar Magnetic Fields |
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46 | (13) |
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3.5.1 Stellar Magnetic Fields and Activity |
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46 | (2) |
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48 | (3) |
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51 | (1) |
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52 | (7) |
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Part II Exoplanet Upper Atmospheres and Stellar Interaction: Observations and Modelling |
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4 Observations of Exoplanet Atmospheres and Surrounding Environments |
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59 | (22) |
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4.1 Introduction: Exoplanet Atmospheres |
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59 | (2) |
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4.2 The Deepest Observed Layers of Hot Jupiter Atmospheres |
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61 | (2) |
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4.2.1 Heat Transport in the Thermosphere |
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61 | (1) |
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4.2.2 The Dayside Emitted Spectrum |
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61 | (1) |
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4.2.3 Clouds, Hazes and Aurorae |
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62 | (1) |
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4.2.4 Alkali Metal Features |
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62 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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4.3 Transmission Spectroscopy of Hot Jupiter Exospheres |
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63 | (8) |
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4.3.1 Far-UV Observations |
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63 | (6) |
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4.3.2 Near-UV Observations |
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69 | (2) |
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71 | (1) |
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4.3.4 X-Ray Observations of the Transit of HD 189733 b |
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71 | (1) |
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4.4 WASP-12: An Enshrouded Planetary System |
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71 | (2) |
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4.5 Star-Planet Interactions |
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73 | (8) |
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74 | (2) |
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76 | (5) |
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5 Types of Hot Jupiter Atmospheres |
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81 | (24) |
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5.1 Introduction: Exoplanet Gaseous Envelopes |
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81 | (1) |
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5.2 Outflow of the Hot Jupiter Atmosphere Caused by the Gravity of the Host Star |
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82 | (4) |
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5.3 Interaction of Hot Jupiter Atmospheres with Stellar Winds |
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86 | (4) |
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5.4 Classification of Hot Jupiter Envelopes |
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90 | (5) |
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5.5 Shapes of Hot Jupiter Atmospheres as Obtained from 3D Numerical Simulations |
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95 | (10) |
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101 | (2) |
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103 | (2) |
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6 Suprathermal Particles in XUV-Heated and Extended Exoplanetary Upper Atmospheres |
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105 | (32) |
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6.1 Introduction: Short-Wavelength Radiation Effects in Upper Atmospheres |
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106 | (1) |
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6.2 Aeronomy of Suprathermal Atoms in Planetary Upper Atmospheres |
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106 | (8) |
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6.2.1 Hot Planetary Coronae |
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107 | (1) |
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6.2.2 Suprathermal Neutral Particles |
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108 | (1) |
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6.2.3 Kinetic Description of Suprathermal Particles |
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109 | (2) |
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6.2.4 The Stochastic Kinetic Equation for Suprathermal Particles |
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111 | (1) |
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6.2.5 The Analogue Monte Carlo Method of Solving the Stochastic Kinetic Equation |
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112 | (1) |
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6.2.6 Current Progress on Hot Atom Corona Modeling |
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113 | (1) |
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6.3 Suprathermals in the Extended Atmosphere of the Hot Jupiter HD 209458b |
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114 | (3) |
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6.4 Heating Efficiency in Hydrogen-Dominated Upper Exoplanet Atmospheres |
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117 | (8) |
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6.4.1 Photolytic and Electron-Impact Processes in the Upper Atmosphere |
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117 | (3) |
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120 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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6.4.4 Energy Deposition of the Stellar Soft X-Ray and EUV Radiation |
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121 | (1) |
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6.4.5 Calculations of Heating Efficiency Height Distribution |
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122 | (3) |
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6.5 Suprathermal Fraction of Atomic Hydrogen |
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125 | (12) |
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6.5.1 Molecular Hydrogen Dissociation in the Upper Atmosphere of HD 20945 8b |
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125 | (2) |
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6.5.2 Kinetics of Suprathermal Hydrogen Atoms |
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127 | (2) |
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6.5.3 Calculation Results |
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129 | (3) |
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132 | (1) |
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133 | (4) |
