| Preface |
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xiv | |
| Introduction |
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1 | (7) |
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1 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (3) |
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8 | (39) |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (6) |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (2) |
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12 | (2) |
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1.3.1 The plural suffix-men |
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13 | (1) |
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1.3.2 Nouns and definite or indefinite reference |
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13 | (1) |
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1.4 Nouns and conjunctions |
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14 | (1) |
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1.5 Common nouns: countability |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (5) |
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15 | (1) |
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2.1.1 Two forms of the number two |
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16 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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2.4 Fractions, percentages, decimals, multiples and `every' |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (2) |
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20 | (9) |
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20 | (2) |
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22 | (5) |
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27 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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3.6 Relationship between measures and nouns |
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28 | (1) |
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29 | (10) |
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29 | (3) |
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32 | (1) |
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4.3 Demonstrative pronouns |
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33 | (1) |
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4.4 Interrogative pronouns |
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34 | (2) |
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36 | (2) |
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4.6 Pronouns and conjunctions |
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38 | (1) |
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5 Adjectives and attributives |
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39 | (8) |
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39 | (1) |
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5.2 Adjectives as attributives |
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39 | (2) |
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5.2.1 Monosyllabic adjectives |
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39 | (1) |
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5.2.2 Polysyllabic adjectives and de |
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40 | (1) |
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5.2.3 Disyllabic adjectives and de |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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5.3.1 Nominal attributives and de |
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41 | (1) |
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5.4 Prepositional and postpositional phrases as attributives |
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41 | (1) |
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5.5 Verbal phrases or clauses as attributives |
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42 | (1) |
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5.6 The order of sequential attributives |
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43 | (1) |
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5.7 Demonstrative and numeral phrases with other attributives |
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43 | (1) |
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5.8 Possessive pronouns and other attributives |
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44 | (1) |
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5.9 Er between adjectives |
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45 | (1) |
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5.10 Omission of the noun following an attributive |
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45 | (1) |
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5.11 Attributives in word-formation |
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45 | (2) |
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47 | (104) |
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47 | (1) |
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6 Adjectival and nominal predicates; the verb shi |
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48 | (7) |
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6.1 Adjectival predicates |
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48 | (1) |
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6.2 Adjectival predicates and the verb `to be' |
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48 | (3) |
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6.2.1 Adjectival predicates and degree adverbs |
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48 | (1) |
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6.2.2 Adjectival predicates in the negative |
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49 | (1) |
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6.2.3 Adjectival predicates followed by verbs |
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50 | (1) |
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6.3 Non-gradable adjectives as attributives |
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51 | (1) |
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6.3.1 Attributives of shape, colour or material |
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51 | (1) |
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6.4 Nominal and pronominal predicates |
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52 | (3) |
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6.4.1 Verbs resembling shi |
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54 | (1) |
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6.4.2 Nominal predicates without a copula |
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54 | (1) |
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6.5 The copula shi in its negative form |
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55 | (1) |
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7 The verb you; comparisons |
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55 | (9) |
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55 | (4) |
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7.1.1 You indicating possession |
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55 | (1) |
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7.1.2 Mei as negative of you |
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56 | (1) |
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7.1.3 You indicating change or development |
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56 | (1) |
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7.1.4 You forming idiomatic expressions |
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57 | (2) |
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7.1.5 You introducing adjectival predicates |
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59 | (1) |
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59 | (4) |
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7.2.1 Emphatic or specific comparison |
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60 | (1) |
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7.2.2 Negative comparison |
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61 | (1) |
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7.2.3 Comparison: equivalence or similarity |
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62 | (1) |
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7.3 Comparatives and superlatives |
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63 | (1) |
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8 Verbs and aspect markers |
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64 | (14) |
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8.1 Action, state and dative verbs |
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (7) |
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65 | (2) |
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67 | (2) |
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69 | (2) |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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73 | (2) |
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8.5.1 Dative verbs relating to spoken activity |
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74 | (1) |
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8.5.2 Dative verbs and aspect markers |
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74 | (1) |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (2) |
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78 | (1) |
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8.7.2 Imperatives and aspect markers |
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78 | (1) |
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9 Motion verbs and direction indicators |
