Part I Origins and Evolution |
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1 The Origins of China's Space Programme (1956-1976) |
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3 | (16) |
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1.1 The Early Years and the Focus on Missiles |
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3 | (4) |
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1.2 The New Push for a Satellite |
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7 | (2) |
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1.3 The Cultural Revolution and the Creation of CAST |
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9 | (1) |
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1.4 The First Satellite and Its Aftermath |
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10 | (4) |
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1.5 The Initiation of a Human Space Flight Programme |
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14 | (1) |
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1.6 A Critical Appraisal and the Role of Key People |
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15 | (2) |
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17 | (2) |
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2 Economic Reform and the Deng Era-1977-1990 |
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19 | (16) |
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2.1 The Early Years of Reform |
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19 | (4) |
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23 | (1) |
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2.3 The Communications Satellite Project |
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23 | (2) |
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2.4 Building Capabilities for Meeting Domestic Needs |
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25 | (3) |
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2.5 Leveraging Capabilities for Promoting Exports |
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28 | (1) |
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2.6 The Impact of the 863 Programme on China's Space Efforts |
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29 | (1) |
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2.7 A Critical Appraisal of the Deng Period |
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30 | (2) |
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32 | (3) |
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3 The End of the Cold War and the New Challenges to the Space Programme-1991-2000 |
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35 | (12) |
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3.1 Consolidation and Restructuring of China's Aerospace Ecosystem |
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35 | (1) |
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3.2 A Go Ahead for the Human Space Flight Programme |
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36 | (4) |
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3.3 Catering to Domestic and International Markets (1991-2000) |
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40 | (3) |
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3.4 US Imposes Sanctions on China |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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45 | (2) |
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4 The Growth Phase of China's Space Programme (2001-2020) |
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47 | (14) |
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4.1 Restructuring to Cope with New Challenges-2001-2008 |
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47 | (2) |
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4.2 The Human Space Flight Programme |
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49 | (2) |
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4.3 The Lunar Exploration Programme |
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51 | (1) |
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52 | (1) |
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4.5 Consolidation and Restructuring-2008 |
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52 | (1) |
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4.6 Major PLA Reform and Military Space 2015 |
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53 | (2) |
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4.7 Major Achievements and Strategic Directions (2001-2020) |
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55 | (4) |
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59 | (2) |
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5 Strategic Trends and Future Directions |
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61 | (42) |
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61 | (4) |
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65 | (3) |
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68 | (1) |
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69 | (2) |
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5.5 China as a Space Power |
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71 | (4) |
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Annexure 5.1: List of Satellite Launchings 1970-2020 |
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75 | (25) |
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100 | (3) |
Part II Assessments |
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6 Chinese Recoverable Satellites |
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103 | (6) |
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103 | (1) |
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6.2 The FSW Recoverable Series-The Launch Record |
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104 | (2) |
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106 | (1) |
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107 | (2) |
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7 China's Communications Satellites |
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109 | (14) |
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109 | (1) |
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7.2 The Composition and Evolution of China's GSO Communications Satellites |
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110 | (1) |
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7.3 Benchmarking Chinese Communications Satellites |
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111 | (7) |
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7.4 Military Communications |
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118 | (1) |
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7.5 In Orbit Delivery to Global Customers |
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118 | (1) |
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7.6 Tianlian Data Relay Satellites |
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119 | (1) |
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7.7 A New Trend-LEO Small Satellite Constellations for Internet Needs |
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119 | (2) |
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121 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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8 China's Weather Satellites |
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123 | (10) |
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123 | (1) |
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8.2 The Weather Satellite Log |
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123 | (1) |
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8.3 The Polar Orbiting FY 1 and FY 3 Series |
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124 | (3) |
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8.4 The Geostationary FY 2 Series |
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127 | (1) |
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8.5 Benchmarking Chinese Weather Satellites |
