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E-grāmata: Civil Liability for Marine Oil Pollution Damage: A Comparative and Economic Study of the International, US and Chinese Compensation Regime

  • Formāts: 440 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 15-Sep-2011
  • Izdevniecība: Kluwer Law International
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9789041150653
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Civil Liability for Marine Oil Pollution Damage: A Comparative and Economic Study of the International, US and Chinese Compensation RegimePalielināt
  • Formāts: 440 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 15-Sep-2011
  • Izdevniecība: Kluwer Law International
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9789041150653
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Intended not as a handbook for oil pollution issues, this book instead examines in detail "...the most characteristic features of the civil liability regime for oil pollution damage, such as the strict liability, the channeling of liability, limitation of liability, compulsory insurance and alternative financial compensation mechanism." With this focus, Hui (PhD, 2011, Erasmus U. of Rotterdam, The Netherlands) offers in-depth analysis from a legal and economics perspective and discussion of whether the system is designed in the public interest or as a means of distributing risks among the parties. Aspen Publishers is now Wolters Kluwer Law & Business. Annotation ©2012 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)
About the Author v
List of Abbreviations
xix
List of Tables
xxiii
Chapter 1 Introduction
1(18)
1 Reasons for Research
1(5)
2 Problem Definition
6(1)
3 Limits of the Research
7(1)
4 Methodology
8(1)
5 Special Terms in Maritime Law
9(4)
5.1 Parties Involved in Shipping
9(1)
5.2 Charterparty and Bill of Lading
10(1)
5.3 Insurance
11(2)
6 Main Players at International Legislative Level
13(3)
6.1 The IMO and Its Legal Committee
13(2)
6.2 TheCMI
15(1)
6.3 Industry Organizations
15(1)
7 Structure of the Book
16(3)
Chapter 2 Legal Framework for Vessel Source Marine Pollution
19(34)
1 Overview of the Legal Framework
19(4)
1.1 General Framework
19(2)
1.2 Historical Development
21(2)
2 Port State Control
23(12)
2.1 Introduction
23(1)
2.2 Flag State Jurisdiction
23(1)
2.2.1 Prescriptive Jurisdiction
23(1)
2.2.2 Enforcement Jurisdiction
24(1)
2.2.3 Flag of Convenience
25(1)
2.2.4 Evaluation
25(1)
2.3 Coastal State Jurisdiction
26(1)
2.3.1 Overview
26(1)
2.3.2 Internal Waters and Ports
27(1)
2.3.3 Territorial Sea
28(1)
2.3.4 EEZ
29(1)
2.3.5 High Seas
30(1)
2.3.6 Evaluation
30(1)
2.4 Port State Jurisdiction
31(1)
2.4.1 UNCLOS Provision
31(2)
2.4.2 MOUs
33(1)
2.4.3 Evaluation
33(1)
2.4.4 Summary
34(1)
3 Legal Regimes Concerning Prevention and Response
35(3)
3.1 MARPOL 73/78
35(1)
3.2 SOLAS Convention
36(1)
3.3 STCW Convention
36(1)
3.4 OPRC Convention
37(1)
