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CHAPTER 1 ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS |
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1 | (28) |
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1.1 Chemistry: A Definition |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2 Physical and Chemical Properties |
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2 | (2) |
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1.3 Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures |
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4 | (3) |
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1.4 Evidence for the Existence of Atoms |
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7 | (2) |
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Research in the 1990s: Scanning Tunneling Microscopy |
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8 | (1) |
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1.5 The Structure of Atoms |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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1.7 Atomic Number and Mass Number |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (2) |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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1.11 Predicting the Formulas of Ionic Compounds |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (3) |
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1.13 Metals, Nonmetals, and Semimetals |
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20 | (1) |
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20 | (4) |
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24 | (5) |
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24 | (3) |
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27 | (2) |
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CHAPTER 2 The Mole: The Link between the Macroscopic and the Atomic World of Chemistry |
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29 | (52) |
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2.1 The Macroscopic, Atomic, and Symbolic Worlds of Chemistry |
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30 | (1) |
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30 | (3) |
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2.3 The Mole as the Bridge between the Macroscopic and Atomic Scales |
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33 | (2) |
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2.4 The Mole as a Collection of Atoms |
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35 | (2) |
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2.5 Converting Grams into Moles and Number of Atoms |
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37 | (2) |
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2.6 The Mole as a Collection of Molecules |
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39 | (3) |
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42 | (1) |
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2.8 Determining the Formula of a Compound |
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43 | (2) |
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45 | (2) |
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2.10 Solute, Solvent, and Solution |
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47 | (1) |
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2.11 Solution Concentration |
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48 | (1) |
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2.12 Molarity as a Way of Counting Particles in Solution |
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48 | (2) |
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50 | (1) |
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2.14 Chemical Reactions and the Law of Conservation of Atoms |
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51 | (1) |
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2.15 Chemical Equations as a Representation of Chemical Reactions |
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51 | (1) |
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2.16 Two Views of Chemical Equations: Molecules versus Moles |
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52 | (1) |
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2.17 Balancing Chemical Equations |
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53 | (4) |
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2.18 Mole Ratios and Chemical Equations |
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57 | (2) |
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59 | (2) |
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Research in the 1990s: The Stoichiometry of the Breathalyzer |
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60 | (1) |
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2.20 The Nuts and Bolts of Limiting Reagents |
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61 | (5) |
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2.21 Solution Stoichiometry |
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66 | (3) |
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69 | (12) |
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CHAPTER 3 THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM |
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81 | (60) |
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3.1 Rutherford's Model of the Atom |
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81 | (2) |
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83 | (2) |
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3.3 Light and Other Forms of Electromagnetic Radiation |
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85 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
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3.5 Quantization of Energy |
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87 | (2) |
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3.6 The Bohr Model of the Atom |
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89 | (1) |
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3.7 The Energy States of the Hydrogen Atom |
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90 | (3) |
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3.8 The First Ionization Energy |
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93 | (2) |
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95 | (3) |
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3.10 The Shell Model and the Periodic Table |
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98 | (1) |
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3.11 Photoelectron Spectroscopy and the Structure of Atoms |
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98 | (2) |
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3.12 Electron Configurations from Photoelectron Spectroscopy |
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100 | (7) |
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3.13 Orbitals and the Pauli Exclusion Principle |
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107 | (1) |
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3.14 Predicting Electron Configurations |
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108 | (2) |
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3.15 Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table |
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110 | (2) |
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3.16 Electron Configurations and Hund's Rules |
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112 | (1) |
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3.17 Wave Properties of the Electron |
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113 | (2) |
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3.18 The Sizes of Atoms: Metallic Radii |
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115 | (1) |
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3.19 The Sizes of Atoms: Covalent Radii |
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115 | (1) |
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3.20 The Relative Sizes of Atoms and Their Ions |
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116 | (2) |
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3.21 Patterns in Ionic Radii |
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118 | (1) |
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3.22 Second, Third, Fourth, and Higher Ionization Energies |
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119 | (2) |
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3.23 Average Valence Electron Energy (AVEE) |
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121 | (2) |
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3.24 AVEE and Metallicity |
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123 | (1) |
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124 | (10) |
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134 | (5) |
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3A.1 Rules for Allowed Combinations of Quantum Numbers |
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134 | (1) |
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3A.2 Shells and Subshells of Orbitals |
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135 | (4) |
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139 | (2) |
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CHAPTER 4 THE COVALENT BOND |
