Preface to the Second Edition |
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xiii | |
Preface to the First Edition |
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xv | |
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Bulk Composition, Structure, and Dynamics of the Atmosphere |
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Observational Data and Averages |
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1 | (6) |
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Temperature Structure and Atmospheric Regions |
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7 | (3) |
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Pressure, Density, and Mixing Ratio |
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10 | (5) |
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Global Circulation and Transport |
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15 | (16) |
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16 | (3) |
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19 | (11) |
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30 | (1) |
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Air Mass Exchange between Principal Atmospheric Domains |
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31 | (11) |
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The Planetary Boundary Layer |
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42 | (13) |
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Photochemical Processes and Elementary Reactions |
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Fundamentals of Reactions Kinetics |
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55 | (5) |
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Properties of Rate Coefficients |
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60 | (7) |
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67 | (2) |
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Attenuation of Solar Radiation in the Atmosphere |
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69 | (10) |
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Photodissociation of Oxygen and Ozone |
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79 | (6) |
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Photochemistry of Minor Atmospheric Constituents |
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85 | (15) |
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Chemistry of the Stratosphere |
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100 | (4) |
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104 | (9) |
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Principal Features and Behavior of the Ozone Layer |
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104 | (5) |
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Global Trends in Total Ozone |
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109 | (4) |
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113 | (5) |
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Trace Gases Other Than Ozone |
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118 | (22) |
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119 | (7) |
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Water Vapor, Methane, and Hydrogen |
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126 | (5) |
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131 | (5) |
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Carbonyl Sulfide and Sulfur Dioxide |
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136 | (4) |
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Heterogeneous and Polar Stratospheric Chemistry |
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140 | (11) |
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The Budget of Ozone in the Stratosphere |
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151 | (7) |
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Chemistry of the Troposphere: The Methane Oxidation Cycle |
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The Tropospheric Reservoir |
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158 | (5) |
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Hydroxyl Radicals in the Troposphere |
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163 | (11) |
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174 | (15) |
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189 | (3) |
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192 | (13) |
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205 | (6) |
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211 | (2) |
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Photochemical Air Pollution |
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213 | (17) |
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Distribution and Behavior of Tropospheric Ozone |
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230 | (19) |
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231 | (5) |
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236 | (2) |
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238 | (11) |
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A Minimum Tropospheric Ozone Budget |
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249 | (6) |
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Influx of Ozone from the Stratosphere |
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249 | (3) |
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Destruction of Ozone at the Ground Surface |
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252 | (3) |
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Photochemical Production and Loss of Ozone in the Unperturbed Troposphere |
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255 | (10) |
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255 | (6) |
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Combined Tropospheric Ozone Budget |
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261 | (4) |
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Hydrocarbons, Halocarbons, and Other Volatile Organic Compounds |
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Hydrocarbons and Some Other Organic Volatiles |
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265 | (44) |
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265 | (5) |
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Anthropogenic Sources of Atmospheric Hydrocarbons |
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270 | (5) |
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Natural Sources of Hydrocarbons and Other Organic Compounds |
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275 | (8) |
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Hydrocarbon Mixing Ratios over the Continents |
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283 | (9) |
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Hydrocarbons in the Marine Atmosphere |
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292 | (8) |
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300 | (9) |
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Hydrocarbon Oxidation Mechanisms |
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309 | (22) |
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310 | (4) |
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314 | (4) |
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318 | (3) |
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321 | (9) |
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330 | (1) |
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331 | (15) |
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334 | (2) |
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336 | (3) |
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Fully Fluorinated Compounds |
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339 | (1) |
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Methyl Chloroform and Carbon Tetrachloride |
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340 | (2) |
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Methyl Bromide and Methyl Iodide |
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342 | (4) |
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346 | (2) |
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Particulate Size Distribution |
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348 | (7) |
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The Physical Behavior of Particles |
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355 | (18) |
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Coagulation and Condensation |
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355 | (9) |
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Interaction of Aerosol Particles with Water Vapor |
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364 | (9) |
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Aerosol Sources and Global Production Rates |
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373 | (32) |
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373 | (5) |
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378 | (5) |
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Gas-to-Particle Conversion |
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383 | (14) |
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397 | (4) |
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Global Aerosol Production Rates |
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401 | (4) |
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The Chemical Constitution of the Aerosol |