4 Legal Regime on Civil Liability and Compensation
38(1)
4.1 CLC/Fund Convention
38(1)
4.2 HNS Convention
38(1)
4.3 Bunker Convention
39(1)
5 Legal Regime Concerning Criminal Liability
39(7)
5.1 General Overview
39(1)
5.2 EU Actions
40(1)
5.2.1 Background
40(1)
5.2.2 Community Law on Criminal Liability for Marine Oil Pollution
41(3)
5.2.3 Directive 2005/35/EC v. MARPOL Annex I
44(1)
5.3 US Actions
45(1)
6 Regional Initiatives
46(5)
6.1 Role of Regional Initiatives
46(1)
6.2 EU
46(1)
6.2.1 Overview of the EU Approach
46(3)
6.2.2 Examples of EU Measures and Its Impact on the International Regime
49(1)
6.3 The US
50(1)
7 Concluding Remarks
51(2)
Chapter 3 Introduction of the International Regime
53(78)
1 Background
53(8)
1.1 Torrey Canyon Incident
53(2)
1.2 TOVALOP
55(1)
1.2.1 Coming into Being
55(2)
1.2.2 Influence of TOVALOP
57(1)
1.3 CLC
58(1)
1.4 CRISTAL
58(1)
1.4.1 Coming into Being
58(1)
1.4.2 Influence of CRISTAL
59(1)
1.5 Fund Convention
59(1)
1.6 Evaluation
60(1)
2 The Civil Liability Convention 1969
61(37)
2.1 Introduction
61(1)
2.1.1 Pre-1969 Situation
61(1)
2.1.2 Preparatory Work by CMI
61(1)
2.1.3 Convening of the Conference
62(1)
2.2 Principle of Strict Liability
63(1)
2.2.1 General Overview
63(1)
2.2.2 Main Arguments for Different Schemes
63(1)
2.2.2.1 Strict Liability on the Cargo
63(3)
2.2.2.2 Strict Liability on the Ship
66(2)
2.2.2.3 Fault Liability on the Shipowner
68(1)
2.2.2.4 Joint Liability
69(1)
2.2.3 Decision on Strict Liability of the Shipowner
69(1)
2.2.3.1 First Round Vote
69(1)
2.2.3.2 Second Round Vote
70(1)
2.2.3.3 Final Vote
71(1)
2.2.4 Compromise Decision
72(1)
2.2.5 Evaluation
73(2)
2.3 The Principle of Limitation of Liability
75(1)
2.3.1 Limitation of Liability in Maritime Law
75(2)
2.3.2 The Debate on the Limitation of Liability at the 1969 Conference
77(1)
2.3.2.1 General Debate on the Principle of Limitation of Liability
77(2)
2.3.2.2 The Amount of Limitation of Liability
79(1)
2.3.3 Evaluation
80(2)
2.4 Principle of Channelling of Liability
82(1)
2.4.1 Channelling in the Nuclear Industry
82(1)
2.4.2 Channelling in Case of Oil Pollution
83(1)
2.4.2.1 CMI Draft
83(1)
2.4.2.2 Debate at the 1969 Conference
84(3)
2.4.3 Evaluation
87(1)
2.5 Principle of Compulsory Insurance
88(1)
2.5.1 General Debate on the Necessity of Compulsory Insurance
88(4)
2.5.2 The Direct Action against the Insurer
92(1)
2.5.3 Minimum Tonnage Requirement for Tankers to Take Insurance Cover
93(1)
2.5.4 Sanctions
94(1)
2.5.5 Evaluation
95(1)
2.6 Concluding Remarks
96(2)
3 Fund Convention
98(27)
3.1 Introduction
98(1)
3.2 Scope of Compensation
98(1)
3.2.1 Geographical Scope of Application
99(1)
3.2.2 Preventive Measures
100(1)
3.3 When the Fund Intervenes
101(2)
3.4 Exoneration of the Fund
103(1)
3.4.1 General Debates on the Exemptions of the Fund
103(1)
3.4.2 Act of War, Natural Phenomenon an Unidentified Source of Pollution
104(1)
3.4.2.1 Act of War
104(1)
3.4.2.2 Natural Phenomenon
105(1)
