Atjaunināt sīkdatņu piekrišanu

E-grāmata: Charity Law and Accumulation: Maintaining an Intergenerational Balance

(University of Western Australia, Perth)
  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 05-Aug-2021
  • Izdevniecība: Cambridge University Press
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781108848169
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
  • Formāts - PDF+DRM
  • Cena: 136,82 €*
  • * ši ir gala cena, t.i., netiek piemērotas nekādas papildus atlaides
  • Ielikt grozā
  • Pievienot vēlmju sarakstam
  • Šī e-grāmata paredzēta tikai personīgai lietošanai. E-grāmatas nav iespējams atgriezt un nauda par iegādātajām e-grāmatām netiek atmaksāta.
Charity Law and Accumulation: Maintaining an Intergenerational BalancePalielināt
  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 05-Aug-2021
  • Izdevniecība: Cambridge University Press
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781108848169
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:

DRM restrictions

  • Kopēšana (kopēt/ievietot):

    nav atļauts

  • Drukāšana:

    nav atļauts

  • Lietošana:

    Digitālo tiesību pārvaldība (Digital Rights Management (DRM))
    Izdevējs ir piegādājis šo grāmatu šifrētā veidā, kas nozīmē, ka jums ir jāinstalē bezmaksas programmatūra, lai to atbloķētu un lasītu. Lai lasītu šo e-grāmatu, jums ir jāizveido Adobe ID. Vairāk informācijas šeit. E-grāmatu var lasīt un lejupielādēt līdz 6 ierīcēm (vienam lietotājam ar vienu un to pašu Adobe ID).

    Nepieciešamā programmatūra
    Lai lasītu šo e-grāmatu mobilajā ierīcē (tālrunī vai planšetdatorā), jums būs jāinstalē šī bezmaksas lietotne: PocketBook Reader (iOS / Android)

    Lai lejupielādētu un lasītu šo e-grāmatu datorā vai Mac datorā, jums ir nepieciešamid Adobe Digital Editions (šī ir bezmaksas lietotne, kas īpaši izstrādāta e-grāmatām. Tā nav tas pats, kas Adobe Reader, kas, iespējams, jau ir jūsu datorā.)

    Jūs nevarat lasīt šo e-grāmatu, izmantojot Amazon Kindle.

This book is for academics, philanthropists, legal practitioners, charity managers and policy advisers. The normative, doctrinal and comparative analysis considers how regulatory systems require charities to provide public benefit to those currently alive and how decision-making about the timing of these benefits is allocated between generations.

Much has been written in charity law on the type of benefits that charities can provide - charitable purposes - and towards whom such benefits must be directed - the public benefit question. Almost nothing has been written about when benefits must be provided. However, accumulation of assets by charities raises profound ethical, economic and social considerations that are highlighted by the present retreat of the welfare state and the impact of the Global Financial Crisis and COVID-19. This book analyses the issue through a normative, doctrinal and comparative analysis of the legal constraints upon accumulation by charities. It reveals that the legal restraints contain significant gaps in relation to the intergenerational distribution of benefits and to the balance of decision-making between generations. In particular, the book asserts that there is room for law reform to better identify and incorporate principles of intergenerational justice into the regulation of charities.

Recenzijas

'This book is a valuable contribution to a critical area that spans many academic disciplines. For researchers of nonprofit governance and finance, Murray's writing about complex legal systems is accessible and will no doubt provide important details that are lacking from our current analyses. Further, its comparative analysis of legal systems and policies - likely the first of its kind - will appeal to those who study nonprofits across the globe. Finally, for policy makers grappling with the issue of how to think about charitable asset accumulation and potential reforms, Murray offers a vision forward that largely maintains sector independence from government while incorporating intergenerational justice much more directly into organizational decision making.' Thad D. Calabrese, Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations

