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Children and the Law in a Nutshell 4th Revised edition [Mīkstie vāki]

Douglas Abrams, Sarah H. Ramsey

Formāts: Paperback / softback, 690 pages, height x width: 187x124 mm, weight: 499 g
Sērija : Nutshell
Izdošanas datums: 01-Apr-2011
Izdevniecība: West Academic Press
ISBN-10: 0314262903
ISBN-13: 9780314262905

Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:

Family law: children

Mīkstie vāki
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Formāts: Paperback / softback, 690 pages, height x width: 187x124 mm, weight: 499 g
Sērija : Nutshell
Izdošanas datums: 01-Apr-2011
Izdevniecība: West Academic Press
ISBN-10: 0314262903
ISBN-13: 9780314262905

Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:

Family law: children

Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9780314262905.html

Keywords:

Children - Outlines, syllabi, etc - Legal status, laws, etc - United States

This Nutshell follows the structure and format of the authors' casebook—Children and the Law: Doctrine, Policy and Practice. The authors have devoted entire chapters to the meaning of "parent," abuse and neglect, the foster care system, adoption, medical decision-making, support and other financial responsibilities, protective legislation, and delinquency. Representation of children is also covered throughout the book, as are several relevant international law issues, including the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, international child labor, and U.S. tobacco exports to children overseas.

Preface

Table of Cases

xvii

Chapter 1 The Status, Rights and Obligations of Children

(48)

A An Introduction to the Juvenile Court System

(7)

1 Juvenile Court Jurisdiction

(2)

2 Unified Family Courts

(2)

3 Problem--Solving Courts

(3)

B The Nature and Sources of Children's Status, Rights and Obligations

(6)

1 Introduction

(2)

2 The Parens Patriae Doctrine

(2)

3 The Police Power

(1)

4 The Child's Duty to Obey

(1)

C The Evolving Conception of Children's Status, Rights and Obligations

(5)

1 The Traditional Roles of Parents and the Government

(2)

2 Meyer, Pierce and Parental Prerogatives

(2)

3 Prince and the Movement Toward "Children's Rights"

(1)

C The Evolving Conception of Children's Status, Rightsand Obligations---Continued

4 Brown and Gault: Explicit Recognition of Children's Rights

(3)

5 Tinker and the Zenith of Children's Rights

(1)

a The Tinker Decision (1969)

(2)

b Disruption or Violence

(1)

c Hair Length, Dress Codes and School Uniforms

(2)

d Goss v. Lopez (1975)

(1)

e Board of Education v. Pico (1982)

(1)

f New Jersey v. T.L.O. (1985)

(1)

g Bethel School District v. Fraser (1986)

(3)

h Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier (1988)

(1)

i Morse v. Frederick (2007)

(1)

j The Fourth Amendment Search and Seizure and Drug--Testing Decisions: Vernonia (1995) and Earls (2002)

(1)

6 Troxel and Parental Prerogatives Redux

(2)

7 Synthesizing the Case Law

(1)

8 Non--Constitutional Sources of Children's Status, Rights and Obligations

(1)

a Statutes, Administrative Regulations and Court Rules

(1)

b International Law

(4)

D May Children Articulate Their Own Interests?

(6)

1 The General Question

(3)

2 The Mature Minor Doctrine

(1)

a Introduction

(1)

b Constitutional Decisions

(1)

c Statutes and Common Law Decisions

(2)

Chapter 2 Defining the Child--Parent Relationship

(37)

A Establishing Parental Status

(19)

1 The Importance of Marriage

(1)

a Nonmarital Children and the Constitution

(5)

b Statutory Reform

(2)

c Marital and Civil Union Presumptions

(2)

d Surnames

(2)

2 Who Is a "Father"?

(1)

a Unwed Fathers

(3)

b Errors in Paternity Establishment

(2)

3 Who Is a "Mother"?

(2)

B Expanding the Concept of "Parent"

(14)

1 Visitation

(3)

2 Custody

(4)

3 Defining "Parent" for Child Support

(1)

4 Reform Proposals: The American Law Institute

(4)

C Guardianship and the Guardian's Role

(3)

Chapter 3 Child Abuse and Neglect

(69)

A Introduction

(7)

1 Constitutional and Statutory Framework

(2)

2 The Child Protection System

(5)

B Reporting Statutes and Investigation

(6)

1 Statutory Structure

(1)

2 The Central Registry

(3)

3 Reporters' Liability

(2)

C Limits on Intervention

(6)

1 Investigations and Due Process

(1)

a Searches and Inspections

(2)

b Emergency Removal of the Child

101

(1)

c Self--incrimination

102

(1)

