|
Chapter 1 Elements and Compounds |
|
|
1 | (36) |
|
1.1 Chemistry: A Definition |
|
|
2 | (1) |
|
1.2 Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures |
|
|
3 | (1) |
|
|
4 | (1) |
|
|
4 | (2) |
|
1.5 Evidence for the Existence of Atoms |
|
|
6 | (1) |
|
1.6 The Structure of Atoms |
|
|
7 | (1) |
|
1.7 Atomic Number and Mass Number |
|
|
8 | (1) |
|
|
8 | (2) |
|
1.9 The Difference between Atoms and Ions |
|
|
10 | (1) |
|
|
11 | (1) |
|
1.11 Predicting the Formulas of Ionic Compounds |
|
|
12 | (1) |
|
|
13 | (2) |
|
1.13 The Macroscopic, Atomic, and Symbolic Worlds of Chemistry |
|
|
15 | (1) |
|
|
16 | (1) |
|
1.15 The Mole as the Bridge between the Macroscopic and Atomic Scales |
|
|
17 | (1) |
|
1.16 The Mole as a Collection of Atoms |
|
|
18 | (2) |
|
1.17 Converting Grams into Moles and Number of Atoms |
|
|
20 | (2) |
|
1.18 The Mole as a Collection of Molecules |
|
|
22 | (3) |
|
|
25 | (1) |
|
1.20 Determining the Formula of a Compound |
|
|
26 | (2) |
|
|
28 | (2) |
|
|
30 | (7) |
|
Chapter 2 The Mole: The Link between the Macroscopic and the Atomic World of Chemistry |
|
|
37 | (28) |
|
2.1 Chemical Reactions and the Law of Conservation of Atoms |
|
|
38 | (1) |
|
2.2 Chemical Equations as a Representation of Chemical Reactions |
|
|
38 | (1) |
|
2.3 Two Views of Chemical Equations: Molecules Versus Moles |
|
|
39 | (1) |
|
2.4 Balancing Chemical Equations |
|
|
40 | (3) |
|
2.5 Mole Ratios and Chemical Equations |
|
|
43 | (2) |
|
|
45 | (1) |
|
Chemistry in the World Around Us: The Stoichiometry of the Breathalyzer |
|
|
46 | (1) |
|
2.7 The Nuts and Bolts of Limiting Reagents |
|
|
47 | (3) |
|
|
50 | (1) |
|
2.9 Solute, Solvent, and Solution |
|
|
51 | (1) |
|
|
52 | (1) |
|
2.11 Molarity as a Way of Counting Particles in Solution |
|
|
53 | (2) |
|
2.12 Dilution Calculations |
|
|
55 | (1) |
|
2.13 Solution Stoichiometry |
|
|
56 | (4) |
|
|
60 | (5) |
|
Chapter 3 The Structure of the Atom |
|
|
65 | (53) |
|
3.1 Rutherford's Model of the Atom |
|
|
66 | (1) |
|
|
67 | (1) |
|
3.3 Light and Other Forms of Electromagnetic Radiation |
|
|
68 | (2) |
|
|
70 | (1) |
|
3.5 Quantization of Energy |
|
|
71 | (2) |
|
3.6 The Bohr Model of the Atom |
|
|
73 | (1) |
|
3.7 The Energy States of the Hydrogen Atom |
|
|
74 | (2) |
|
Chemistry in the World Around Us: Color |
|
|
76 | (1) |
|
3.8 The First Ionization Energy |
|
|
77 | (2) |
|
|
79 | (2) |
|
3.10 The Shell Model and the Periodic Table |
|
|
81 | (1) |
|
3.11 Photoelectron Spectroscopy and the Structure of Atoms |
|
|
82 | (2) |
|
3.12 Electron Configurations from Photoelectron Spectroscopy |
|
|
84 | (5) |
|
3.13 Allowed Combinations of Quantum Numbers |
|
|
89 | (2) |
|
3.14 Shells and Subshells of Orbitals |
|
|
91 | (2) |
|
3.15 Orbitals and the Pauli Exclusion Principle |
|
|
93 | (2) |
|
3.16 Predicting Electron Configurations |
|
|
95 | (1) |
|
3.17 Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table |
|
|
96 | (2) |
|
3.18 Electron Configurations and Hund's Rules |
|
|
98 | (1) |
|
3.19 The Sizes of Atoms: Metallic Radii |
|
|
99 | (1) |
|
3.20 The Sizes of Atoms: Covalent Radii |
|
|
100 | (1) |
|
3.21 The Relative Sizes of Atoms and Their Ions |
|
|
101 | (1) |
|
3.22 Patterns in Ionic Radii |
|
|
102 | (1) |
|
3.23 Second, Third, Fourth, and Higher Ionization Energies |
|
|
103 | (2) |
|