3.4.2.3 Unidentified Source of Pollution
106(2)
3.4.2.4 Government's Fault or Negligence
108(1)
3.5 Amount of Compensation
108(1)
3.5.1 Discussion on Compensation Amount and Amendment Procedure
108(3)
3.5.2 Evaluation
111(1)
3.6 Relief of the Shipowner
112(1)
3.6.1 Relief as a Principle
112(2)
3.6.2 Relief Conditional on Safety Standards
114(2)
3.6.3 Amount of Relief
116(2)
3.6.4 Evaluation
118(1)
3.7 State Responsibility
119(1)
3.8 Contribution to the Fund
120(1)
3.8.1 Debate on the Minimum Amount and Calculation of Contribution
120(2)
3.8.2 Evaluation
122(1)
3.9 Concluding Remarks
123(2)
4 Comparison between the Voluntary and International Regime
125(2)
4.1 TOVALOP v. CLC 1969
125(1)
4.2 CRISTAL v. Fund Convention 1971
126(1)
4.3 Evaluation
126(1)
5 Concluding Remarks
127(4)
Chapter 4 Evolution of the International Regime
131(58)
1 Introduction
131(1)
2 The 1984 Protocols
132(33)
2.1 Main Reasons for Revision and Critiques
132(1)
2.1.1 Historical Background
132(2)
2.1.2 Amoco Cadiz Incident
134(2)
2.2 Increased Compensation
136(1)
2.2.1 General Arguments for Increasing Compensation
136(1)
2.2.2 Specific Amount
137(1)
2.2.2.1 Increase of the Amount
137(3)
2.2.2.2 Evaluation
140(2)
2.2.3 Amendment Procedure
142(3)
2.2.4 Loss of Limitation Right
145(1)
2.2.4.1 Background
145(1)
2.2.4.2 Revision
146(1)
2.2.4.3 Evaluation
146(1)
2.3 Channelling of Liability
147(1)
2.3.1 Amoco Cadiz Judgment
147(1)
2.3.2 Revision of Channelling
148(3)
2.3.3 Evaluation
151(1)
2.4 Extension of Scope of Application
152(1)
2.4.1 Incident and Preventive Measures
152(1)
2.4.1.1 Incident
152(1)
2.4.1.2 Special Treatment for Preventive Measures
153(1)
2.4.1.3 Evaluation
154(1)
2.4.2 Definition of Pollution Damage
154(1)
2.4.2.1 Debate on the New Definition
154(4)
2.4.2.2 Assessment of the New Definition
158(1)
2.5 Relief to the Shipowner (Roll-Back or Indemnification Function)
159(1)
2.5.1 Deletion of the Fund's Secondary Function
159(1)
2.5.2 Role of the State
160(1)
2.5.3 Evaluation
161(1)
2.6 Influence of the 1984 Protocols
162(1)
2.7 Failures of the 1984 Protocols
163(2)
3 The 1992 Conventions
165(3)
3.1 Adoption of the 1992 Conventions
165(3)
3.2 Evaluation
168(1)
4 Disappearance of the Voluntary Agreements
168(2)
4.1 Interaction with the International Conventions
168(1)
4.1.1 General Overview
168(1)
4.1.2 Amendments of the Voluntary Agreements
169(1)
4.2 Disappearance of TOVALOP and CRISTAL
170(1)
5 Winding Up of the 1971 Fund
170(3)
5.1 1969/1971 Regime v. 1992 Regime
170(1)
5.2 Current Situation of the Two CLC
171(1)
5.3 Winding Up of the 1971 Fund
171(2)
6 The 2000 Resolutions
173(3)
7 2003 Supplementary Fund Protocol and Further Study
176(9)
7.1 Background
176(1)
7.1.1 Erika II Proposals
176(1)
7.1.1.1 Limitation of Liability
176(2)
7.1.1.2 Definition of Pollution Damage
178(1)
7.1.1.3 Responsibilities and Liabilities
178(1)
7.1.1.4 Prestige Incident and EU Activism
178(1)
7.2 IMO Reaction and the Adoption of the 2003 Supplementary Fund