2 Grounds for Intervention

103

(2)

D Patterns of Abuse and Neglect

105

(20)

1 Neglect

106

(1)

a The General Concept

106

(5)

b Failure to Protect

111

(2)

2 Psychological Maltreatment

113

(1)

a The General Concept

113

(1)

b Failure to Thrive

114

(1)

c Expert Testimony

114

(1)

3 Abuse

115

(1)

a The General Question of Proof

115

(1)

b The Battered Child Syndrome

116

(2)

c The Shaken Baby Syndrome

118

(1)

d The Target Child

119

(2)

4 Corporal Punishment

121

(1)

a The General Concept

121

(1)

b The International Picture

122

(1)

c Public Schools

123

(2)

d Domestic Violence Statutes

125

(1)

D Patterns of Abuse and Neglect---Continued

5 Sexual Abuse

125

(4)

6 Newborns With Positive Toxicologies

129

(3)

E Responsibilities of Child Protective Services

132

(4)

1 No Duty to Intervene

132

(2)

2 Tort Liability

134

(1)

3 Wrongful Removal

135

(1)

F The Reasonable Efforts Requirement

136

(3)

G Termination of Parental Rights

139

(10)

1 Due Process Protections for Parents

140

(3)

2 ASF A Requirements and Additional Grounds for Termination

143

(1)

a ASFA Requirements

143

(1)

b Out-of-Home Placement

144

(1)

c Parental Absence

145

(1)

d Abuse of a Sibling

146

(1)

e Mental Retardation, Mental Illness, or Immaturity

147

(2)

H The Role of the Child's Attorney

149

(6)

1 Role Ambiguity and Ethical Issues

150

(3)

2 Malpractice and Immunity

153

(2)

Chapter 4 Foster Care

155

(34)

A Introduction

155

(2)

B Foster Care Structure

157

(2)

C Permanency Planning

159

(4)

D The Foster Child's Right to a "Family"

163

(5)

E The Foster Child's Right to Services and Protection

168

(5)

F Liability for Harm

173

(4)

1 Federal Civil Rights Actions

173

(2)

2 Tort Liability

175

(2)

G Types of Placements

177

(10)

1 Foster Parents

177

(1)

a Placement With Non--Relatives

177

(1)

b Kinship Care: Relatives as Foster Parents

177

(1)

c The Indian Child Welfare Act

178

(4)

d Racial and Religious Matching

182

(1)

2 Institutional Care

183

(1)

a Placements and Poverty

183

(2)

b Types of Facilities

185

(1)

3 Aging--Out of Foster Care

186

(1)

H Guardianship

187

(2)

Chapter 5 Criminal Abuse and Neglect

189

(60)

A The Nature of Criminal Enforcement

189

(4)

1 The Roles of Civil and Criminal Enforcement

189

(3)

2 Issue Preclusion (Collateral Estoppel)

192

(1)

B Abuse, Neglect and Child Endangerment

193

(11)

1 Overview

193

(2)

2 Children Who Witness Domestic Violence

195

(1)

3 Parental Privilege

195

(1)

4 Abusive Discipline

196

(1)

5 Abandonment

197

(1)

6 Contributing to the Delinquency of a Minor

198

(1)

7 "Safe Haven" Statutes

199

(1)

8 Void--For--Vagueness Challenges

200

(2)

9 The "Cultural Defense"

202

(1)

10 Parental--Responsibility Statutes

203

(1)

C Sexual Abuse

204

(29)

1 What Is Child Sexual Abuse?

204

(1)

2 Representative Statutes

205

(1)

a "Forcible" and "Statutory" Rape

205

(2)

b Incest

207

(1)

c Sexual Enticement of Children on the Internet

208

(2)

d Federal Legislation

210

(1)

3 The Contours of Criminal Liability

211

(1)

a Gender Neutrality

211

(1)

b Mistake of Age

212

(1)

c Emancipation or Marriage

212

(1)

d Child Perpetrators

213

(3)

4 Proving the Case

216

(1)

a General Difficulties of Proof

216

(2)

b The "General Child Hearsay" Exception

218

(2)

c The Victim's Ex Parte Videotaped Statement

220

(1)

d State Child Witness Protection Statutes

220

(3)

e Federal Child Witness Protection

223

(1)

f The Sixth Amendment Confrontation Clause: Crawford's New Standard

224

(4)

g Children's Competency to Testify

228

(1)

h The Oath

228

(1)

i Manner of Examination

229

(1)

j Closing the Courtroom

230

(1)

k The Child Sexual Abuse Accommodation Syndrome

231

(2)

C Sexual Abuse---Continued

5 Prospective Restraints on the Offender

233

(1)

a Civil Commitment

233

(2)

b Registration and Community Notification

235

(4)

6 Child Pornography

239

(1)

a New York v. Ferber (1982)

239

(2)

b Ferber in the Computer Age

241

(2)

c Child Nudity

243

(1)

d Private Possession and Viewing of Child Pornography

244

(1)

e Photo Processors

245

(1)

f Federal Legislation

245

(1)

g "Seating"

246

(3)

Chapter 6 Adoption

249

(63)

A Introduction

249

(3)

1 Historical and Contemporary Perspective

249

(2)

2 The Effect of Adoption

251

(1)

B Who May Adopt a Child?

