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E-grāmata: Chemistry of the Natural Atmosphere

(Max-Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany)
  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Sērija : International Geophysics v. 71
  • Izdošanas datums: 29-Oct-1999
  • Izdevniecība: Academic Press Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780080529066
  • Formāts - PDF+DRM
  • Cena: 130,86 €*
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  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Sērija : International Geophysics v. 71
  • Izdošanas datums: 29-Oct-1999
  • Izdevniecība: Academic Press Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780080529066

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Covers all aspects of atmospheric chemistry, unifying information from chemistry and geochemistry, physics, and biology. For each atmospheric constituent of interest, the text summarizes the principal observations on global distribution, chemical reactions, natural and anthropogenic sources, and physical removal processes. Coverage includes processes in the gas phase, in aerosols and clouds, and of precipitation, as well as biogeochemical cycles and the evolution of the atmosphere. Updates from the first edition include extensively rewritten text, the incorporation of new data, and more consistent use of SI (SystFme International) units. Suitable for senior undergraduate and graduate courses, as well as a reference for atmospheric chemists, meteorologists, and students of biogeochemical cycles of trace gases. Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

Knowledge of thc chemical behavior of trace compounds in the atmosphere has grown steadily, and sometimes even spectacularly, in recent decades. These developments have led to the emergence of atmospheric chemistry as a new branch of science. This book covers all aspects of atmospheric chemistry on a global scale, integrating information from chemistry and geochemistry, physics, and biology to provide a unified account. For each atmospheric constituent of interest, the text summarizes the principal observations on global distribution, chemical reactions, natural and anthropogenic sources, and physical removal processes. Coverage includes processes in the gas phase, in aerosols and c1ouds, and in precipitation, as well as biogeochemical cycles and the evolution of the atmosphere. Chemistry of the Natural Atmosphere, Second Edition, will serve as a textbook for senior undergraduate and graduate courses, and as an essential reference for atmospheric chemists, meteorologists, and anyone studying the biogeochemical cycles of trace gases.

* Updated extensively from the highly respected first edition
* Treats the global-scale chemistry and distribution of atmospheric trace constituents
* Emphasizes observations and their interpretation
* Provides background on transport and reaction kinetics for interpretation of observational data
* Includes chemistry in the gas phase and in aerosols and clouds
* Details chemical reaction pathways for the most important trace constituents
* Describes pertinent biogeochemical cycles
* Written by an author with more than 40 years of research experience in atmospheric chemistry

Recenzijas

"...a remarkable update to the first edition. With more than 500 references, it presents the most current scientific understanding of atmospheric processes in great detail and in a very comprehensive and illustrative way...one of the best references available for atmospheric chemistry, covering all subjects of interest..."-K. Baumann, Georgia Institute of Technology, for AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY"Warneck closely follows the outline of the first edition, but he uses this opportunity to both discuss new developments and identify areas where more work is needed. This book should be useful to graduate students, postdoctoral fellows, and researchers in the atmospheric sciences as well as scientists in related areas. Recommended. Upper-division undergraduates through professionals; two-year technical program students."--H. E. Pence, SUNY, for CHOICE"...the author has largely rewritten the book to include new information and better conform to SI units. The 12 chapters begin with basic atmosphere structure, photochemical processes, and then cover ozone, hydrocarbons, aerosols, sulfur, the geochemistry of CO2, and ends with atmosphere eveolution. The appendix includes 228 pages of citations. The book was written to provide reference for graduate students and could also serve as a text. It would be useful as well to those working in a variety of physical sciences."--BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY, October 2000

Papildus informācija

* Updated extensively from the highly respected first edition * Treats the global-scale chemistry and distribution of atmospheric trace constituents * Emphasizes observations and their interpretation * Provides background on transport and reaction kinetics for interpretation of observational data * Includes chemistry in the gas phase and in aerosols and clouds * Details chemical reaction pathways for the most important trace constituents * Describes pertinent biogeochemical cycles * Written by an author with more than 40 years of research experience in atmospheric chemistry
Preface to the Second Edition xiii
Preface to the First Edition xv
Bulk Composition, Structure, and Dynamics of the Atmosphere
Observational Data and Averages
1(6)
Temperature Structure and Atmospheric Regions
7(3)
Pressure, Density, and Mixing Ratio
10(5)
Global Circulation and Transport
15(16)
Atmospheric Mean Motions
16(3)
Eddy Diffusion
19(11)
Molecular Diffusion
30(1)
Air Mass Exchange between Principal Atmospheric Domains
31(11)
The Planetary Boundary Layer
42(13)
Photochemical Processes and Elementary Reactions
Fundamentals of Reactions Kinetics
55(5)
Properties of Rate Coefficients
60(7)
Photochemical Processes
67(2)
Attenuation of Solar Radiation in the Atmosphere
69(10)
Photodissociation of Oxygen and Ozone
79(6)
Photochemistry of Minor Atmospheric Constituents
85(15)
Chemistry of the Stratosphere
Historical Survey
100(4)
Ozone Observations
104(9)
Principal Features and Behavior of the Ozone Layer
104(5)
Global Trends in Total Ozone
109(4)
The Chapman Model
113(5)
Trace Gases Other Than Ozone
118(22)
Nitrogen Oxides
119(7)
Water Vapor, Methane, and Hydrogen
126(5)
Halocarbons
131(5)
Carbonyl Sulfide and Sulfur Dioxide
136(4)
Heterogeneous and Polar Stratospheric Chemistry
140(11)
The Budget of Ozone in the Stratosphere
151(7)
Chemistry of the Troposphere: The Methane Oxidation Cycle
The Tropospheric Reservoir
158(5)
Hydroxyl Radicals in the Troposphere
163(11)
The Budget of Methane
174(15)
Formaldehyde
189(3)
Carbon Monoxide
192(13)
Hydrogen
205(6)
Ozone in the Troposphere
Introduction
211(2)
Photochemical Air Pollution
213(17)
Distribution and Behavior of Tropospheric Ozone
230(19)
Balloon Soundings
231(5)
Aircraft Observations
236(2)
Surface Measurements
238(11)
A Minimum Tropospheric Ozone Budget
249(6)
Influx of Ozone from the Stratosphere
249(3)
Destruction of Ozone at the Ground Surface
252(3)
Photochemical Production and Loss of Ozone in the Unperturbed Troposphere
255(10)
Reaction Mechanism
255(6)
Combined Tropospheric Ozone Budget
261(4)
Hydrocarbons, Halocarbons, and Other Volatile Organic Compounds
Hydrocarbons and Some Other Organic Volatiles
265(44)
Hydrocarbon Lifetimes
265(5)
Anthropogenic Sources of Atmospheric Hydrocarbons
270(5)
Natural Sources of Hydrocarbons and Other Organic Compounds
275(8)
Hydrocarbon Mixing Ratios over the Continents
283(9)
Hydrocarbons in the Marine Atmosphere
292(8)
Formic and Acetic Acid
300(9)
Hydrocarbon Oxidation Mechanisms
309(22)
Alkylperoxy Radicals
310(4)
Alkoxy Radicals
314(4)
Oxidation of Alkanes
318(3)
Oxidation of Alkenes
321(9)
Aromatic Compounds
330(1)
Halocarbons
331(15)
Methyl Chloride
334(2)
Chlorofluorocarbons
336(3)
Fully Fluorinated Compounds
339(1)
Methyl Chloroform and Carbon Tetrachloride
340(2)
Methyl Bromide and Methyl Iodide
342(4)
The Atmospheric Aerosol
Introduction
346(2)
Particulate Size Distribution
348(7)
The Physical Behavior of Particles
355(18)
Coagulation and Condensation
355(9)
Interaction of Aerosol Particles with Water Vapor
364(9)
Aerosol Sources and Global Production Rates
373(32)
Mineral Sources
373(5)
Sea Salt
378(5)
Gas-to-Particle Conversion
383(14)
Miscellaneous Sources
397(4)
Global Aerosol Production Rates
401(4)
The Chemical Constitution of the Aerosol
405(33)
The Inorganic Fraction, Soluble and Insoluble
408(20)
The Organic Fraction
428(10)
Global Distribution, Physical Removal, and Residence Time of the Tropospheric Aerosol
438(13)
Vertical Aerosol Distribution and Global Budget
438(3)
Residence Times of Aerosol Particles
441(6)
Sedimentation and Dry Deposition
447(4)
Chemistry of Clouds and Precipitation
The Water Cycle
451(4)
Cloud and Rain Formation
455(6)
The Incorporation of Particulate Matter into Cloud and Raindrops
461(7)
Nucleation Scavenging
461(2)
Below Cloud Scavenging of Particles
463(5)
The Scavenging of Gases by Cloud and Raindrops
468(16)
Gas--Liquid Equilibria in Clouds
469(9)
Time Constants for the Adjustment to Equilibrium
478(6)
Inorganic Chemical Composition and pH of Cloud and Rain Water
484(9)
Chemical Reactions in Cloud and Fog Waters
493(18)
Basic Photochemistry in Clouds
494(2)
Reactions of Nitrogen Compounds
496(3)
The Role of Transition Metals
499(4)
The Oxidation of Sulfur Dioxide in Aqueous Solution
503(8)
Nitrogen Compounds in the Troposphere
Biochemical Processes
511(4)
Ammonia
515(15)
Distribution in the Troposphere
516(4)
Sources and Sinks of Atmospheric NH3
520(10)
Nitrous Oxide
530(11)
Nitrogen Dioxide, NO2, and Related Nitrogen Compounds
541(46)
Nitrogen Oxide Chemistry
542(11)
The Tropospheric Distribution of NOx
553(8)
Peroxyacetyl Nitrate
561(5)
Nitric Acid and Particulate Nitrate
566(6)
Total Oxidized Nitrogen
572(2)
Sources and Sinks of Oxidized Nitrogen in the Troposphere
574(13)
Sulfur Compounds in the Atmosphere
Introductory Remarks
587(2)
Reduced Sulfur Compounds
589(22)
Atmospheric Abundances, Behavior, Sources, and Sinks
589(9)
Atmospheric Reactions and Life Times
598(5)
Terrestrial Biosphere--Atmosphere Exchange
603(7)
Summary of Natural Sources of Sulfur
610(1)
Sulfur Dioxide, SO2, and Particulate Sulfate
611(36)
Anthropogenic Emissions
611(3)
Sulfur Emissions from Volcanoes
614(4)
Chemical Conversion of SO2 to Particulate Sulfate
618(6)
Distribution of SO2 and SO2-/4 in the Troposphere
624(15)
Wet and Dry Deposition of Sulfate
639(8)
Tropospheric Sulfur Budgets
647(10)
The Regionally Polluted Continental Atmosphere
647(3)
The Circulation of Sulfur in the Unperturbed Marine Atmosphere
650(2)
The Global Tropospheric Sulfur Budget
652(5)
Geochemistry of Carbon Dioxide
Introduction
657(1)
The Major Carbon Reservoirs
658(17)
Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere
659(1)
The Oceans
660(6)
Carbon in Sedimentary Rocks
666(6)
The Terrestrial Biosphere
672(3)
The Global Carbon Cycles
675(32)
The Geochemical Cycles
677(9)
Exchange of CO2 between Atmosphere and Ocean
686(8)
Interaction between the Atmosphere and the Terrestrial Biosphere
694(4)
Long-Term Atmosphere--Biosphere Interactions and Current CO2 Budget
698(9)
Summary
707(5)
The Evolution of the Atmosphere
The Noble Gases
712(9)
The Primitive Atmosphere
721(9)
Nitrogen
730(4)
Oxygen
734(16)
Sources of Oxygen
734(2)
The Budget and Cycles of Oxygen
736(8)
The Rise of Atmospheric Oxygen
744(6)
Atmospheric Gases: Cumulative versus Cyclic Behavior
750(5)
Appendix
Supplementary Tables
755(22)
References 777(128)
Index 905(20)
Volumes in Series 925


Since 1970 Peter Warneck has been associated with the Max-Planck Institut fur Chemie in Mainz, Germany. He is now retired with emeritus status. Between 1991 and 1993, he was the founding director of the Institute for Tropospheric Research in Leipzip, Germany.