179(1)
7.2.1 Adoption of the 2003 Supplementary Fund Protocol
179(1)
7.2.2 EU Reaction
180(1)
7.2.3 Evaluation of the Supplementary Fund
181(1)
7.3 Industry Reaction: STOPIA and TOPIA
182(3)
8 Concluding Remarks
185(4)
Chapter 5 US Regime on Civil Liability for Marine Oil Pollution
189(36)
1 Introduction
189(2)
2 Legislative History of US Laws on Oil Pollution
191(16)
2.1 Prior to 1967
191(1)
2.1.1 The Oil Pollution Act 1924
191(1)
2.1.2 Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1948
191(1)
2.1.3 The Clean Water Restoration Act of 1966
191(1)
2.2 Torrey Canyon: Mid-1970s
192(1)
2.2.1 Actions of the US Government
192(1)
2.2.2 Domestic Legislative Actions: Water Quality Improvement Act of 1970
193(2)
2.2.3 Actions at International Level
195(2)
2.3 Mid-1970s: Prior to Exxon Valdez (1989)
197(1)
2.3.1 Legislative History
197(1)
2.3.2 Major Domestic Legislations
198(2)
2.3.3 Activity at the 1984 Diplomatic Conference
200(1)
2.4 Enactment of OPA
201(1)
2.4.1 Exxon Valdez Incident
201(1)
2.4.2 Reaction of the US Congress
202(1)
2.4.3 Main Debates
202(1)
2.4.3.1 Ratification of 1984 Protocols
202(2)
2.4.3.2 Preemption of State Laws
204(1)
2.4.4 Reaching Agreement and Adoption of OPA
205(1)
2.5 Evaluation of the Legal History
205(2)
3 Main Provisions of OPA
207(13)
3.1 Nature of Liability
207(1)
3.1.1 Responsible Parties
207(1)
3.1.2 Strict Liability
208(1)
3.1.3 Exoneration from Liability
209(1)
3.1.4 Implication
209(1)
3.2 Scope of Damages Covered
210(1)
3.3 Limitation of Liability
210(1)
3.3.1 Provision in OPA
210(1)
3.3.1.1 Amount of Limitation
210(1)
3.3.1.2 Loss of Limitation Right
211(1)
3.3.2 Evaluation
212(1)
3.4 Financial Responsibility
213(1)
3.4.1 General Requirement
213(1)
3.4.2 Implications for the Industry
213(1)
3.5 The Oil Pollution Liability Trust Fund
214(1)
3.5.1 Establishment of the OSLTF
214(1)
3.5.2 Coverage of the OSLTF
214(1)
3.5.3 Financing of the OSLTF
215(2)
3.5.4 Amount of the OSLTF
217(1)
3.5.5 Implications
217(1)
3.5.6 Impact of OPA 90
218(2)
4 Recent Changes
220(3)
4.1 Post-OPA Developments
220(1)
4.2 Increase of OSLTF
220(1)
4.3 Increase of Liability Limits
221(1)
4.4 Evaluation
222(1)
5 Concluding Remarks
223(2)
Chapter 6 Chinese Marine Oil Pollution Compensation Regime
225(22)
1 Introduction
225(2)
2 Relevant Legislation in China
227(10)
2.1 Domestic Legislation
227(1)
2.1.1 General Rules
227(1)
2.1.2 Marine Environmental Protection Law
227(2)
2.1.3 China Maritime Code
229(3)
2.1.4 General Principles of the Civil Law
232(1)
2.1.5 Regulations
232(2)
2.1.6 Maritime Courts
234(1)
2.2 International Conventions Ratified by China
235(1)
2.2.1 CLC
235(1)
2.2.2 Fund Convention
235(1)
2.2.3 Application of International Conventions in China
235(2)
2.3 Evaluation
237(1)
3 Existing Problems
237(6)
3.1 Conflicts of Law in China
237(3)
3.2 Compulsory Insurance
240(1)
3.3 Limitation of Liability
241(1)
3.4 No Compensation Fund in China
241(1)
3.5 Summary
242(1)
4 Research Carried Out by the Chinese Government
243(2)
4.1 Research on the Chinese Compensation Mechanism
243(2)
4.2 Collection and Management of the Domestic Fund
245(1)
5 Concluding Remarks
245(2)
Chapter 7 Comparative Analysis
247(52)
1 Introduction
247(1)
2 Basis of Liability
248(11)
2.1 General Comparison
248(1)
2.2 Liable Parties
248(1)
2.2.1 Definition of Liable Parties
248(3)
2.2.2 Channelling in the CLC
251(2)
2.3 Different Positions of Some Major Players
253(1)
2.3.1 Summary
253(1)
2.3.2 Servants or Agents of the Owner
253(1)
2.3.3 Pilots
253(1)
2.3.4 Bareboat Charterer
253(1)
2.3.5 Time Charterer and Voyage Charterer
254(1)
2.3.6 Manager and Operator
255(1)
2.3.7 Salvors
256(1)
2.4 Comparative Negligence
257(1)
2.5 Defences to Liability
257(1)
2.6 Tanker Ownership
258(1)
3 Limitation of Liability
259(7)
3.1 Amount of Limitation
259(1)
3.2 Loss of the Limitation Right
259(1)
3.2.1 CLC Provision
259(2)
3.2.2 OPA Provision
261(1)
3.3 Evaluation
262(1)
3.4 Debate on Limitation of Liability in Maritime Law
263(1)
3.4.1 Legal Justifications
263(1)
3.4.2 Critiques
264(1)
3.4.3 Further Exploration
265(1)
4 Compensable Damages
266(15)
4.1 Pollution Damage
266(1)
4.1.1 CLC Definition
266(2)
4.1.2 The OPA Definition
268(1)
4.1.3 Comparison
268(2)
4.2 Preventive Measures
270(1)
4.2.1 Comparison between CLC and OPA Definitions
270(1)
4.2.2 Salvage Operations
271(1)
4.3 Pure Economic Loss
272(1)
4.3.1 International Regime
272(2)
4.3.2 The US Regime
274(1)
4.3.3 Comparative Analysis
275(1)
4.4 Environmental Damage
275(1)
4.4.1 CLC Provision
275(3)
4.4.2 Natural Resource Damage Defined in OPA
278(1)
4.4.3 Comparative Analysis
278(3)
4.5 Evaluation
281(1)
5 Compulsory Insurance
281(2)
5.1 General Requirement of Compulsory Insurance
281(1)
5.2 Forms of Financial Guarantee
282(1)
5.3 Sanctions
282(1)
5.4 Summary
283(1)
6 Compensation Fund
283(7)
6.1 Change from 1971 Fund to 1992 Fund
283(1)
6.1.1 Deletion of Roll-Back Function
283(1)
6.1.2 Contribution to the Fund
284(1)
6.1.3 Influence of the Change
285(1)
6.2 Amount of Compensation
285(1)
6.2.1 IOPC Fund
285(1)
6.2.2 OSLTF
286(1)
6.3 Coverage
286(1)
6.3.1 IOPC Fund
286(1)
6.3.2 OSLTF
287(1)
6.4 Financing of the fund
287(1)
6.4.1 IOPC Fund
287(1)
6.4.2 OSLTF
288(1)
6.5 Operation of the Fund (As First Resort or Only Residual)
288(1)
6.5.1 IOPC Fund
288(1)
6.5.2 OSLTF
289(1)
7 Concluding Remarks
290(9)
Chapter 8 Economic Analysis
299(52)
1 Introduction
299(1)
2 Theoretical Framework
300(2)
2.1 Coase Theorem
300(1)
2.2 Prohibitive Transaction Costs
301(1)
2.2.1 Concept of Transaction Costs
301(1)
2.2.2 Relevance to the Coase Theorem
302(1)
3 Economic Analysis of the Liability System
302(9)
3.1 Economic Theory of the Liability System
302(1)
3.1.1 Basic Theory
302(2)
3.1.2 Activity Level
304(1)
3.1.3 Unilateral v. Bilateral Accident
305(1)
3.1.3.1 Unilateral Accident
305(1)
3.1.3.2 Bilateral Accident
306(2)
3.1.4 Test for Strict Liability
308(1)