252

(12)

1 Statutory Standing and the "Best Interests of the Child" Standard

252

(3)

2 Determining Standing and "Best Interests"

255

(1)

a Single Persons

255

(1)

b Stepparents

255

(1)

c Grandparents and Other Relatives

256

(1)

d Foster Parents

257

(1)

e The Petitioners' Age

258

(1)

f Gay and Lesbian Adoptions

259

(1)

g Disabled Petitioners

260

(1)

h Adoption of Siblings

261

(1)

3 "Equitable Adoption"

262

(2)

C Adoption Intermediaries and Their Regulation

264

(12)

1 Agency Adoptions and Private Placements

264

(1)

a Agency Adoptions

264

(3)

b Private Placements

267

(2)

2 Baby Selling

269

(2)

3 Federal and State Subsidies

271

(1)

4 Investigations or Home Studies

272

(2)

5 The Interstate Compact on the Placement of Children

274

(2)

D The Consent Requirement

276

(13)

1 The Requirement of Informed and Voluntary Consent

276

(1)

a The Nature of Consent

276

(3)

b Notice

279

(1)

c Forcible or Statutory Rape

279

(1)

2 The Rights of Unwed Parents

280

(1)

a Stanley v. Illinois (1972)

281

(2)

b Lehr v. Robertson (1983)

283

(2)

c Michael H. v. Gerald D. (1989)

285

(2)

d Putative Father Registries

287

(2)

E Open Adoption

289

(5)

1 The Growth of Open Adoption

289

(4)

2 Enforceability of Private Agreements for Openness

293

(1)

F Cultural and Religious Identity

294

(6)

1 Transracial Adoption

294

(1)

a Overview of Domestic Transracial Adoption

294

(1)

b Congressional Legislation

295

(2)

2 Native American Adoption

297

(1)

3 Religion

298

(2)

G International Adoption

300

(2)

H Post--Adoption Disputes

302

(3)

1 Fraud or Negligence

302

(1)

2 Annulling Adoptions

303

(2)

I Adoptees' Rights to "Learn Their Roots"

305

(7)

1 Introduction

305

(3)

2 "Good Cause"

308

(1)

3 Disclosure Legislation

309

(3)

Chapter 7 Medical Decision--Making

312

(32)

A Decision--Making Authority

313

(14)

1 Constitutional Framework

313

(5)

2 Common Law and Statutes

318

(1)

a The Mature Minor Doctrine

318

(2)

b The Child's Opinion

320

(1)

c Statutory Exceptions

321

(1)

3 Experimental and Unusual Treatment

322

(1)

a Pediatric Research

322

(2)

b Unusual Treatment

324

(1)

c Organ and Bone Marrow Donation

325

(1)

d Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy

326

(1)

B Medical Neglect

327

(8)

1 Immunizations and Screening

328

(2)

2 Determining Medical Neglect

330

(1)

3 Spiritual Treatment Exemptions

331

(4)

C Withholding or Terminating Medical Care

335

(6)

1 When Parents Favor Withholding Treatment

335

(2)

a Older Children

337

(1)

b Special Rules for Newborns

338

(1)

2 When Parents Oppose Termination

339

(2)

D Payment for the Child's Medical Care

341

(3)

Chapter 8 Financial Responsibility and Control

344

(49)

A The Child Support Obligation

344

(22)

1 Historical Background

344

(1)

a Inadequate and Inconsistent Awards

345

(2)

b Child Support Enforcement

347

(4)

2 The Scope of the Parental Obligation

351

(1)

a The Intact Family

351

(1)

b When Parents Live Apart

352

(1)

c No Excuses

353

(1)

d The Obligor's Death

354

(1)

e Stepparents and Grandparents

355

(2)

f Same--Sex Couples

357

(1)

3 Child Poverty and Government Programs

358

(3)

4 The Child's Obligations

361

(2)

5 Emancipation

363

(3)

B Capacity to Contract

366

(6)

1 The Necessaries Doctrine

368

(1)