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141 | (60) |
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141 | (3) |
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144 | (1) |
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4.3 How Does the Sharing of Electrons Bond Atoms? |
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144 | (1) |
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4.4 Using Lewis Structures to Understand the Formation of Bonds |
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145 | (2) |
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4.5 Drawing Skeleton Structures |
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147 | (1) |
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4.6 A Step-by-Step Approach to Writing Lewis Structures |
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148 | (2) |
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4.7 Molecules That Don't Seem to Satisfy the Octet Rule |
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150 | (3) |
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153 | (2) |
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155 | (2) |
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157 | (2) |
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159 | (2) |
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161 | (4) |
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4.13 The Shapes of Molecules |
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165 | (2) |
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Research in the 1990s: The Shapes of Molecules |
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166 | (1) |
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4.14 Predicting the Shapes of Molecules (The Electron Domain Model) |
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167 | (4) |
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4.15 The Role of Nonbonding Electrons in the ED Model |
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171 | (4) |
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175 | (1) |
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4.17 The Difference between Polar Bonds and Polar Molecules |
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176 | (3) |
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179 | (8) |
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187 | (13) |
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4A.1 The Shapes of Orbitals |
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187 | (1) |
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188 | (2) |
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4A.3 Hybrid Atomic Orbitals |
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190 | (3) |
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4A.4 Molecules with Double and Triple Bonds |
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193 | (1) |
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4A.5 Molecular Orbital Theory |
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194 | (6) |
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200 | (1) |
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CHAPTER 5 IONIC AND METALLIC BONDS |
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201 | (44) |
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201 | (2) |
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5.2 Main-Group Metals and Their Ions |
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203 | (2) |
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5.3 Main-Group Nonmetals and Their Ions |
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205 | (2) |
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5.4 Transition Metals and Their Ions |
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207 | (1) |
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5.5 Predicting the Products of Reactions That Produce Ionic Compounds |
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208 | (1) |
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5.6 Oxides, Peroxides, and Superoxides |
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209 | (2) |
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211 | (1) |
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5.8 Structures of Ionic Compounds |
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212 | (3) |
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215 | (1) |
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5.10 The Relationship among Ionic, Covalent, and Metallic Bonds |
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216 | (5) |
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221 | (3) |
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5.12 Limitations of Bond Type Triangles |
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224 | (1) |
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225 | (3) |
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5.14 Calculating Oxidation Numbers |
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228 | (3) |
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5.15 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions |
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231 | (2) |
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233 | (4) |
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237 | (8) |
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245 | (50) |
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246 | (1) |
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6.2 Temperature as a Property of Matter |
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246 | (2) |
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248 | (1) |
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6.4 Elements or Compounds That Are Gases at Room Temperature |
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248 | (1) |
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6.5 The Properties of Gases |
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249 | (2) |
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6.6 Pressure versus Force |
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251 | (2) |
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253 | (3) |
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256 | (2) |
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258 | (2) |
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260 | (2) |
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262 | (1) |
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6.12 Avogadro's Hypothesis |
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262 | (2) |
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6.13 The Ideal Gas Equation |
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264 | (1) |
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6.14 Ideal Gas Calculations: Part I |
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265 | (4) |
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6.15 Ideal Gas Calculations: Part II |
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269 | (2) |
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6.16 Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures |
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271 | (3) |
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6.17 The Kinetic Molecular Theory |
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274 | (2) |
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6.18 How the Kinetic Molecular Theory Explains the Gas Laws |
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276 | (2) |
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278 | (7) |
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285 | (7) |
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6A.1 Graham's Laws of Diffusion and Effusion |
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285 | (2) |
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6A.2 The Kinetic Molecular Theory and Graham's Laws |
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287 | (1) |
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6A.3 Deviations from Ideal Gas Law Behavior: The van der Waals Equation |
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288 | (4) |
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6A.4 Analysis of the van der Waals Constants |
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292 | (1) |
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292 | (3) |
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CHAPTER 7 MAKING AND BREAKING OF BONDS |
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295 | (48) |
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295 | (4) |
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299 | (1) |
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7.3 Heat and the Kinetic Molecular Theory |
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299 | (1) |
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7.4 The First Law of Thermodynamics |
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300 | (6) |
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306 | (1) |
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7.6 The Enthalpy of a System |
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306 | (2) |
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7.7 Enthalpies of Reaction |
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308 | (4) |
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7.8 Enthalpy as a State Function |
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312 | (1) |
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7.9 Standard-State Enthalpies of Reaction |
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313 | (1) |
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7.10 Calculating Enthalpies of Reaction |
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314 | (1) |
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7.11 Enthalpies of Atom Combination |
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315 | (7) |
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7.12 Using Enthalpies of Atom Combination to Probe Chemical Reactions |
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322 | (2) |
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7.13 Bond Length and Enthalpy of Atom Combination |
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324 | (1) |
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325 | (7) |
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332 | (7) |
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332 | (1) |
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7A.2 Enthalpies of Formation |
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333 | (6) |
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339 | (4) |
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CHAPTER 8 LIQUIDS AND SOLUTIONS |
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343 | (56) |
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8.1 The Structure of Gases, Liquids, and Solids |
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343 | (2) |
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8.2 Intermolecular Forces |
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345 | (5) |
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8.3 Relative Strengths of Intermolecular Forces |
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350 | (3) |
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8.4 The Kinetic Theory of Liquids |
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353 | (1) |
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8.5 The Vapor Pressure of a Liquid |
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354 | (4) |
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8.6 Melting Point and Freezing Point |
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358 | (1) |
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359 | (2) |
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361 | (3) |
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8.9 Hydrogen Bonding and the Anomalous Properties of Water |
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364 | (1) |
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8.10 Solutions: Like Dissolves Like |
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365 | (4) |
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8.11 Why Do Some Solids Dissolve in Water? |
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369 | (3) |
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8.12 Solubility Equilibria |
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372 | (3) |
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375 | (1) |
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8.14 Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Molecules |
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376 | (2) |
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8.15 Soaps, Detergents, and Dry-Cleaning Agents |
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378 | (2) |
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380 | (8) |
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388 | (9) |
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8A.1 Colligative Properties |
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388 | (1) |
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8A.2 Depression of the Partial Pressure of a Solvent |
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389 | (3) |
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8A.3 Boiling Point Elevation |
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392 | (3) |
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8A.4 Freezing Point Depression |
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395 | (2) |
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397 | (2) |
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399 | (30) |
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399 | (1) |
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9.2 Molecular and Network Covalent Solids |
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400 | (3) |
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403 | (3) |
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406 | (1) |
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9.5 Physical Properties That Result from the Structure of Metals |
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407 | (1) |
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408 | (1) |
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9.7 The Search for New Materials |
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409 | (4) |
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Research in the 1990s: The Search for High Temperature Superconductors |
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412 | (1) |
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9.8 The Structure of Metals and Other Monatomic Solids |
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413 | (5) |
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9.9 Coordination Numbers and the Structures of Metals |
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418 | (1) |
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9.10 Unit Cells: The Simplest Repeating Unit in a Crystal |
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418 | (2) |
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9.11 Measuring the Distance between Particles in a Unit Cell |
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420 | (1) |
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9.12 Determining the Unit Cell of a Crystal |
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420 | (2) |
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9.13 Calculating the Size of an Atom or Ion |
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422 | (3) |
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425 | (4) |
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CHAPTER 10 AN INTRODUCTION TO KINETICS AND EQUILIBRIUM |
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429 | (54) |
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10.1 Reactions That Don't Go to Completion |
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429 | (2) |
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431 | (3) |
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10.3 The Rate of a Chemical Reaction |
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434 | (2) |
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10.4 The Collision Theory of Gas Phase Reactions |
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436 | (3) |
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10.5 Equilibrium Constant Expressions |
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439 | (4) |
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10.6 Reaction Quotients: A Way to Decide whether a Reaction Is at Equilibrium |
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443 | (3) |
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10.7 Changes in Concentration That Occur as a Reaction Comes to Equilibrium |
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446 | (4) |
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10.8 Hidden Assumptions That Make Equilibrium Calculations Easier |
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450 | (5) |
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10.9 The Effect of Temperature on an Equilibrium Constant |
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455 | (1) |
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10.10 Le Chatelier's Principle |
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456 | (4) |
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10.11 Equilibrium Reactions That Involve Pure Solids and Liquids |
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460 | (2) |
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10.12 Le Chatelier's Principle and the Haber Process |
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462 | (2) |
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464 | (11) |
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475 | (5) |
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10A.1 A Rule of Thumb for Testing the Validity of Assumptions |
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475 | (2) |
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10A.2 What Do We Do when the Approximation Fails? |
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477 | (3) |
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480 | (3) |
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CHAPTER 11 ACIDS AND BASES |
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483 | (72) |
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11.1 Properties of Acids and Bases |
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483 | (1) |