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405 | (33) |
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The Inorganic Fraction, Soluble and Insoluble |
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408 | (20) |
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428 | (10) |
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Global Distribution, Physical Removal, and Residence Time of the Tropospheric Aerosol |
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438 | (13) |
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Vertical Aerosol Distribution and Global Budget |
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438 | (3) |
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Residence Times of Aerosol Particles |
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441 | (6) |
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Sedimentation and Dry Deposition |
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447 | (4) |
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Chemistry of Clouds and Precipitation |
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451 | (4) |
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455 | (6) |
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The Incorporation of Particulate Matter into Cloud and Raindrops |
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461 | (7) |
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461 | (2) |
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Below Cloud Scavenging of Particles |
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463 | (5) |
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The Scavenging of Gases by Cloud and Raindrops |
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468 | (16) |
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Gas--Liquid Equilibria in Clouds |
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469 | (9) |
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Time Constants for the Adjustment to Equilibrium |
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478 | (6) |
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Inorganic Chemical Composition and pH of Cloud and Rain Water |
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484 | (9) |
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Chemical Reactions in Cloud and Fog Waters |
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493 | (18) |
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Basic Photochemistry in Clouds |
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494 | (2) |
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Reactions of Nitrogen Compounds |
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496 | (3) |
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The Role of Transition Metals |
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499 | (4) |
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The Oxidation of Sulfur Dioxide in Aqueous Solution |
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503 | (8) |
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Nitrogen Compounds in the Troposphere |
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511 | (4) |
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515 | (15) |
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Distribution in the Troposphere |
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516 | (4) |
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Sources and Sinks of Atmospheric NH3 |
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520 | (10) |
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530 | (11) |
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Nitrogen Dioxide, NO2, and Related Nitrogen Compounds |
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541 | (46) |
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542 | (11) |
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The Tropospheric Distribution of NOx |
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553 | (8) |
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561 | (5) |
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Nitric Acid and Particulate Nitrate |
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566 | (6) |
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572 | (2) |
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Sources and Sinks of Oxidized Nitrogen in the Troposphere |
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574 | (13) |
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Sulfur Compounds in the Atmosphere |
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587 | (2) |
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589 | (22) |
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Atmospheric Abundances, Behavior, Sources, and Sinks |
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589 | (9) |
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Atmospheric Reactions and Life Times |
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598 | (5) |
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Terrestrial Biosphere--Atmosphere Exchange |
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603 | (7) |
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Summary of Natural Sources of Sulfur |
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610 | (1) |
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Sulfur Dioxide, SO2, and Particulate Sulfate |
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611 | (36) |
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611 | (3) |
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Sulfur Emissions from Volcanoes |
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614 | (4) |
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Chemical Conversion of SO2 to Particulate Sulfate |
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618 | (6) |
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Distribution of SO2 and SO2-/4 in the Troposphere |
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624 | (15) |
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Wet and Dry Deposition of Sulfate |
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639 | (8) |
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Tropospheric Sulfur Budgets |
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647 | (10) |
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The Regionally Polluted Continental Atmosphere |
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647 | (3) |
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The Circulation of Sulfur in the Unperturbed Marine Atmosphere |
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650 | (2) |
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The Global Tropospheric Sulfur Budget |
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652 | (5) |
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Geochemistry of Carbon Dioxide |
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657 | (1) |
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The Major Carbon Reservoirs |
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658 | (17) |
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Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere |
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659 | (1) |
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660 | (6) |
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Carbon in Sedimentary Rocks |
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666 | (6) |
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The Terrestrial Biosphere |
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672 | (3) |
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675 | (32) |
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677 | (9) |
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Exchange of CO2 between Atmosphere and Ocean |
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686 | (8) |
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Interaction between the Atmosphere and the Terrestrial Biosphere |
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694 | (4) |
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Long-Term Atmosphere--Biosphere Interactions and Current CO2 Budget |
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698 | (9) |
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707 | (5) |
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The Evolution of the Atmosphere |
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712 | (9) |
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721 | (9) |
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730 | (4) |
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734 | (16) |
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734 | (2) |
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The Budget and Cycles of Oxygen |
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736 | (8) |
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The Rise of Atmospheric Oxygen |
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744 | (6) |
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Atmospheric Gases: Cumulative versus Cyclic Behavior |
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750 | (5) |
Appendix |
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755 | (22) |
References |
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777 | (128) |
Index |
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905 | (20) |
Volumes in Series |
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925 | |