2 Limits on Disaffirmance

369

(1)

3 Ratification

370

(1)

4 Marriage

371

(1)

C The Child's Property

372

(5)

1 Trusts

372

(1)

2 Uniform Transfers to Minors Act

373

(1)

3 Use of the Child's Assets

374

(2)

4 Wills

376

(1)

D Torts and Family Relations

377

(8)

1 The Child's Liability

377

(5)

2 Parents' Liability

382

(3)

D Torts and Family Relations---Continued

3 Loss of Child or Parent

385

(1)

a Loss of Consortium

385

(1)

b Wrongful Death

385

(1)

c Wrongful Birth and Wrongful Life

386

(1)

4 Immunity

387

(1)

5 Exculpatory Clauses and Settlement

388

(1)

a Releases and Waivers

388

(2)

b Settlement

390

(1)

c Indemnification Agreements

391

(1)

6 Statutes of Limitation

391

(2)

Chapter 9 Regulation of Children's Conduct

393

(53)

A Child Labor Laws

394

(11)

1 Introduction

394

(1)

a The Sources of Regulation

394

(1)

b Agricultural Employment

395

(2)

c Parents' Rights to the Child's Earnings

397

(1)

d International Child Labor

397

(2)

2 State Regulation

399

(1)

a Coverage

399

(1)

b Hazardous Occupations

400

(1)

c "Work," "Employment" or "Labor"

400

(1)

d Hours and Working Conditions

401

(1)

e Work Permits or Certificates

402

(1)

f Criminal and Civil Penalties

403

(1)

g Professional and Occupational Licensing

404

(1)

A Child Labor Laws---Continued

3 Federal Regulation

405

(1)

a The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938

405

(1)

b Remedies for Violation

406

(1)

4 Private Enforcement

407

(1)

B Alcohol Regulation

408

(7)

1 The Minimum Legal Drinking Age

408

(1)

a Recent History

408

(2)

b Exemptions

410

(1)

c "Zero Tolerance" Laws

411

(1)

d Identification

412

(1)

2 Dangers and Enforcement Difficulties

412

(2)

3 Dram Shop and Social Host Liability

414

(1)

C Tobacco Regulation

415

(5)

1 Children and Smoking

415

(2)

2 Sanctions and Licensing

417

(1)

3 The National Tobacco Settlement

418

(1)

4 Foreign Export of U.S. Tobacco Products

418

(2)

D Driving Privileges

420

(3)

1 Age Restrictions

420

(1)

2 Parental Permission and Parental Liability

421

(2)

3 "Abuse and Lose" Laws

423

(1)

E Child Highway Safety

423

(2)

F Gambling

425

(1)

G Firearms

426

(3)

1 General Prohibitions and Restrictions

426

(2)

2 "Gun--Free Schools" and "Safety Zones" Acts

428

(1)

3 Safe Storage and Child Access Prevention Statutes

429

(1)

H Other Regulated Conduct

429

(1)

I Juvenile Curfews

429

(6)

1 History and the Contemporary Landscape

429

(2)

2 A Representative Juvenile Curfew Ordinance

431

(2)

3 Constitutionality of Juvenile Curfews

433

(2)

J Status Offenses

435

(11)

1 The Nature of Status Offense Jurisdiction

435

(1)

2 Ungovernability

436

(1)

3 Truancy

436

(1)

4 Runaways

437

(1)

a The Scope of the Problem

437

(2)

b Federal and State Legislation

439

(1)

5 Gender and Race

439

(1)

6 The Deinstitutionalization Mandate

440

(1)

a The Nature of the Mandate

440

(1)

b The Overlap Between Status Offense and Delinquency Jurisdiction

441

(1)

c The Deinstitutionalization Controversy

442

(2)

7 The Future of Status Offense Jurisdiction

444

(2)

Chapter 10 Delinquency

446

(113)

A A Brief Look at Juvenile Crime in America

446

(6)

1 Overview

446

(1)

2 Juvenile Recidivism and Gangs

447

(2)

3 Gender and Race

449

(3)

B The Juvenile Court as an Institution

452

(9)

1 The Juvenile Court's Original Conception

452

(2)

a Individualized Rehabilitation and Treatment

454

(1)

b Civil Jurisdiction

455

(1)

c Informal Procedure

456

(2)

d Confidentiality

458

(1)

e Separate Incapacitation

458

(1)

2 The Juvenile Court Today

458

(1)

3 Federal Delinquency Jurisdiction

459

(2)

C The Contours of Delinquency

461

(16)

1 The Minimum and Maximum Ages of Delinquency Jurisdiction

461

(1)

2 Culpability

462

(2)

3 The Insanity Defense

464

(1)

4 Transfer

465

(1)

a Transfer Statutes

465

(4)

b The Transfer Hearing

469

(1)

c Some Ramifications of Transfer

470

(3)

d Race and Transfer

473

(1)

e Transfer Under the Federal Juvenile Delinquency Act

474

(1)

f Is Transfer Effective?