3.24 Average Valence Electron Energy (AVEE) |
|
|
105 | (1) |
|
3.25 AVEE and Metallicity |
|
|
106 | (1) |
|
|
107 | (11) |
|
Chapter 4 The Covalent Bond |
|
|
118 | (55) |
|
|
119 | (1) |
|
|
120 | (1) |
|
4.3 How Does the Sharing of Electrons Bond Atoms? |
|
|
121 | (1) |
|
4.4 Using Lewis Structures to Understand the Formation of Bonds |
|
|
122 | (1) |
|
4.5 Drawing Skeleton Structures |
|
|
123 | (1) |
|
4.6 A Step-by-Step Approach to Writing Lewis Structures |
|
|
124 | (2) |
|
4.7 Molecules That Don't Seem to Satisfy the Octet Rule |
|
|
126 | (4) |
|
|
130 | (2) |
|
|
132 | (2) |
|
|
134 | (2) |
|
|
136 | (1) |
|
|
137 | (3) |
|
4.13 The Shapes of Molecules |
|
|
140 | (1) |
|
Chemistry in the World Around Us: The Shapes of Molecules |
|
|
141 | (2) |
|
4.14 Predicting the Shapes of Molecules (the Electron Domain Model) |
|
|
143 | (2) |
|
4.15 The Role of Nonbonding Electrons in the ED Model |
|
|
145 | (4) |
|
|
149 | (1) |
|
4.17 The Difference Between Polar Bonds and Polar Molecules |
|
|
150 | (2) |
|
|
152 | (8) |
|
|
|
|
160 | (1) |
|
4A.2 Hybrid Atomic Orbitals |
|
|
161 | (3) |
|
4A.3 Molecules with Double and Triple Bonds |
|
|
164 | (1) |
|
4A.4 Molecular Orbital Theory |
|
|
165 | (6) |
|
|
171 | (2) |
|
Chapter 5 Ionic and Metallic Bonds |
|
|
173 | (43) |
|
5.1 Metals, Nonmetals, and Semimetals |
|
|
174 | (1) |
|
|
174 | (2) |
|
5.3 Main-Group Metals and Their Ions |
|
|
176 | (1) |
|
5.4 Main-Group Nonmetals and Their Ions |
|
|
177 | (2) |
|
5.5 Transition Metals and Their Ions |
|
|
179 | (1) |
|
Chemistry in the World Around Us: Paints and Pigments |
|
|
180 | (1) |
|
5.6 Predicting the Products of Reactions That Produce Ionic Compounds |
|
|
181 | (2) |
|
5.7 Oxides, Peroxides, and Superoxides |
|
|
183 | (1) |
|
|
184 | (1) |
|
5.9 Structures of Ionic Compounds |
|
|
185 | (1) |
|
|
186 | (1) |
|
5.11 The Relationship among Ionic, Covalent, and Metallic Bonds |
|
|
187 | (6) |
|
|
193 | (3) |
|
5.13 Properties of Metallic, Covalent, and Ionic Compounds |
|
|
196 | (1) |
|
|
197 | (3) |
|
5.15 Calculating Oxidation Numbers |
|
|
200 | (3) |
|
5.16 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions |
|
|
203 | (1) |
|
|
204 | (4) |
|
|
208 | (8) |
|
|
216 | (43) |
|
|
217 | (1) |
|
6.2 Temperature as a Property of Matter |
|
|
218 | (1) |
|
|
219 | (1) |
|
6.4 Elements or Compounds That Are Gases at Room Temperature |
|
|
219 | (1) |
|
6.5 The Properties of Gases |
|
|
220 | (2) |
|
6.6 Pressure versus Force |
|
|
222 | (2) |
|
|
224 | (2) |
|
|
226 | (1) |
|
|
227 | (1) |
|
|
228 | (1) |
|
|
229 | (1) |
|
6.12 Avogadro's Hypothesis |
|
|
229 | (2) |
|
6.13 The Ideal Gas Equation |
|
|
231 | (1) |
|
6.14 Ideal Gas Calculations: Part I |
|
|
232 | (3) |
|
Chemistry in the World Around Us: Nitrous Oxide or "Laughing Gas," |
|
|
235 | (1) |
|
6.15 Ideal Gas Calculations: Part II |
|
|
236 | (2) |
|
6.16 Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures |
|
|
238 | (3) |
|
6.17 The Kinetic Molecular Theory |
|
|
241 | (1) |
|
6.18 How the Kinetic Molecular Theory Explains the Gas Laws |
|
|
242 | (3) |
|
|
245 | (8) |
|
|
|
6A.1 Graham's Laws of Diffusion and Effusion |
|
|
253 | (1) |
|
6A.2 Deviations from Ideal Gas Law Behavior: The van der Waals Equation |
|
|
254 | (3) |
|
6A.3 Analysis of the van der Waals Constants |
|
|
257 | (1) |
|
|
258 | (1) |