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7 Stellar Driven Evolution of Hydrogen-Dominated Atmospheres from Earth-Like to Super-Earth-Type Exoplanets |
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137 | (16) |
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7.1 Introduction: Hydrogen-Rich Terrestrial Exoplanets |
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138 | (2) |
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140 | (5) |
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145 | (8) |
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148 | (2) |
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150 | (3) |
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8 Interpretations of WASP-12b Near-UV Observations |
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153 | (16) |
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8.1 Introduction: WASP-12b an Evaporating Hot Jupiter |
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153 | (3) |
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8.1.1 The Bow Shock Model |
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155 | (1) |
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8.2 The Bow Shock Surrounding the Planet's Magnetic Obstacle |
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156 | (4) |
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8.2.1 Radiation Transfer Simulations of the Near-UV Transit |
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158 | (2) |
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8.2.2 Transit Variability |
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160 | (1) |
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8.3 Gas Dynamic Simulation of the Interaction Between WASP-12b and Its Host Star |
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160 | (9) |
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161 | (3) |
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8.3.2 The Flow Structure Around the Planet |
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164 | (1) |
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8.3.3 Early Ingress in Pure Gas Dynamic Model |
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165 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
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167 | (2) |
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9 The Effects of Close-in Exoplanets on Their Host Stars |
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169 | (20) |
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9.1 Introduction: Stellar Activity Triggered by Hot Jupiters |
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169 | (2) |
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9.2 Enhanced Chromospheric Activity and Spot Coverage Caused by Close-in Planets |
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171 | (6) |
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171 | (1) |
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9.2.2 The UV-Radiation from the Chromosphere |
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172 | (1) |
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9.2.3 The Corona and the Stellar Wind |
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173 | (1) |
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9.2.4 Magnetic Fields in the Photosphere and Stellar Spots |
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174 | (1) |
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175 | (2) |
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177 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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9.4 Can Planets Affect Stellar Rotation? |
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178 | (1) |
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9.5 The Engulfment of Planets |
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179 | (10) |
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182 | (1) |
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182 | (7) |
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Part III Exoplanet and Astrophysical Magnetic Fields |
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10 Magnetosphere Environment from Solar System Planets/Moons to Exoplanets |
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189 | (24) |
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10.1 Introduction: Magnetospheres |
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190 | (1) |
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10.2 Magnetospheres of the Earth, Jupiter, and Saturn |
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190 | (13) |
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10.2.1 Paraboloid Magnetosphere Model: General Issues |
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191 | (5) |
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10.2.2 Paraboloid Model of Mercury's Magnetosphere |
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196 | (3) |
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10.2.3 Jupiter's Magnetosphere |
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199 | (4) |
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10.3 Paraboloid Model Application to Hot Jupiter Magnetospheres |
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203 | (10) |
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10.3.1 Magnetodisks Are Key Elements of Hot Jupiter Magnetospheres |
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203 | (4) |
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207 | (4) |
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211 | (2) |
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11 Detection Methods and Relevance of Exoplanetary Magnetic Fields |
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213 | (26) |
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11.1 Introduction: Planetary Magnetic Fields |
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213 | (1) |
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11.2 Effects of Magnetic Fields on Gas Giants |
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214 | (11) |
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11.2.1 Gas Giants: Superflares |
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214 | (1) |
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11.2.2 Gas Giants: Planetary migration |
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215 | (1) |
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11.2.3 Gas Giants: H+3 Emission |
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216 | (1) |
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11.2.4 Gas Giants: Planetary Mass Loss |
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217 | (1) |
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11.2.5 Gas Giants: Chromospheric Emission |
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218 | (1) |
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11.2.6 Gas Giants: Early Transit Ingress and Bow Shock Modelling |
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219 | (2) |
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11.2.7 Gas Giants: Transit Profile and Ly-α Absorption Modelling |
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221 | (1) |
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11.2.8 Gas Giants: Radio Emission |
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221 | (4) |