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78 | (8) |
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9.1 Motion verbs and simple direction indicators |
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78 | (3) |
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9.2 Motion verbs and compound direction indicators |
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81 | (3) |
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9.3 Motion verbs with metaphorical meaning |
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84 | (1) |
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9.4 Direction indicators with specific meanings |
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85 | (1) |
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86 | (11) |
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86 | (1) |
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10.2 Point of time expressions |
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87 | (4) |
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10.2.1 Detailed time expressions |
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91 | (1) |
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10.3 Point-of-time expressions incorporating verbal phrases |
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91 | (1) |
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10.4 Imprecise points of time |
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92 | (2) |
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10.5 Indefinite points of time |
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94 | (1) |
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10.6 Frequency expressions with mei |
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95 | (1) |
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10.7 Time expressions in existence sentences |
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95 | (2) |
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10.7.1 Time expressions in emergence or disappearance sentences |
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96 | (1) |
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97 | (10) |
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11.1 Location expressions |
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97 | (1) |
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11.2 Zai and postpositional phrases |
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97 | (3) |
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11.2.1 Disyllabic postpositions |
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98 | (2) |
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11.2.2 Disyllabic postpositions as location pronouns |
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100 | (1) |
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11.3 Simple location sentences |
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100 | (1) |
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11.4 Location phrases modifying main verbs |
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101 | (2) |
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11.5 Location phrases in existence sentences |
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103 | (3) |
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11.5.1 Shi in existence sentences |
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104 | (1) |
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11.5.2 Zhe in existence sentences |
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105 | (1) |
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11.6 Le in emergence or disappearance sentences |
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106 | (1) |
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11.7 Order of sequence of time and location phrases |
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107 | (1) |
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12 Verbs: duration and frequency |
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107 | (7) |
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12.1 Duration expressions |
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107 | (4) |
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12.1.1 Duration expressions and noun objects |
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108 | (1) |
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12.1.2 Repetition of the verb in a noun-object-duration structure |
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109 | (1) |
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12.1.3 Duration expressions and pronoun objects |
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110 | (1) |
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12.1.4 Duration expressions in dative construction |
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110 | (1) |
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12.1.5 Duration expressions and definite reference |
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110 | (1) |
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111 | (2) |
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12.2.1 Brief duration and instrumental objects |
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112 | (1) |
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12.3 Frequency expressions |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (13) |
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114 | (1) |
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13.2 Complements of result |
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115 | (3) |
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13.3 Potential complements |
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118 | (3) |
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13.3.1 Potential complements using direction indicators |
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119 | (1) |
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13.3.2 Metaphorical meanings of potential complements |
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120 | (1) |
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13.4 Complements of manner and of consequential state |
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121 | (4) |
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13.4.1 Modification of complement of manner |
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121 | (1) |
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13.4.2 Complement of consequential state |
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122 | (1) |
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13.4.3 Complements of manner or consequential state with a `verb + object' verb |
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123 | (1) |
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13.4.4 Adjectival complements of manner in comparisons |
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123 | (1) |
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13.4.5 Complement-of-manner comparison with a `verb + object' verb |
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124 | (1) |
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13.5 Complement of location or destination |
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125 | (1) |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (12) |
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14.1 Adverbials of manner |
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127 | (4) |
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14.1.1 Monosyllabic adjectives as adverbials of manner |
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128 | (1) |
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14.1.2 Adverbials of manner with marked verbs |
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129 | (1) |
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14.1.3 Adverbials of manner with unmarked verbs |
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129 | (1) |
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14.1.4 Monosyllabic adverbial modifiers without de |
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129 | (1) |
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14.1.5 Particular types of adverbials of manner |
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130 | (1) |
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14.2 Attitudinal adverbial expressions |
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131 | (1) |
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132 | (5) |
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14.4 Referential adverbs with negatives |
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137 | (1) |
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14.5 Order of sequence of referential adverbs |
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138 | (1) |
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14.6 Order of adverbials in sequence |
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138 | (1) |
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15 Modal and similar verbs |
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139 | (12) |
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15.1 Modal, attitudinal and intentional verbs |
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (6) |
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15.2.1 Modal verbs and adverbs of degree |
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145 | (1) |
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15.2.2 Modal verbs and comparison |
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146 | (1) |
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146 | (2) |
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147 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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148 | (3) |
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15.4.1 Negation of intentional verbs |
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149 | (2) |
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151 | (101) |
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151 | (1) |
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16 Statements and the sentence particle le |
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152 | (8) |
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16.1 Le as a sentence particle |
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152 | (1) |
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16.2 Functions of sentence le |
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153 | (3) |
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16.2.1 Summing-up function of le |
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154 | (1) |
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16.2.2 Le as both sentence particle and aspect marker |
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155 | (1) |
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16.3 Cases where sentence le is not used |
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156 | (3) |
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16.4 Ultimate versatility of sentence le |
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159 | (1) |
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160 | (17) |
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17.1 Question-word questions |
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160 | (8) |
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164 | (1) |
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165 | (3) |
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168 | (1) |
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17.2 General questions with ma |
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168 | (3) |
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17.3 Surmise questions with ba |
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171 | (1) |
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17.4 Affirmative-negative questions |
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172 | (2) |
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17.5 Alternative questions with haishi |
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174 | (1) |
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17.6 Tags indicating suggestion |
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175 | (1) |
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17.7 Tags seeking confirmation |
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176 | (1) |
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17.8 Rhetorical questions |
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176 | (1) |
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18 Subject and predicate; topic and comment |
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177 | (9) |
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18.1 Dual patterning of sentence structures |
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177 | (1) |
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18.2 Subject-predicate sentences |
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177 | (3) |
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18.3 Topic-comment sentences |
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180 | (2) |
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18.3.1 Further ways to form topic-comment sentences |
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182 | (1) |
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18.4 Topic | subject-predicate sentences |
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182 | (2) |
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18.4.1 Notional passive sentences |
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183 | (1) |
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18.5 Subject | topic-comment sentences |
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184 | (1) |
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18.6 A verbal or sentential construction beginning an utterance |
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185 | (1) |
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19 Prepositions and coverbs |
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186 | (9) |
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186 | (7) |
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19.1.1 Coverbs of place and time |
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187 | (3) |
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19.1.2 Coverbs of methods and means |
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190 | (1) |
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19.1.3 Coverbs of human exchange and service |
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191 | (2) |
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19.1.4 Coverbs of reference |
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193 | (1) |
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19.1.5 Coverbs and comparison |
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193 | (1) |
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19.2 Disyllabic prepositions |
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193 | (2) |
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20 BS and bei constructions |
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195 | (11) |
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195 | (8) |
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20.1.1 The ba construction and complements |
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197 | (2) |
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20.1.2 Le and zhe as complements in ba sentences |
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199 | (1) |
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20.1.3 Ba and resultative complements |
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199 | (1) |
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20.1.4 Ndng and gao in ba sentences |
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200 | (1) |
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20.1.5 Negative ba sentences |
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201 | (1) |
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20.1.6 Ba and modal verbs |
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201 | (1) |
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20.1.7 Ba and indefinite reference |
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202 | (1) |
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20.2 The bei construction |
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203 | (2) |
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204 | (1) |
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20.2.2 The bei construction with an agent |
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204 | (1) |
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20.2.3 Negative bei sentences |
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204 | (1) |
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20.3 The bei construction versus the notional passives |
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205 | (1) |
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206 | (9) |
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21.1 General features of serial constructions |
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206 | (1) |
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21.2 Semantic varieties in serial constructions |
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206 | (4) |
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21.3 Adjectives or state verbs in serial constructions |
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210 | (1) |
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21.4 Dative constructions |
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211 | (1) |
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21.5 Causative constructions |
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211 | (4) |
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21.5.1 Qing in a causative construction |
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213 | (1) |
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21.5.2 Extended causative constructions |
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214 | (1) |
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21.6 Extended serial constructions |
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215 | (1) |
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22 Emphasis and the intensifier shi |
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215 | (9) |
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22.1 Shi as an intensifier |
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215 | (1) |
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22.2 The shi de construction |
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216 | (4) |
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22.2.1 Subject and object emphasis in shi de sentences |
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218 | (1) |
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22.2.2 Shi... de construction and bu |
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219 | (1) |
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22.3 Shi without de for progression and projection |
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220 | (2) |
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22.3.1 Contexts for shi (without de) sentences |
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220 | (1) |
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22.3.2 Shi and comparison |
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221 | (1) |
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221 | (1) |
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22.4 Shi and topic-comment sentences |
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222 | (1) |
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22.4.1 Shi implying reservation |
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222 | (1) |
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22.4.2 `Verb/adjective + shi + verb/adjective' implying reservation |
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223 | (1) |
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22.5 Repetition and emphasis |
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223 | (1) |
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23 Abbreviation and omission |
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224 | (6) |
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23.1 Three types of abbreviation |
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224 | (1) |
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23.2 Conventional abbreviations as subjectless sentences |
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224 | (4) |
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23.3 Contextual abbreviation |
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228 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
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23.4.1 Cotextual omissions and headwords |
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229 | (1) |
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23.4.2 Cotextual omissions in answers |
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229 | (1) |
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23.4.3 Contextual/cotextual omissions in extended passages |
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230 | (1) |
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24 Composite sentences: conjunctions and conjunctives |
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230 | (16) |
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24.1 Types of composite sentence |
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230 | (1) |
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24.2 Conjunctions and conjunctives |
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231 | (12) |
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24.2.1 Meanings and functions of composite sentences |
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233 | (10) |
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24.2.2 Paired conjunctives |
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243 | (1) |
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24.3 Composite sentences as parallel structures |
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243 | (2) |
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24.4 Verbs taking object clauses |
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245 | (1) |
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25 Exclamations and interjections; appositions; and apostrophes |
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246 | (6) |
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246 | (2) |
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25.1.1 Exclamations with tai |
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247 | (1) |
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25.1.2 Question-word questions as exclamations |
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248 | (1) |
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248 | (2) |
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25.2.1 Tone variations in interjections |
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249 | (1) |
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250 | (1) |
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25.4 People being addressed [ apostrophe] |
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251 | (1) |
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252 | (23) |
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252 | (1) |
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253 | (4) |
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257 | (3) |
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260 | (3) |
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263 | (3) |
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266 | (2) |
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26.6 An explanatory piece of writing |
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268 | (3) |
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26.7 An argumentative piece of writing |
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271 | (4) |
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Part V Speech habits: meaning and form |
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275 | (12) |
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275 | (1) |
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27.1 Universal, contextual or cotextual omissions and abbreviations |
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276 | (3) |
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27.1.1 Sentence patterns (1) |
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276 | (1) |
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27.1.2 Sentence patterns (2) |
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277 | (2) |
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27.2 Sentence extension following paragraph patterns |
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279 | (2) |
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27.3 Further features of sentence extension |
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281 | (6) |
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27.3.1 Sentences enlarged or extended by illustration or exemplification |
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282 | (1) |
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27.3.2 Sentences extended by reasoning |
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282 | (1) |
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27.3.3 Sentences extended by detailing or amplification |
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283 | (1) |
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27.3.4 Sentences extended by result or purpose |
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284 | (3) |
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Part VI Writing conventions: classical quadrisyllable patterns or idioms |
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287 | (10) |
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287 | (1) |
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28.1 An overview of four-character or quadrisyllable idioms |
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287 | (5) |
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28.1.1 The distinction between quadrisyllable patterns and quadrisyllabic idioms |
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288 | (1) |
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28.1.2 The internal structure of quadrisyllabic idioms |
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288 | (4) |
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28.2 Quadrisyllabic idioms at work |
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292 | (2) |
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28.3 How quadrisyllabic idioms mix comfortably with other rhythms in writing |
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294 | (3) |
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Part VII Contemporary developments in Chinese: new syntactic and lexical tendencies |
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297 | (10) |
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297 | (1) |
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29 Contemporary linguistic developments |
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297 | (10) |
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29.1 New syntactic tendencies |
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297 | (4) |
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29.1.1 Shift of word classes |
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297 | (1) |
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29.1.2 Extensive use of (pseudo-)suffixes or (pseudo-) prefixes |
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298 | (2) |
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29.1.3 Multi-syllabic coinages on `attributive + headword' syntactic pattern |
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300 | (1) |
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29.2 New ways of lexicalisation |
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301 | (6) |
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301 | (1) |
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29.2.2 Semantic/phonetic calques (total or partial) |
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302 | (1) |
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29.2.3 Intra-language transliterations |
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302 | (1) |
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29.2.4 Internet neologisms |
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303 | (1) |
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29.2.5 Neologisms occurring in conversational exchanges |
|
|
303 | (3) |
|
29.2.6 Abbreviations from quadrisyllabic idioms |
|
|
306 | (1) |
| Glossary of grammatical terms |
|
307 | (5) |
| Index |
|
312 | |