475

(2)

D The Adjudicatory Process

477

(2)

1 Arrest and Custody

477

(1)

a "Arraignment"

477

(1)

b Fingerprints, Photographs and Lineups

477

(2)

c Arrest Under the Federal Juvenile Delinquency Act

479

(1)

D The Adjudicatory Process---Continued

2 Search and Seizure

479

(1)

a New Jersey v. T.L.O. (1985)

479

(1)

b Age and Sex

480

(1)

c Acting in Concert With Police

481

(1)

d Individualized Suspicion

482

(1)

e The Exclusionary Rule in School Searches

483

(1)

f Locker Searches

483

(1)

g Metal Detectors

484

(1)

h Sniff Searches

485

(1)

i Strip Searches

486

(3)

3 Interrogation and Confession

489

(1)

a Miranda v. Arizona (1966) and Fare v. Michael C. (1979)

489

(2)

b "Juvenile Miranda" and the States

491

(2)

c Who Are "Law Enforcement Officers"?

493

(1)

d When Is a Juvenile "In Custody"?

494

(1)

e When Does "Interrogation" Occur?

495

(1)

f Exigency in the Schools

495

(1)

g Use of a Juvenile's Statement in Criminal Proceedings

496

(1)

h Voluntary, Knowing and Intelligent Waiver

497

(1)

i Confessions by Particularly Young Children

498

(1)

j Videotaping Juvenile Confessions

499

(1)

k "Terry Stops"

500

(1)

4 Intake and Diversion

500

(1)

a The General Process

500

(2)

D The Adjudicatory Process---Continued

b Diversion to Youth Court

502

(1)

c Discrimination in Police Encounters and Intake

503

(1)

d Plea Bargaining

503

(1)

5 Preventive Detention

504

(1)

a Due Process Considerations

504

(1)

b Preventive Detention's Effect on Adjudication and Disposition

505

(2)

c Bail

507

(1)

d The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974

508

(2)

6 The Adjudicatory Hearing

510

(1)

a Introduction

510

(1)

b In re Gault (1967)

511

(2)

c The Role of Counsel

513

(2)

d Juvenile Waiver of the Right to Counsel

515

(1)

e Crawford in Delinquency Cases

516

(1)

f Competency to Participate in the Proceeding

517

(2)

g Discovery

519

(1)

h Admitting the Petition's Allegations

519

(2)

i Speedy Trial

521

(1)

j Jury Trial

522

(1)

k Rules of Evidence

523

(1)

l The Parents' Role

524

(1)

m Standard of Proof

524

(1)

n Double Jeopardy

525

(1)

o Delinquency Adjudication and Race

526

(1)

D The Adjudicatory Process---Continued

p The Hearing Under the Federal Juvenile Delinquency Act

527

(1)

7 Juvenile Court Confidentiality

527

(1)

a Proceedings and Records

528

(1)

b Confidentiality and the Media

529

(2)

E Disposition

531

(18)

1 Fashioning the Disposition

531

(1)

a Introduction

531

(1)

b The Duration of the Disposition

532

(1)

c Pre--Disposition Information

533

(1)

d The Interstate Compact for Juveniles

533

(1)

2 The Range of Dispositions

534

(1)

a Graduated Sanctions

534

(1)

b Probation

535

(2)

c Parental Responsibility

537

(1)

d Victims' Rights Measures

537

(1)

e Serious and Habitual Juvenile Offender Statutes

538

(1)

f Restorative Justice

539

(2)

g Blended Sentences

541

(1)

h Boot Camps

541

(2)

i Aftercare

543

(1)

j Dispositions Under the Federal Juvenile Delinquency Act

543

(1)

3 The Juvenile Death Penalty and Life Imprisonment Without Parole

544

(1)

4 Collateral Use of Juvenile Dispositions

545

(1)

a Expungement and Sealing

545

(2)

b Apprendi and the Growth of Collateral Use

547

(2)

E Disposition---Continued

c Interagency Sharing of Information

549

(1)

5 The Right to Treatment

550

(1)

a Private Litigation

551

(2)

b Federal Enforcement

553

(2)

c Reform Efforts

555

(2)

d Privatizing Juvenile Corrections

557

(2)

Index

559

Children and the Law in a Nutshell 4th Revised edition [Mīkstie vāki]

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