Papildus informācija

An evaluation of intergenerational justice in charity law.
Acknowledgements xi
Table of Cases
xv
Table of Statutes
xxv
List of Acronyms, Abbreviations and Frequently Cited Works
xxxviii
PART I CHARITIES AND ACCUMULATION DELINEATED
1 Introduction
3(18)
1.1 Why Investigate the Accumulation of Assets by Charities?
3(4)
1.1.1 Why Do Chanties Matter?
4(2)
1.1.2 Why Does Accumulation Matter?
6(1)
1.2 Kev Concepts
7(7)
1.2.1 Charities and Not-for-Profits
7(4)
1.2.2 Accumulation
11(3)
1.3 Research Questions
14(2)
1.4 Methodology
16(3)
1.4.1 What Legal Constraints Apply to Accumulation by Charities and Do Those Constraints Address the Key Issues Raised by Accumulation?
16(2)
1.4.2 To the Extent that Existing Legal Constraints Do Not Address the Key Issues Raised by Accumulation, How Could They Be Reformed to Better Address Those Issues?
18(1)
1.5 Book Structure
19(2)
2 The Charity Sector, Its Goals And Accumulation
21(32)
2.1 Introduction
21(1)
2.2 Charity Sector
22(3)
2.3 Goals of the Charity Sector and of Charity Law
25(6)
2.3.1 Charity Law
25(1)
2.3.2 Theories Explaining the Existence of the Charity Sector
26(2)
2.3.3 Themes Emerging
28(3)
2.4 Accumulation by Charities
31(4)
2.4.1 Accumulation in Each Jurisdiction
31(3)
2.4.2 Areas of High Accumulation
34(1)
2.5 Reasons for Accumulation and Implications Arising
35(14)
2.5.1 Reason 1: Financial Sustainability of the Accumulating Charity
35(2)
2.5.2 Reason 2: Independence
37(1)
2.5.3 Reason 3: Improved Allocation Efficiency
37(1)
2.5.4 Implication 1: The Intergenerational Deferral of Benefits
38(5)
2.5.5 Implication 2: Which Generation Decides the Intergenerational Distribution of Benefits?
43(4)
2.5.6 Implication 3: Enhanced Agency Costs
47(2)
2.6 Conclusion
49(4)
PART II CHARITIES AND ACCUMULATION DELIMITED
3 Legal Restraints On Accumulation Applicable On Creation
53(42)
3.1 Introduction
53(1)
3.2 Outline of Perpetuities Rules
54(2)
3.3 Statutory Abolition of Perpetuities Restraints?
56(4)
3.3.1 Abolition Resulting in No Perpetuities Accumulation Rules
56(2)
3.3.2 Abolition Leaving the Common Law Accumulation Rule in Place
58(2)
3.4 Common Law Accumulation Rule
60(16)
3.4.1 The Link between the Remoteness Rule and the Accumulation Rule
61(2)
3.4.2 What Item of Property Does the Accumulated Income Represent?
63(1)
3.4.3 Case Law on a Vesting in Charitable Purposes
64(10)
3.4.4 Underlying Principles and Conclusion as to Vesting
74(2)
3.5 Reformed Statutory Accumulation Rules
76(11)
3.5.1 Initial Disposition
77(2)
3.5.2 Subsequent Disposition
79(4)
3.5.3 An Alternative Interpretation of the Statutory Perpetuities Constraints
83(4)
3.6 Charity Validity
87(5)
3.7 Conclusion
92(3)
4 Operational Restraints On Accumulation: Controller Duties
95(33)
4.1 Introduction
95(1)
4.2 Controller Duties Arising from Legal Form
96(10)
4.2.1 Charitable Trusts
97(1)
4.2.2 Companies and Nonprofit Corporations
98(4)
4.2.3 Incorporated Associations/Societies and CIOs
102(2)
4.2.4 Unincorporated Associations
104(2)
4.3 Application of Controller Duties to Accumulation
106(18)
4.3.1 `Duty' to Retain Endowment
107(2)
4.3.2 Duty to Act upon Genuine Consideration
109(7)
4.3.3 Duty of Impartiality
116(7)
4.3.4 A Purported `Duty' to Distribute Income within a Reasonable Period of Receipt
123(1)
4.4 Conclusion
124(4)
5 Operational Restraints On Accumulation: Alternative Control Mechanisms
128(32)
5.1 Introduction
128(1)
5.2 Directly Controlling Accumulation
129(18)
5.2.1 Administrative Schemes
131(4)
5.2.2 Charity Proceedings Legislation
135(2)
5.2.3 Cy-pres Schemes
137(9)
5.2.4 Trustee Expediency Provisions
146(1)
5.3 External Administration as a Means of Indirectly Controlling Accumulation
147(5)
5.3.1 Winding-up
147(2)
5.3.2 Removing and Replacing Controllers