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128 | (3) |
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131 | (2) |
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9 China's Remote Sensing Satellites |
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133 | (36) |
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9.1 China's Remote Sensing Satellites |
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133 | (1) |
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9.2 Two Types of Yaogan (YG) ELINT Constellations |
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134 | (5) |
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9.3 Broad Area Coverage Yaogan (YG) Electro-Optical (EO) Satellites |
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139 | (1) |
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9.4 Yaogan (YG) SAR Satellites |
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139 | (1) |
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9.5 High-Resolution Yaogan (YG) EO Satellites |
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139 | (1) |
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9.6 The Yaogan (YG) 32 A, 32 B and Yaogan 33 Satellites-A New Series? |
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140 | (1) |
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9.7 Development Oriented Civilian Remote Sensing Satellites |
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140 | (5) |
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9.8 China Brazil Earth Resources Satellite (CBERS) Series of Remote Sensing Satellites |
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145 | (1) |
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9.9 The Huanjing (Hi) Series of Optical and SAR Satellites for APSCO |
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145 | (1) |
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9.10 Haiyang (HY) Ocean Series |
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146 | (1) |
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9.11 The Tansuo (TAN) Series |
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147 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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9.13 The Ziyuan (ZY) Series |
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148 | (1) |
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9.14 The Gaofen (GF) Series of Satellites |
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149 | (2) |
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9.15 Commercial Small Satellite Remote Sensing Constellations-An Emerging Trend |
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151 | (6) |
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9.16 A Remote Sensing Satellite Timeline |
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157 | (1) |
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9.17 The Dominance of the Military Function |
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157 | (1) |
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9.18 Civilian Uses of Remote Sensing |
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158 | (2) |
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160 | (1) |
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Annexure 9.1: China's Remote Sensing Satellites |
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160 | (7) |
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167 | (2) |
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10 China's Navigation Satellite Constellation |
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169 | (14) |
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10.1 The Beidou Navigation System is Operational |
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169 | (1) |
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10.2 Origins and Evolution of China's Navigation Satellite Programme |
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169 | (5) |
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10.3 Assessment of System Capabilities (Chandrashekar 2015) |
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174 | (3) |
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10.4 The Standards Battle-Who Will Win? |
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177 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
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Annexure 10.1: List of Navigation Satellites Launched by China till End 2020 |
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179 | (2) |
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181 | (2) |
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11 The Human Space Flight Programme |
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183 | (16) |
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183 | (1) |
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11.2 The Shenzhou Spacecraft |
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184 | (2) |
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11.3 The Tiangong Space Laboratory |
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186 | (2) |
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188 | (1) |
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11.5 The CZ 2F, CZ 5, and CZ 7 Launchers |
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188 | (1) |
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11.6 Tracking Telemetry and Command (TT&C) Capabilities |
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189 | (1) |
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11.7 The Organization of the Human Space Flight Programme |
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190 | (2) |
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11.8 Benchmarking China's Space Station |
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192 | (2) |
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194 | (1) |
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Annexure 11.1: Timeline of Shenzhou and Tiangong Missions |
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195 | (2) |
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197 | (2) |
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12 Breakthrough Research in Space Science and Applications |
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199 | (18) |
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199 | (1) |
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12.2 A Push for Space Science |
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200 | (1) |
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12.3 The Lunar Exploration Programme |
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201 | (6) |
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12.4 Organizational Challenges for the Lunar Programme |
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207 | (1) |
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12.5 A Space Science and Technology Future for China-A CAS Perspective |
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208 | (2) |
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12.6 The Tianwen Mission to Mars |
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210 | (1) |
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12.7 Other Major Achievements of China's Space Science Programme |
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211 | (1) |
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12.8 Overall Assessment of China's Space Science Activities |
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211 | (5) |
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216 | (1) |
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13 China's Military Satellites |
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217 | (28) |
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13.1 Command, Control, Communications, and Computers (C4) Capabilities |
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217 | (1) |
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13.2 Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) Capabilities |