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11.3 Effects of Magnetic Fields on Terrestrial Planets |
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225 | (14) |
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11.3.1 Terrestrial Planets: Atmospheric Escape |
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226 | (2) |
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11.3.2 Terrestrial Planets: Protection Against Cosmic Rays |
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228 | (3) |
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11.3.3 Terrestrial Planets: Comet-Like Exosphere |
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231 | (1) |
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231 | (1) |
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232 | (7) |
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12 Alfven Radius: A Key Parameter for Astrophysical Magnetospheres |
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239 | (14) |
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12.1 Introduction: Alfven Radius and Astrophysical Magnetic Environments |
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239 | (1) |
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12.2 "Non-local Alfven Radius" in Magnetized Planetary Magnetospheres |
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240 | (4) |
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12.3 Alfven Radius in the Magnetized Planet Magnetospheres Including Disks |
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244 | (1) |
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12.4 Alfven Radius in the Magnetospheres of Magnetized Stars |
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245 | (1) |
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12.5 Alfven Radius in the Magnetospheres of Compact Objects in the Presence of a Strong Magnetic Field |
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245 | (8) |
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247 | (1) |
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248 | (5) |
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Part IV Space and Ground-Based Exoplanet Observation and Characterization Tools |
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13 Living with Stars: Future Space-Based Exoplanet Search and Characterization Missions |
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253 | (22) |
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13.1 Introduction and Background |
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253 | (7) |
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13.1.1 What Do We Currently Know About the Physics of Exoplanets? |
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255 | (5) |
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13.2 Current and Near Future Observations from Space |
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260 | (7) |
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13.2.1 The Hubble Space Telescope |
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261 | (1) |
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13.2.2 CoRoT: The First Dedicated Space Mission Related to Exoplanets |
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262 | (1) |
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263 | (1) |
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13.2.4 Gaia: Bulk Observations |
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264 | (1) |
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13.2.5 The Immediate Future: TESS, CHEOPS and the James Webb Space Telescope |
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265 | (2) |
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13.3 The Next Step (ESA): PLATO 2.0 |
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267 | (2) |
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13.4 The Next Step (NASA): WFIRST, Coronographs and Occulters |
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269 | (1) |
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13.5 Further Future: Darwin, TPF and New World Observatories |
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270 | (5) |
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271 | (1) |
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272 | (3) |
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14 The World Space Observatory-UV Project as a Tool for Exoplanet Science |
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275 | (14) |
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14.1 Introduction: UV Exoplanet Astronomy After HST |
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276 | (1) |
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276 | (2) |
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14.3 WUVS: WSO--UV Spectrographs |
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278 | (1) |
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14.4 Comparison of WSO--UV and HST Spectrograph Efficiency |
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278 | (2) |
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14.5 ISSIS: Imaging and Slitless Spectroscopy Instrument for Surveys |
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280 | (2) |
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282 | (1) |
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14.7 WSO--UV Science Management Plan |
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283 | (1) |
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284 | (1) |
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14.9 WSO--UV Ground Segment |
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285 | (4) |
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285 | (2) |
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287 | (2) |
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15 Ground-Based Exoplanet Projects |
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289 | (18) |
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15.1 Introduction: Ground-Based Exoplanet Research |
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289 | (1) |
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15.2 Radial Velocity Measurements |
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290 | (9) |
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15.2.1 The Absorption Cell Method |
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291 | (1) |
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15.2.2 The Emission-Line Method |
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292 | (4) |
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15.2.3 Photometric Observations of Transits |
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296 | (2) |
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15.2.4 Spectroscopic Observations of Transits |
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298 | (1) |
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15.3 Direct Imaging and Interferometry |
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299 | (3) |
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15.4 Astrometry, Polarization, Microlensing |
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302 | (5) |
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302 | (1) |
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303 | (4) |
Index |
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307 | |