3.1.5 Legal Justification for Strict Liability: Improving the Situation of the Victim?
308(1)
3.2 Application to the Marine Oil Pollution Compensation Regime
309(1)
3.2.1 Theoretical Framework
309(1)
3.2.2 Analysis of the CLC
309(1)
3.2.3 OPA and China
310(1)
3.4 Insolvency Problem
310(1)
4 Economic Analysis of Financial Caps
311(12)
4.1 Theoretical Framework
311(1)
4.1.1 Contract Situation
311(1)
4.1.2 Third-Party Losses
312(1)
4.1.2.1 Unilateral Accident
312(1)
4.1.2.2 Bilateral Accident
313(1)
4.2 Application to Oil Pollution
314(1)
4.2.1 Analysis of Financial Caps
314(1)
4.2.1.1 Under-compensation
314(1)
4.2.1.2 Underdeterrence
315(1)
4.2.1.3 Subsidy
316(1)
4.2.2 Analysis of Unlimited Liability
317(2)
4.2.3 Financial Caps in the CLC
319(3)
4.2.4 Analysis of the US Regime
322(1)
4.2.5 Analysis of Chinese Law
323(1)
5 Economic Analysis of Channelling
323(10)
5.1 Theoretical Framework
323(1)
5.1.1 Channelling
323(2)
5.1.2 Joint and Several Liability
325(1)
5.2 Application to Oil Pollution
326(1)
5.2.1 Analysis of the Channelling in the CLC and Chinese Law
326(3)
5.3 Comparative Analysis
329(1)
5.4 Lender Liability
330(1)
5.4.1 Economic Theory
330(1)
5.4.2 Application of Oil Pollution Compensation Regime
331(2)
6 Economic Analysis of the Compulsory Insurance
333(5)
6.1 Economic Theory of Insurance
333(1)
6.1.1 General Principles and the Insurance Capacity
333(1)
6.1.2 Problems with Insurance
333(1)
6.1.2.1 Moral Hazard
333(1)
6.1.2.2 Adverse Selection
334(1)
6.2 Application to Oil Pollution
335(1)
6.2.1 Theoretical Framework
335(1)
6.2.2 Application to the Marine Oil Pollution Regime
336(1)
6.2.3 Economic Analysis of P&I Clubs
337(1)
7 Economic Analysis of Compensation Fund
338(5)
7.1 Theoretical Framework
338(2)
7.2 Application to Oil Pollution
340(1)
7.2.1 IOPC Fund
340(2)
7.2.2 OSLTF
342(1)
7.2.3 China
343(1)
7.3 Suggestions from Literature
343(1)
8 Economic Analysis of Regulation
343(5)
8.1 Economic Theory on Regulation
343(3)
8.2 Application to Oil Pollution
346(2)
9 Concluding Remarks
348(3)
Chapter 9 Law and Practice: Marine Pollution in Motion
351(16)
1 Introduction
351(1)
2 The US Regime on Offshore Oil Spill
352(9)
2.1 Deepwater Horizon Incident
352(1)
2.2 The US Legal Regime on Offshore Facility Liability
352(1)
2.2.1 Strict Liability
352(1)
2.2.2 Limited Liability
353(1)
2.2.3 Financial Responsibility
353(1)
2.2.4 Compensation Fund
354(1)
2.3 Comparison between Vessel Source and Offshore Facility Regimes
354(1)
2.4 Economic Analysis of Offshore Facility Liability Regime
355(1)
2.4.1 Economic Analysis of the Strict Liability
355(1)
2.4.2 Economic Analysis of Limited Liability
356(1)
2.4.3 Economic Analysis of Financial Guarantee
357(1)
2.4.4 Economic Analysis of Compensation Fund
358(1)
2.5 Concluding Remarks
359(2)
3 Case Study: Erika
361(6)
Chapter 10 Conclusions and Policy Recommendations
367(16)
1 Legal History
367(4)
1.1 `Shifts' in the Development
367(2)
1.2 Historical Reasons for `Shifts'
369(1)
1.3 Observations from Legal History
370(1)
2 Comparative Analysis
371(2)
3 Economic Analysis
373(3)
3.1 Analysis of the International, the US and the Chinese Regime
373(1)
3.2 Economic Rationale for the Historical Development
374(1)
3.3 Regulation v. Liability
374(1)
3.4 Statistics
375(1)
4 Policy Recommendations
376(3)
4.1 Normative Conclusions
376(1)
4.2 International
376(1)
4.3 The US
377(1)
4.4 China
378(1)
5 Concluding Remarks and Outlook
379(4)
Table of Cases 383(2)
Table of Legislations 385(4)
Bibliography 389(14)
Index 403
Biežāk uzdotie jautājumi par e-grāmatām Biežāk uzdotie jautājumi par e-grāmatām
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