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217 | (1) |
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13.3 Space-Based Navigation Satellites |
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218 | (1) |
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218 | (1) |
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13.5 The Human Space Flight Programme |
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218 | (1) |
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219 | (1) |
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13.7 ELINT Military Satellites |
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219 | (3) |
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13.8 Ballistic Missile Defence (BMD), Anti-satellite (ASAT), and Space Situational Awareness (SSA) |
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222 | (4) |
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222 | (1) |
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223 | (3) |
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13.9 Small Satellite Constellations and Testing |
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226 | (1) |
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13.10 Organization Changes Lend Teeth to China's Military Strategy |
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226 | (2) |
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13.11 Overview-Military Space |
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228 | (1) |
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229 | (14) |
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230 | (1) |
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13.12.2 Shift in Focus Towards Theatre Surveillance and Military Operations |
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231 | (3) |
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13.12.3 Studying ELINT Coverage of Taiwan-Approach |
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234 | (1) |
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13.12.4 Large Area ELINT Coverage over Taiwan |
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234 | (1) |
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13.12.5 The Yaogan Theatre ELINT Coverage |
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235 | (1) |
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13.12.6 Combining Large Area and Theatre ELINT Surveillance Systems |
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236 | (3) |
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13.12.7 Complementary EO and SAR Military Satellites for Surveillance |
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239 | (2) |
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13.12.8 Space-A Major Constituent of China's Military Power |
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241 | (2) |
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243 | (2) |
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14 China's Launch Vehicle Programme |
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245 | (46) |
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14.1 Background and Trends |
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245 | (1) |
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14.2 Greener Dedicated Satellite Launch Vehicles-A New Direction |
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246 | (2) |
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14.3 Competition for Launch Services-Domestic and International |
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248 | (1) |
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14.4 Overview of the Launch Vehicle Programme |
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249 | (4) |
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14.5 China's Workhorse Launchers-The CZ 2, CZ 3, and CZ 4 Series |
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253 | (1) |
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14.6 Assessment of Capabilities |
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254 | (5) |
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259 | (1) |
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Annexure 14.1: Details of China's Satellite Launch Vehicles |
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260 | (27) |
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Annexure 14.2: The Launcher Record |
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287 | (1) |
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Annexure 14.3: Connections-Engines, Stages, and Launchers in the CZ 2, CZ 3, and the CZ 4 Family of Launch Vehicles |
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287 | (4) |
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15 Space Infrastructure in China |
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291 | (16) |
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291 | (1) |
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291 | (3) |
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15.3 China's Tracking Telemetry and Command (TT&C) Centres |
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294 | (2) |
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15.4 Remote Sensing Satellite Ground Station (RSGS) |
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296 | (1) |
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15.5 National Satellite Meteorological Centre |
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297 | (1) |
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15.6 Satellite Communication Infrastructure |
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297 | (2) |
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299 | (5) |
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15.8 Domestic Competition |
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304 | (1) |
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305 | (1) |
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305 | (2) |
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16 International Footprints of China's Space Programme |
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307 | (17) |
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307 | (1) |
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16.2 Satellites and Launch Services for International Customers |
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308 | (2) |
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16.3 Comsat Launch Services-Impact of US Embargo |
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310 | (2) |
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16.4 Foreign Launch Services for Procured Satellites |
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312 | (1) |
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16.5 Remote Sensing and Other Areas |
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313 | (2) |
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16.6 Piggyback Satellites |
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315 | (1) |
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16.7 China's International Space Footprints and Strategy |
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316 | (6) |
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16.8 China and the United Nations |
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322 | (2) |
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Annexure 16.1: Chinese Launch Services to Other Countries-End 2020 |
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324 | (2) |
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Annexure 16.2: In-Orbit Delivery and Satellites for Intl Cooperative Programmes-End 2020 |
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326 | (1) |
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Annexure 16.3: International Piggyback Payloads and Satellites on Chinese Launchers-End 2020 |
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327 | (2) |
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329 | (1) |
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330 | |