149(3)
5.4 Member Action
152(4)
5.4.1 Controlling Directors
152(3)
5.4.2 Amending the Constitution to Remove Accumulation Requirements
155(1)
5.5 Conclusion
156(4)
6 Operational Restraints On Accumulation: Taxation
160(33)
6.1 Introduction
160(1)
6.2 Income Tax Exemption -- The Operational/'Application-for-Purposes' Requirement
161(22)
6.2.1 The Conventional View: Direct or Active Use of Income and Assets
164(3)
6.2.2 Interrogating the Conventional View
167(11)
6.2.3 Does the Additional `Governing Rules' Condition Affect the Interpretation of the `Application-for-Purposes' Rule?
178(1)
6.2.4 Charitable Institutions
179(2)
6.2.5 Conclusion on the Operational/'Application-for-Purposes' Test
181(2)
6.3 Minimum Distribution Requirements
183(4)
6.4 Endowment Excise Tax
187(1)
6.5 Conclusion
188(5)
PART III CHARITIES AND ACCUMULATION REFORMED
7 Intergenerational Justice And The Intergenerational Distribution Of Benefits
193(32)
7.1 Introduction
193(1)
7.2 Approach of the Existing Accumulation Rules
194(2)
7.3 A Normative Basis for Intergenerational Distribution of Benefits
196(9)
7.3.1 Intergenerational Justice
197(5)
7.3.2 Interaction with Economic Efficiency
202(3)
7.4 Implementing a Focus on Intergenerational Justice
205(18)
7.4.1 Social Welfare Functions as Tools to Assist with the Practical Difficulties
208(3)
7.4.2 Charities Focus on Efficiency and the State Focuses on Intergenerational Distribution by Way of the Tax System
211(2)
7.4.3 Minimum Distribution Rules
213(3)
7.4.4 Intervention by a Regulator to Determine the Intergenerational Distribution
216(1)
7.4.5 Requiring That Charity Controllers Have Regard to Principles of Intergenerational Justice
217(6)
7.5 Conclusion
223(2)
8 Which Generation Decides The Intergenerational Distribution Of Benefits?
225(32)
8.1 Introduction
225(1)
8.2 Gaps in the Decision-Making Ability of the Present Generation
226(4)
8.3 Normative Bases for Providing Present and Future Generations with Greater Decision-Making Ability about the Intergenerational Distribution of Benefits
230(13)
8.3.1 Cy-pres Insights into the Normative Bases
231(6)
8.3.2 Intergenerational Justice Insights into the Normative Bases
237(3)
8.3.3 Conclusions about the Normative Bases
240(3)
8.4 Implementing Reform
243(11)
8.4.1 Broadening the Grounds for Schemes
244(4)
8.4.2 Greater Charity Controller Discretion to Decide How to Amend Means and Ends
248(3)
8.4.3 Time Period of Protection for Charity Creator Accumulation Restrictions
251(3)
8.5 Conclusion
254(3)
9 Enhanced Agency Costs
257(15)
9.1 Introduction
257(1)
9.2 Market Mechanisms
257(2)
9.3 Enforcement of Controller Duties
259(9)
9.4 Coordinated Action by Regulators
268(2)
9.5 Conclusion
270(2)
10 Conclusion
272(11)
10.1 Introduction
272(1)
10.2 What Legal Constraints Apply to Accumulation by Charities and Do Those Constraints Address the Key Issues Raised by Accumulation?
272(6)
10.2.1 Intergenerational Distribution of Benefits
273(2)
10.2.2 Which Generation Decides the Intergenerational Distribution of Benefits?
275(2)
10.2.3 Enhanced Agency Costs
277(1)
10.3 To the Extent Existing Legal Constraints Do Not Address the Key Issues Raised by Accumulation, How Could They Be Reformed?
278(3)
10.4 The Way Forward
281(2)
Index 283
Ian Murray is Associate Professor and Deputy Head of School Research, UWA Law School, University of Western Australia. Dr Murray's research focuses on the intersection between not-for-profit law, tax and corporate governance. He has published widely and draws on a decade of practical experience as a lawyer, charity board member and university in-house counsel.
Biežāk uzdotie jautājumi par e-grāmatām Biežāk uzdotie jautājumi par e-grāmatām
Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/97811088481692e.html
Keywords: