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E-grāmata: Civil Liability in Europe for Terrorism-Related Risk

(Universiteit Maastricht, Netherlands), (Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Austria), (Universiteit Maastricht, Netherlands),
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Civil Liability in Europe for Terrorism-Related RiskPalielināt
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Today terrorism has become a world-wide phenomenon which does not stop at the European borders. Following the 9/11 attacks on the World Trade Centre and terrorist attacks in Paris, Madrid and London, concerns have arisen in Europe about potential liability exposure for terrorism-related damage. This book tackles the problem of civil liability for damage caused by terrorist acts from several angles. The authors expertly deliver a comprehensive analysis of terrorism-related risk under international and EU law, and the national tort law systems of seven representative EU Member States. They also provide a comparison of the situation in Europe to the liability environment in the United States. Risk mitigation strategies are considered and critically assessed, as are alternative systems for redressing terrorism-related risks. The book concludes with a reflection on the analysis and presents possible strategies for future regulation by the European lawmakers.

This book examines liability laws as they relate to terrorism-related damage. For instance, to what extent are facility operators, governments and security firms in Europe exposed to liability for terrorism-related damage? Furthermore, this book analyzes the policy question of whether legislative measures are necessary.

Recenzijas

'This book is an important resource for government (especially their judicial, treasury and commerce departments) as well as business communities that manage the setting of risk premiums on terrorism-related civil liability issues for a country's business sector.' Joshua Sinai, Perspectives on Terrorism

Papildus informācija

Comprehensive and forward-looking analysis of civil liability for terrorism-related risk under international, EU and selected national tort laws.
Introduction 1(8)
Lucas Bergkamp
Michael Faure
Monika Hinteregger
Niels Philipsen
0.1 The problems posed by terrorism for civil liability
1(2)
0.2 Potential claimants and potentially liable parties
3(1)
0.3 Structure of analysis
4(5)
Part I. International and EU law 9(76)
1 Liability for terrorism-related risks under international law
11(45)
Michael Faure
Jing Liu
Niels Philipsen
1.1 Civil aviation
12(7)
1.1.1 1952 Convention on Damage Caused by Foreign Aircraft to Third Parties on the Surface
12(1)
1.1.1.1 Brief summary of the regime
12(1)
1.1.1.2 Basis of liability
12(1)
1.1.1.3 Liable persons (attribution of liability)
13(1)
1.1.1.4 Damage covered
13(1)
1.1.1.5 Exclusions and defences
15(1)
1.1.1.6 Financial security and compensation mechanisms
15(1)
1.1.1.7 Relevance of the Rome Convention
16(1)
1.1.2 1999 Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air
16(1)
1.1.2.1 Brief summary of the regime
16(1)
1.1.2.2 Basis of liability
16(1)
1.1.2.3 Liable persons (attribution of liability)
17(1)
1.1.2.4 Damage covered
17(1)
1.1.2.5 Exclusions and defences
18(1)
1.1.2.6 Financial security and compensation mechanisms
18(1)
1.1.2.7 Relevance of the Montreal Convention
18(1)
1.2 Nuclear liability
19(9)
1.2.1 Summary of the regime
19(2)
1.2.2 Basis of liability
21(1)
1.2.3 Liable persons
21(1)
1.2.4 Damage covered
22(1)
1.2.5 Exclusions and defences
23(1)
1.2.6 Financial security and compensation mechanisms
24(2)
1.2.7 Jurisdictional and procedural issues
26(1)
1.2.8 Relevance of the nuclear liability conventions
27(1)
1.3 Marine oil pollution
28(7)
1.3.1 Brief summary of the regime
28(1)
1.3.2 Basis of liability
29(1)
1.3.3 Liable persons
29(1)
1.3.4 Damage covered
30(1)
1.3.5 Exclusions and defences
31(1)
1.3.6 Financial security and compensation mechanism
31(3)
1.3.7 Jurisdictional and procedural issues
34(1)
1.3.8 Relevance of the marine oil pollution conventions
34(1)
1.4 Other relevant treaties
35(15)
1.4.1 2010 International Convention on Liability and Compensation for Damage in Connection with the Carriage of Hazardous and Noxious Substances by Sea
35(1)
1.4.1.1 Brief summary of the regime
35(1)
1.4.1.2 Basis of liability
37(1)
1.4.1.3 Liable persons
38(1)
1.4.1.4 Limitation of liability
39(1)
1.4.1.5 Financial security and compensation mechanism
42(1)
1.4.1.6 Jurisdictional issues
42(1)
1.4.1.7 Conclusions
43(1)
1.4.2 2003 Protocol on Civil Liability and Compensation for Damage Caused by the Transboundary Effects of Industrial Accidents on Transboundary Waters
44(1)
1.4.2.1 Brief summary of the regime
44(1)
1.4.2.2 Basis of liability
45(1)
1.4.2.3 Liable persons
46(1)
1.4.2.4 Limitation of liability
46(1)
1.4.2.5 Financial security and compensation mechanism
47(1)
1.4.2.6 Conclusions
47(1)
1.4.3 1971 United Nations Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects
48(1)
1.4.3.1 Brief summary of the regime
48(1)
1.4.3.2 Basis of liability
48(1)
1.4.3.3 Liable persons
49(1)
1.4.3.4 Damage covered
49(1)
1.4.3.5 Exclusions and defences
50(1)
1.4.3.6 Conclusions
50(1)
1.5 Conclusions
50(6)
1.5.1 Comparing liability regimes
51(1)
1.5.2 Relevance of the international treaties for TRR
51(3)
1.5.3 Policy relevance
54(2)
2 Liability for terrorism-related risk under EU law
56(29)
Lucas Bergkamp
Nicolas Herbatschek
2.1 Introduction
56(1)
2.2 Member State liability for terrorism-related risk under the Francovich doctrine
57(2)
2.3 EU laws and policies regarding terrorism
59(4)
2.3.1 EU policy on combating terrorism
59(3)
2.3.2 Directive 2004/80/EC relating to compensation to crime victims
62(1)
2.3.2.1 Brief summary of the regime
62(1)
2.3.2.2 Implications for liability for terrorism-related risk
63(1)
2.4 EU legislation relevant to liability for terrorism-related risk
63(19)
2.4.1 Environmental Liability Directive
63(1)
2.4.1.1 Brief summary of the regime
63(1)
2.4.1.2 Exclusions and defences
64(1)
2.4.1.3 Causation
66(1)
2.4.1.4 Environmental Liability Directive's implications for terrorism-related risk
67(2)
2.4.2 Product Liability Directive
69(1)
2.4.2.1 Brief summary of the regime
69(1)
2.4.2.2 The concept of defect
69(1)
2.4.2.3 Exclusions and defences
71(1)
2.4.2.4 Causation
74(1)
2.4.2.5 Product Liability Directive's implications for terrorism-related risk
74(1)
2.4.3 Regulations and effects on liability
75(2)
2.4.4 EU legislation regarding cross-border claims
77(1)
2.4.4.1 Regulation 44/2001 on the jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters
78(1)
2.4.4.1.1 Brief summary of the regime
78(1)
2.4.4.1.2 Conclusions
79(1)
2.4.4.2 Regulation 864/2007 on the law applicable to non-contractual obligations
80(1)
2.4.4.2.1 Brief summary of the regime
80(1)
2.4.4.2.2 Conclusions
81(1)
2.5 Conclusions
82(5)
2.5.1 Liability regimes
82(1)
2.5.2 Regulatory regimes
82(2)
2.5.3 Relevance for the security industry
84(1)
Part II. Liability for terrorism-related risk under Member State law 85(122)
3 Civil liability systems of seven EU Member States
87(27)
Monika Hinteregger
3.1 Bases of liability
87(17)
3.1.1 Fault-based liability
87(1)
3.1.1.1 Legal basis
87(1)
3.1.1.2 Duty of care and unlawfulness
88(1)
3.1.1.3 Breach of duty of care and fault
89(1)
3.1.1.4 Contributory negligence
89(1)
3.1.1.5 Vicarious liability
89(1)
3.1.1.6 Burden of proof
91(1)
3.1.2 Product liability
92(2)
3.1.3 Special liability regimes
94(1)
3.1.3.1 General instruments increasing liability exposure for dangerous activities
94(1)
3.1.3.2 Special third-party liability regimes
96(1)
3.1.3.2.1 Aeroplanes
96(1)
3.1.3.2.2 Genetically modified organisms (GMOs)
98(1)
3.1.3.2.3 Nuclear installations
98(1)
3.1.3.2.4 Medical products (pharmaceuticals)
103(1)
3.1.3.2.5 Environmental harm
103(1)
3.2 Relationship between tort liability and regulation
104(2)
3.2.1 Relationship between tort liability and regulation in general
104(1)
3.2.2 Specific regulations affecting liability risks of security providers
105(1)
3.3 Causation
106(1)
3.3.1 Standard burden of proof regarding causation
106(1)
3.3.2 Instruments to lighten the burden of proof regarding causation
106(1)
3.4 Attribution of liability
107(1)
3.5 Damages and available remedies
108(3)
3.5.1 Types of compensable damages
108(2)
3.5.2 Exclusion of heads of damage by contractual agreement
110(1)
3.5.3 Special instruments for mitigating the liability of the tortfeasor
111(1)
3.6 Alternative compensation mechanisms
111(3)
3.6.1 Alternative compensation schemes
111(1)
3.6.2 Compensation schemes for victims of terrorism
112(1)
3.6.3 Special rules on case management
113(1)
4 Case studies
114(71)
Cases: Monika Hinteregger; England and Wales: Claire McIvor; France: Florence G'sell; Germany: Peter Rott; Netherlands: Siewert Lindenbergh and Willem van Boom; Poland: Ewa Baginska; Spain: Pedro del Olmo; Sweden: Philip Mielnicki and Marten Schultz)
114(71)
4.1 Case 1 Defective emergency stop button
114(13)
4.2 Case 2 Defective safety programmable logic controller
127(25)
4.3 Case 3 Public service (infrastructure) undertaking
152(13)
4.4 Case 4 Border control
165(7)
4.5 Case 5 Aeroplane crash
172(13)
5 Comparative analysis
185(22)
Monika Hinteregger
5.1 Liability of operator of dangerous activities
185(2)
5.1.1 Heads of liability
185(1)
5.1.1.1 Fault-based liability
185(1)
5.1.1.2 Strict liability
186(1)
5.2 Liability of security providers
187(5)
5.2.1 Towards customers
187(2)
5.2.2 Towards third parties
189(1)
5.2.2.1 Fault-based liability
189(1)
5.2.2.1.1 Duty of care
189(1)
5.2.2.1.2 Effect of regulations for the security provider on fault-based liability
190(1)
5.2.2.2 Product liability
191(1)
5.2.3 Recourse of operator against security provider and vice versa
191(1)
5.3 Liability for pure economic loss and environmental damage
192(3)
5.4 Liability for damage caused by natural disaster or act of terror
195(6)
5.4.1 Case 2: Negligence and fault-based liability
195(1)
5.4.2 Case 3: Public service undertaking
196(1)
5.4.3 Case 4: Border control
197(1)
5.4.4 Case 5: Aeroplane crash
198(3)
5.5 Conclusions
201(8)
5.5.1 Liability of operators of dangerous activities
201(1)
5.5.2 Liability of security providers
201(1)
5.5.2.1 Liability to customers
201(1)
5.5.2.2 Liability towards third parties
202(1)
5.5.3 Pure economic loss and environmental harm
203(1)
5.5.4 Multiple causation and recourse
204(1)
5.5.5 Standard and burden of proof
204(1)
5.5.6 Liability of operators or security providers for damage caused by natural disaster or act of terror
205(2)
Part III. Assessment of liability for terrorism-related risk 207(123)
6 Insurance of terrorism-related risks
209(30)
Michael Faure
Niels Philipsen
6.1 Insurance: Legal and economic background
209(7)
6.1.1 Reducing risks
210(2)
6.1.2 Conditions of insurability
212(3)
6.1.3 Conclusions
215(1)
6.2 Insurance of man-made disasters
216(14)
6.2.1 Demand-side problems: the case for compulsory liability insurance
218(2)
6.2.2 Supply-side problems
220(1)