|
Chapter 7 Making and Breaking of Bonds |
|
|
259 | (48) |
|
|
260 | (3) |
|
|
263 | (1) |
|
7.3 Heat and the Kinetic Molecular Theory |
|
|
264 | (1) |
|
|
265 | (3) |
|
|
268 | (1) |
|
7.6 The First Law of Thermodynamics |
|
|
269 | (5) |
|
7.7 The Enthalpy of a System |
|
|
274 | (2) |
|
7.8 Enthalpies of Reaction |
|
|
276 | (3) |
|
7.9 Enthalpy as a State Function |
|
|
279 | (2) |
|
7.10 Standard-State Enthalpies of Reaction |
|
|
281 | (1) |
|
7.11 Calculating Enthalpies of Reaction |
|
|
282 | (1) |
|
7.12 Enthalpies of Atom Combination |
|
|
283 | (7) |
|
7.13 Using Enthalpies of Atom Combination to Probe Chemical Reactions |
|
|
290 | (3) |
|
7.14 Bond Length and the Enthalpy of Atom Combination |
|
|
293 | (1) |
|
|
294 | (2) |
|
7.16 Enthalpies of Formation |
|
|
296 | (3) |
|
|
299 | (8) |
|
Chapter 8 Liquids and Solutions |
|
|
307 | (54) |
|
8.1 The Structure of Gases, Liquids, and Solids |
|
|
308 | (2) |
|
8.2 Intermolecular Forces |
|
|
310 | (4) |
|
8.3 Relative Strengths of Intermolecular Forces |
|
|
314 | (4) |
|
8.4 The Kinetic Theory of Liquids |
|
|
318 | (1) |
|
8.5 The Vapor Pressure of a Liquid |
|
|
319 | (3) |
|
8.6 Melting Point and Freezing Point |
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
|
323 | (3) |
|
|
326 | (1) |
|
8.9 Hydrogen Bonding and the Anomalous Properties of Water |
|
|
327 | (1) |
|
8.10 Solutions: Like Dissolves Like |
|
|
328 | (3) |
|
8.11 Why Do Some Solids Dissolve in Water? |
|
|
331 | (3) |
|
8.12 Solubility Equilibria |
|
|
334 | (2) |
|
|
336 | (1) |
|
|
337 | (2) |
|
8.15 Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Molecules |
|
|
339 | (2) |
|
Chemistry in the World Around Us: Soaps, Detergents, and Dry-Cleaning Agents |
|
|
341 | (2) |
|
|
343 | (8) |
|
|
|
8A.1 Colligative Properties |
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
8A.2 Depression of the Partial Pressure of a Solvent |
|
|
352 | (3) |
|
8A.3 Boiling Point Elevation |
|
|
355 | (2) |
|
8A.4 Freezing Point Depression |
|
|
357 | (2) |
|
|
359 | (2) |
|
|
361 | (42) |
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
9.2 Molecular and Network Covalent Solids |
|
|
363 | (3) |
|
9.3 The Relationship between the Physical Properties of Molecular and Network Covalent Solids |
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
|
367 | (2) |
|
9.5 Physical Properties That Result from the Structure of Metals |
|
|
369 | (1) |
|
9.6 The Structure of Metals |
|
|
369 | (3) |
|
9.7 Coordination Numbers and the Structures of Metals |
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
9.8 Unit Cells: The Simplest Repeating Unit in a Crystal |
|
|
373 | (2) |
|
9.9 Solid Solutions and Intermetallic Compounds |
|
|
375 | (1) |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
|
376 | (4) |
|
9.12 The Search for New Materials |
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
Chemistry in the World Around Us: The Search for High Temperature Superconductors |
|
|
381 | (2) |
|
9.13 Measuring the Distance between Particles in a Unit Cell |
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
9.14 Determining the Unit Cell of a Crystal |
|
|
384 | (2) |
|
9.15 Calculating the Size of an Atom or Ion |
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
|
387 | (5) |
|
|
|
|
392 | (1) |
|
9A.2 Metals, Semiconductors, and Insulators |