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11.2 The Arrhenius Definition of Acids and Bases |
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484 | (1) |
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11.3 The Brthetansted-Lowry Definition of Acids and Bases |
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485 | (2) |
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11.4 Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs |
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487 | (2) |
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11.5 The Role of Water in the Bronsted Model |
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489 | (2) |
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11.6 To What Extent Does Water Dissociate to Form Ions? |
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491 | (3) |
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11.7 pH as a Measure of the Concentration of H(3)O(+) Ion |
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494 | (4) |
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11.8 Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases |
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498 | (5) |
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11.9 Relative Strengths of Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs |
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503 | (1) |
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11.10 Relative Strengths of Pairs of Acids and Bases |
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504 | (2) |
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11.11 Relationship of Structure to Relative Strenghts of Acids and Bases |
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506 | (5) |
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11.12 Strong Acid pH Calculations |
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511 | (1) |
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11.13 Weak Acid pH Calculations |
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512 | (5) |
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11.14 Base pH Calculations |
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517 | (5) |
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11.15 Mixtures of Acids and Bases |
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522 | (1) |
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11.16 Buffers and Buffer Capacity |
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523 | (4) |
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11.17 Buffer Capacity and pH Titration Curves |
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527 | (3) |
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530 | (10) |
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540 | (13) |
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540 | (4) |
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544 | (3) |
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547 | (4) |
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11A.4 Compounds That Could Be Either Acids or Bases |
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551 | (2) |
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553 | (2) |
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CHAPTER 12 OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTIONS |
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555 | (62) |
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12.1 Common Oxidation-Reduction Reactions |
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555 | (2) |
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12.2 Determining Oxidation Numbers |
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557 | (1) |
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12.3 Recognizing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions |
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558 | (4) |
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562 | (3) |
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12.5 Oxidizing and Reducing Agents |
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565 | (1) |
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12.6 Relative Strengths of Oxidizing and Reducing Agents |
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566 | (4) |
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12.7 Standard Cell Potentials |
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570 | (2) |
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12.8 Electrochemical Cells at Nonstandard Conditions |
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572 | (1) |
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573 | (3) |
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576 | (9) |
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585 | (11) |
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12AI.1 Electrolytic Cells |
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585 | (1) |
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12AI.2 The Electrolysis of Molten NaCI |
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585 | (2) |
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12AI.3 The Electrolysis of Aqueous NaCI |
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587 | (2) |
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12AI.4 Electrolysis of Water |
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589 | (1) |
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590 | (3) |
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12AI.6 Galvanic Corrosion and Cathodic Protection |
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593 | (3) |
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596 | (3) |
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599 | (12) |
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12AII.1 Electrochemical Cells at Nonstandard Conditions: The Nernst Equation |
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599 | (4) |
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12AII.2 Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Equations |
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603 | (1) |
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12AII.3 Redox Reactions in Acidic Solutions |
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603 | (4) |
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12AII.4 Redox Reactions in Basic Solutions |
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607 | (2) |
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12AII.5 Molecular Redox Reactions |
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609 | (2) |
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611 | (6) |
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CHAPTER 13 CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS |
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617 | (44) |
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13.1 Spontaneous Chemical and Physical Processes |
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617 | (2) |
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13.2 Entropy as a Measure of Disorder |
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619 | (1) |
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13.3 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics |
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620 | (4) |
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13.4 Standard-State Entropies of Reaction |
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624 | (1) |
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13.5 The Third Law of Thermodynamics |
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624 | (2) |
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13.6 Calculating Entropy Changes for Chemical Reactions |
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626 | (6) |
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632 | (5) |
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13.8 The Effect of Temperature on the Free Energy of a Reaction |
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637 | (1) |
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13.9 Beware of Oversimplifications |
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638 | (1) |
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13.10 Standard-State Free Energies of Reaction |
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639 | (1) |
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13.11 Equilibria Expressed in Partial Pressures |
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640 | (2) |
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13.12 Interpreting Standard-State Free Energy of Reaction Data |
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642 | (1) |
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13.13 The Relationship between Free Energy and Equilibrium Constants |
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643 | (5) |
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13.14 The Temperature Dependence of Equilibrium Constants |
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648 | (4) |
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652 | (9) |
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661 | (50) |
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14.1 The Forces That Control a Chemical Reaction |
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661 | (2) |