6.2.3 Government support needed?
220(1)
6.2.3.1 The case for public-private partnerships
220(1)
6.2.3.2 Government providing an additional layer
223(1)
6.2.3.3 The Consorcio de Compensacion de Seguros
224(1)
6.2.3.4 The Fukushima case
225(5)
6.3 Insurance of terrorism-related risk
230(7)
6.4 Conclusions
237(2)
7 Contracting for liability limitation
239(13)
Lucas Bergkamp
Michael Faure
7.1 Industry practices with respect to limitation of liability
240(8)
7.1.1 Analysis of three specific sectors
240(2)
7.1.2 Industry practices in other sectors
242(4)
7.1.3 Relevance for the security industry
246(2)
7.2 Risk mitigation strategies
248(2)
7.3 Conclusions
250(2)
8 Alternative systems for redressing terrorism-related risks
252(31)
Lucas Bergkamp
Michael Faure
8.1 The US Safety Act
252(10)
8.1.1 Exclusive federal cause of action against sellers of QATT
254(1)
8.1.2 Exclusive jurisdiction in a federal district court
255(1)
8.1.3 Limited relief
255(1)
8.1.4 Government contractor defence
255(1)
8.1.5 Liability capped to the amount of insurance coverage
256(1)
8.1.5.1 Institutional features
258(1)
8.1.5.1.1 Central role of federal agency
258(1)
8.1.5.1.2 Exclusive federal cause of action
259(1)
8.1.5.2 Procedural features
259(1)
8.1.5.2.1 Review procedure
259(1)
8.1.5.2.2 Publication of the decisions
260(1)
8.1.5.2.3 Supervision of the use of the Safety Act mark
260(1)
8.1.5.3 Substantive features
260(2)
8.2 Insurance of natural disasters
262(15)
8.2.1 First-party insurance for natural disasters
262(2)
8.2.2 Demand-side problems
264(1)
8.2.3 The case for comprehensive disaster insurance
265(1)
8.2.3.1 Theory
265(1)
8.2.3.2 Examples
268(2)
8.2.4 Supply-side problems
270(2)
8.2.5 Government support
272(1)
8.2.5.1 CCR
273(1)
8.2.5.2 CEA
275(1)
8.2.6 Conclusions
276(1)
8.3 Victim compensation solutions
277(2)
8.4 Government-provided compensation
279(4)
8.4.1 Arguments in favour of government compensation
279(1)
8.4.2 Arguments against government compensation
280(1)
8.4.3 Policy recommendation
281(2)
9 Is liability for terrorism-related risk enterprise-threatening?
283(17)
Lucas Bergkamp
Nicolas Herbatschek
9.1 Introduction
283(1)
9.2 Terrorist attacks and case law
284(2)
9.2.1 The September 11 attacks (9/11)
284(1)
9.2.2 The Lockerbie bombing
285(1)
9.2.3 The Korean Air Lines shootdown
285(1)
9.2.4 World Trade Center bombing
286(1)
9.2.5 School, theatre and mall shootings
286(1)
9.3 Arguments in favour of limiting liability for terrorism-related risk in the EU
286(10)
9.3.1 The extent of liability exposure
288(5)
9.3.2 Risk mitigation strategies
293(3)
9.4 Conclusions
296(4)
10 Economic analysis of current liability for terrorism-related risk and alternatives
300(16)
Michael Faure
Niels Philipsen
10.1 Goals and functions of liability law
301(2)
10.1.1 Goals
301(1)
10.1.2 Functions
302(1)
10.2 Lessons from EU law
303(4)
10.3 Lessons from international law
307(1)
10.4 Limiting liability
307(4)
10.5 Mandatory financial security
311(2)
10.6 Conclusions
313(3)
11 Is there a role for the European Union?
316(14)
Lucas Bergkamp
Nicolas Herbatschek
11.1 Options to limit liability
317(6)
11.1.1 Safety Act
318(1)
11.1.2 Other liability limitations
318(2)
11.1.3 Initiatives addressing issues in the market for security goods and services
320(1)
11.1.4 Initiatives aimed at the insurance market
321(1)
11.1.5 A Commission recommendation or communication?
322(1)
11.2 Procedural solutions
323(1)
11.3 Victim compensation solutions
324(1)
11.3.1 Initiatives aimed at informing the security industry and, as necessary, insurers, Member States and other stakeholders about issues of liability (and, if necessary, insurance and contracting)
324(1)
11.4 Prerequisites in institutional EU law
325(5)
11.4.1 EU competence
325(3)
11.4.2 General principles of EU law
328(1)
11.4.3 Conclusions
329(1)
Conclusions 330(8)
Lucas Bergkamp
Michael Faure
Monika Hinteregger
Niels Philipsen
Bibliography 338(18)
Index 356
Lucas Bergkamp is a partner in Hunton and Williams LLP's Brussels office and heads the European Regulatory practice. His practice concentrates on regulatory issues, in particular environmental, health and safety, product regulation and related liability and transactional matters. He currently teaches the Masters of European Energy and Environmental Law at KU Leuven. Michael Faure is Professor of Comparative Private Law and Economics at Erasmus University Rotterdam and Professor of Comparative and International Environmental Law at Universiteit Maastricht, The Netherlands. He serves also as Academic Director of the Maastricht European Institute for Transnational Legal Research (METRO). Monika Hinteregger is Professor of Civil Law at the Department of Civil Law, Foreign and International Private Law, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Austria. She has published abundantly on the topic of tort law and environmental liability. Niels Philipsen is Associate Professor in Law and Economics at Universiteit Maastricht, The Netherlands and serves as Vice-Director of the Maastricht European Institute for Transnational Legal Research (METRO).
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