|
|
393 | (3) |
|
9A.3 Thermal Conductivity |
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
9A.5 Glass and Other Ceramics |
|
|
398 | (4) |
|
|
402 | (1) |
|
Chapter 10 The Connection Between Hinetics and Equilibrium |
|
|
403 | (55) |
|
10.1 Reactions That Don't Go to Completion |
|
|
404 | (2) |
|
|
406 | (2) |
|
10.3 The Rate of a Chemical Reaction |
|
|
408 | (2) |
|
10.4 The Collision Theory of Gas Phase Reactions |
|
|
410 | (3) |
|
10.5 Equilibrium Constant Expressions |
|
|
413 | (4) |
|
10.6 Reaction Quotients: A Way to Decide Whether a Reaction Is at Equilibrium |
|
|
417 | (2) |
|
10.7 Changes in Concentration That Occur as a Reaction Comes to Equilibrium |
|
|
419 | (5) |
|
10.8 Hidden Assumptions That Make Equilibrium Calculations Easier |
|
|
424 | (5) |
|
10.9 The Effect of Temperature on an Equilibrium Constant |
|
|
429 | (1) |
|
10.10 Le Chatelier's Principle |
|
|
429 | (4) |
|
10.11 Le Chatelier's Principle and the Haber Process |
|
|
433 | (1) |
|
10.12 What Happens When a Solid Dissolves in Water? |
|
|
434 | (1) |
|
10.13 The Solubility Product Expression |
|
|
435 | (1) |
|
10.14 The Relationship between Ksp and the Solubility of a Salt |
|
|
436 | (2) |
|
10.15 The Role of the Ion Product (Qsp) in Solubility Calculations |
|
|
438 | (2) |
|
10.16 The Common-Ion Effect |
|
|
440 | (2) |
|
|
442 | (11) |
|
|
|
10A.1 A Rule of Thumb for Testing the Validity of Assumptions |
|
|
453 | (2) |
|
10A.2 What Do We Do When the Approximation Fails? |
|
|
455 | (2) |
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
Chapter 11 Acids and Bases |
|
|
458 | (63) |
|
11.1 Properties of Acids and Bases |
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
11.2 The Arrhenius Definition of Acids and Bases |
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
11.3 The Brønsted-Lowry Definition of Acids and Bases |
|
|
460 | (2) |
|
11.4 Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs |
|
|
462 | (2) |
|
11.5 The Role of Water in the Brønsted Model |
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
11.6 To What Extent Does Water Dissociate to Form Ions? |
|
|
465 | (3) |
|
11.7 pH as a Measure of the Concentration of H3O+ Ion |
|
|
468 | (3) |
|
11.8 Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases |
|
|
471 | (4) |
|
11.9 Relative Strengths of Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs |
|
|
475 | (1) |
|
11.10 Relative Strengths of Different Acids and Bases |
|
|
475 | (5) |
|
11.11 Relationship of Structure to Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases |
|
|
480 | (3) |
|
11.12 Strong Acid pH Calculations |
|
|
483 | (1) |
|
11.13 Weak Acid pH Calculations |
|
|
484 | (5) |
|
11.14 Base pH Calculations |
|
|
489 | (4) |
|
11.15 Mixtures of Acids and Bases: Buffers |
|
|
493 | (1) |
|
11.16 Buffers and Buffer Capacity |
|
|
494 | (3) |
|
Chemistry in the World Around Us: Buffers in The Body |
|
|
497 | (1) |
|
11.17 Acid-Base Reactions |
|
|
497 | (3) |
|
11.18 pH Titration Curves |
|
|
500 | (3) |
|
|
503 | (9) |
|
|
|
|
512 | (3) |
|
|
515 | (3) |
|
11A.3 Compounds That Could Be Either Acids or Bases |
|
|
518 | (1) |
|
|
519 | (2) |
|
Chapter 12 Oxidation---Reduction Reactions |
|
|
521 | (52) |
|
12.1 Common Oxidation-Reduction Reactions |
|
|
522 | (2) |
|
12.2 Determining Oxidation Numbers |
|
|
524 | (1) |
|