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663 | (1) |
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14.3 Is the Rate of Reaction Constant? |
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664 | (2) |
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14.4 Instantaneous Rates of Reaction |
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666 | (1) |
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14.5 Rate Laws and Rate Constants |
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667 | (2) |
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14.6 A Physical Analog of Kinetic Systems |
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669 | (2) |
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14.7 The Rate Law versus the Stoichiometry of a Reaction |
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671 | (1) |
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14.8 Order and Molecularity |
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672 | (2) |
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14.9 A Collision Theory of Chemical Reactions |
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674 | (3) |
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14.10 The Mechanisms of Chemical Reactions |
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677 | (1) |
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14.11 Zero-Order Reactions |
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678 | (1) |
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14.12 Determining the Order of a Reaction from Rates of Reaction |
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679 | (3) |
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14.13 The Integrated Form of First-Order and Second-Order Rate Laws |
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682 | (3) |
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14.14 Determining the Order of a Reaction with the Integrated Form of Rate Laws |
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685 | (2) |
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14.15 Reactions That Are First Order in Two Reactants |
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687 | (1) |
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14.16 The Activation Energy of Chemical Reactions |
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688 | (2) |
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14.17 Catalysts and the Rates of Chemical Reactions |
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690 | (2) |
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14.18 Determining the Activation Energy of a Reaction |
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692 | (2) |
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14.19 The Kinetics of Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions |
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694 | (2) |
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696 | (13) |
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709 | (2) |
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14A.1 Deriving the Integrated Rate Laws |
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709 | (2) |
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CHAPTER 15 CHEMICAL ANALYSIS |
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711 | |
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711 | (1) |
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15.2 Separation of Mixtures |
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712 | (1) |
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712 | (4) |
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15.4 The Great Apple Scare of '89 |
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716 | (6) |
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15.5 Fighting Crime with Chemistry |
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722 | (5) |
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15.6 Interaction of Electromagnetic Radiation with Matter: Spectroscopy |
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727 | (2) |
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15.7 The Fox River Mystery |
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729 | (3) |
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15.8 An Off-color Fatty Alcohol |
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732 | (7) |
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15.9 The Search for New Compounds |
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739 | (4) |
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15.10 The Search for the Northwest Passage-The Franklin Expedition |
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743 | (2) |
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745 | (2) |
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747 | |
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A-1 | (3) |
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English Units of Measurement |
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A-1 | (1) |
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A-2 | (1) |
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A-3 | (1) |
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A-4 | (1) |
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A-4 | (1) |
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A.2 Uncertainty in Measurement |
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A-4 | (3) |
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Systematic and Random Errors |
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A-5 | (1) |
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A-6 | (1) |
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A-7 | (2) |
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Addition and Subtraction with Significant Figures |
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A-7 | (1) |
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Multiplication and Division with Significant Figures |
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A-8 | (1) |
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The Difference between Measurements and Definitions |
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A-8 | (1) |
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A-9 | (1) |
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A-9 | (2) |
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A.5 The Graphical Treatment of Data |
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A-11 | |
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Table B.1 Values of Selected Fundamental Constants |
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B-1 | (1) |
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Table B.2 Selected Conversion Factors |
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B-2 | (1) |
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Table B.3 The Vapor Pressure of Water |
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B-2 | (1) |
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Table B.4 Radii of Atoms and Ions |
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B-3 | (3) |
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Table B.5 Ionization Energies |
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B-6 | (3) |
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Table B.6 Electron Affinities |
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B-9 | (1) |
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Table B.7 Electronegativities |
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B-10 | (1) |
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Table B.8 Acid Dissociation Equilibrium Constants |
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B-11 | (1) |
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Table B.9 Base Ionization Equilibrium Constants |
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B-12 | (1) |
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Table B.10 Solubility Product Equilibrium Constants |
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B-13 | (1) |
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Table B.11 Complex Formation Equilibrium Constants |
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B-14 | (1) |
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Table B.12 Standard Reduction Potentials |
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B-15 | (3) |
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Table B.13 Bond Dissociation Enthalpies |
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B-18 | (1) |
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Table B.14 Standard-State Enthalpies, Free Energies, and Entropies of Atom Combination |
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|
B-19 | (9) |
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Table B.15 Electron Configurations of the First 86 Elements |
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B-28 | |
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APPENDIX C Answers to Selected Core Problems |
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|
C-1 | |
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APPENDIX D Answers to Core Checkpoints |
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|
D-1 | |
| PHOTO CREDITS FOR THE CORE TEXT |
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P-1 | |
| INDEX TO THE CORE TEXT |
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I-1 | |