12.3 Recognizing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions |
|
|
525 | (4) |
|
|
529 | (2) |
|
12.5 Oxidizing and Reducing Agents |
|
|
531 | (2) |
|
12.6 Relative Strengths of Oxidizing and Reducing Agents |
|
|
533 | (4) |
|
12.7 Standard Cell Potentials |
|
|
537 | (2) |
|
Chemistry in the World Around Us: Batteries |
|
|
539 | (3) |
|
12.8 Electrochemical Cells at Nonstandard Conditions: The Nernst Equation |
|
|
542 | (4) |
|
12.9 Electrolysis and Faraday's Law |
|
|
546 | (3) |
|
12.10 Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Equations |
|
|
549 | (1) |
|
12.11 Redox Reactions in Acidic Solutions |
|
|
550 | (3) |
|
12.12 Redox Reactions in Basic Solutions |
|
|
553 | (2) |
|
12.13 Molecular Redox Reactions |
|
|
555 | (1) |
|
|
556 | (11) |
|
|
|
12A.1 Electrolysis of Molten NaCl |
|
|
567 | (1) |
|
12A.2 Electrolysis of Aqueous NaCl |
|
|
568 | (2) |
|
12A.3 Electrolysis of Water |
|
|
570 | (1) |
|
|
571 | (2) |
|
Chapter 13 Chemical Thermodynamics |
|
|
573 | (42) |
|
13.1 Spontaneous Chemical and Physical Processes |
|
|
574 | (1) |
|
13.2 Entropy and Disorder |
|
|
575 | (1) |
|
13.3 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics |
|
|
575 | (4) |
|
13.4 Standard-State Entropies of Reaction |
|
|
579 | (1) |
|
13.5 The Third Law of Thermodynamics |
|
|
579 | (1) |
|
13.6 Calculating Entropy Changes for Chemical Reactions |
|
|
580 | (5) |
|
|
585 | (5) |
|
13.8 The Effect of Temperature on the Free Energy of a Reaction |
|
|
590 | (2) |
|
13.9 Beware of Oversimplifications |
|
|
592 | (1) |
|
13.10 Standard-State Free Energies of Reaction |
|
|
592 | (1) |
|
13.11 Equilibria Expressed in Partial Pressures |
|
|
593 | (3) |
|
13.12 Interpreting Standard-State Free Energy of Reaction Data |
|
|
596 | (1) |
|
13.13 The Relationship Between Free Energy and Equilibrium Constants |
|
|
597 | (5) |
|
13.14 The Temperature Dependence of Equilibrium Constants |
|
|
602 | (4) |
|
13.15 Gibbs Free Energies of Formation and Absolute Entropies |
|
|
606 | (2) |
|
|
608 | (7) |
|
|
615 | (50) |
|
14.1 The Forces That Control a Chemical Reaction |
|
|
616 | (1) |
|
|
617 | (1) |
|
14.3 Is the Rate of Reaction Constant? |
|
|
618 | (1) |
|
14.4 Instantaneous Rates of Reaction |
|
|
619 | (1) |
|
14.5 Rate Laws and Rate Constants |
|
|
620 | (1) |
|
14.6 A Physical Analog of Kinetic Systems |
|
|
621 | (1) |
|
14.7 The Rate Law versus the Stoichiometry of a Reaction |
|
|
622 | (2) |
|
14.8 Order and Molecularity |
|
|
624 | (2) |
|
14.9 A Collision Theory of Chemical Reactions |
|
|
626 | (2) |
|
14.10 The Mechanisms of Chemical Reactions |
|
|
628 | (2) |
|
14.11 Zero-Order Reactions |
|
|
630 | (1) |
|
14.12 Determining the Order of a Reaction from Rates of Reaction |
|
|
631 | (2) |
|
14.13 The Integrated Form of Zero-, First-, and Second-Order Rate Laws |
|
|
633 | (5) |
|
14.14 Determining the Order of a Reaction with the Integrated Form of Rate Laws |
|
|
638 | (3) |
|
14.15 Reactions That Are First Order in Two Reactants |
|
|
641 | (1) |
|
14.16 The Activation Energy of Chemical Reactions |
|
|
642 | (2) |
|
Chemistry in the World Around Us: NO and NO2 in the Atmosphere |
|
|
644 | (2) |
|
14.17 Catalysts and the Rates of Chemical Reactions |
|
|
646 | (2) |
|
14.18 Determining the Activation Energy of a Reaction |
|
|
648 | (2) |
|
14.19 The Kinetics of Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions |
|
|
650 | (2) |
|
|
652 | (11) |
|
|
|
14A.1 Deriving the Integrated Rate Laws |
|
|
663 | (2) |
|
Chapter 15 Nuclear Chemistry |
|
|
665 | (35) |
|
|
666 | (1) |
|
15.2 The Structure of the Atom |
|
|
667 | (2) |
|
15.3 Modes of Radioactive Decay |
|
|
669 | (2) |
|
15.4 Neutron-Rich versus Neutron-Poor Nuclides |
|
|
671 | (3) |
|
15.5 Binding Energy Calculations |
|
|
674 | (4) |
|
15.6 The Kinetics of Radioactive Decay |
|
|
678 | (2) |
|
15.7 Dating by Radioactive Decay |
|
|
680 | (2) |
|
15.8 Ionizing versus Nonionizing Radiation |
|
|
682 | (1) |
|
15.9 Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation |
|
|
683 | (2) |
|
15.10 Natural versus Induced Radioactivity |
|
|
685 | (4) |
|
|
689 | (3) |
|
|
692 | (1) |
|
|
693 | (2) |
|
Chemistry in the World Around Us: Nuclear Medicine |
|
|
695 | (2) |
|
|
697 | (3) |
|
Chapter 16 Chemical Analysis |
|
|
700 | |
|
|
701 | (1) |
|
16.2 Separation of Mixtures |
|
|
701 | (1) |
|
|
702 | (4) |
|
16.4 The Great Apple Scare of '89 |
|
|
706 | (6) |
|
16.5 Fighting Crime with Chemistry |
|
|
712 | (5) |
|
16.6 Interaction of Electromagnetic Radiation with Matter: Spectroscopy |
|
|
717 | (1) |
|
16.7 The Fox River Mystery |
|
|
718 | (3) |
|
16.8 An Off-Color Fatty Alcohol |
|
|
721 | (5) |
|
16.9 The Search for New Compounds |
|
|
726 | (4) |
|
16.10 The Search for the Northwest Passage---The Franklin Expedition |
|
|
730 | (1) |
|
|
731 | (2) |
|
|
733 | |
|
|
|
|
2 | (2) |
|
English Units of Measurement |
|
|
2 | (1) |
|
|
2 | (1) |
|
|
3 | (1) |
|
|
3 | (1) |
|
|
4 | (1) |
|
A.2 Uncertainty in Measurement |
|
|
4 | (2) |
|
Systematic and Random Errors/Accuracy and Precision |
|
|
5 | (1) |
|
|
6 | (1) |
|
|
6 | (3) |
|
Addition and Subtraction with Significant Figures |
|
|
7 | (1) |
|
Multiplication and Division with Significant Figures |
|
|
8 | (1) |
|
The Difference between Measurements and Definitions |
|
|
8 | (1) |
|
|
9 | (1) |
|
|
9 | (2) |
|
A.5 The Graphical Treatment of Data |
|
|
11 | (3) |
|
A.6 Significant Figures and Unit Conversion Worksheet |
|
|
14 | |
|
|
14 | (4) |
|
|
18 | |
|
|
|
Table B.1 Values of Selected Fundamental Constants |
|
|
2 | (1) |
|
Table B.2 Selected Conversion Factors |
|
|
2 | (1) |
|
Table B.3 The Vapor Pressure of Water |
|
|
3 | (1) |
|
Table B.4 Radii of Atoms and Ions |
|
|
4 | (2) |
|
Table B.5 Ionization Energies |
|
|
6 | (2) |
|
Table B.6 Electron Affinities |
|
|
8 | (1) |
|
Table B.7 Electronegativities |
|
|
9 | (1) |
|
Table B.8 Acid-Dissociation Equilibrium Constants |
|
|
10 | (1) |
|
Table B.9 Base-Ionization Constants |
|
|
11 | (1) |
|
Table B.10 Solubility Product Equilibrium Constants |
|
|
12 | (1) |
|
Table B.11 Complex Formation Equilibrium Constants |
|
|
13 | (1) |
|
Table B.12 Standard Reduction Potentials |
|
|
14 | (3) |
|
Table B.13 Standard-State Enthalpies, Free Energies, and Entropies of Atom Combination |
|
|
17 | (8) |
|
Table B.14 Bond-Dissociation Enthalpies |
|
|
25 | (1) |
|
Table B.15 Electron Configurations of the First 86 Elements |
|
|
26 | (2) |
|
Table B.16 Standard-State Enthalpies, Free Energies, and Entropies of Formation |
|
|
28 | |
|
|
|
Answers to Selected Problems |
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
1 | (1) |
Photo Credits |
|
1 | (1) |
Index |
|
1 | |