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Cladistics: Theory and Practice 2nd Revised edition [Hardback]

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  • Formāts: Hardback, 192 pages, height x width: 230x150 mm, weight: 508 g, 61 line illustrations, bibliography, index
  • Sērija : Systematics Association Special Volume Series No. 11
  • Izdošanas datums: 01-Aug-1998
  • Izdevniecība: Oxford University Press
  • ISBN-10: 0198501390
  • ISBN-13: 9780198501398
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Cladistics: Theory and Practice 2nd Revised editionPalielināt
  • Formāts: Hardback, 192 pages, height x width: 230x150 mm, weight: 508 g, 61 line illustrations, bibliography, index
  • Sērija : Systematics Association Special Volume Series No. 11
  • Izdošanas datums: 01-Aug-1998
  • Izdevniecība: Oxford University Press
  • ISBN-10: 0198501390
  • ISBN-13: 9780198501398
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9780198501398.html
Keywords:
Cladistics aims to reconstruct genealogies based on common ancestry, thus revealing the phylogenetic relationships between taxa. Its applications vary from linguistic analysis to the study of conservation and biodiversity, and it has become a method of choice for comparative studies in all fields of biiology. This new edition of Cladistics--first published in 1992--reflects the many changes and developments which have taken place in the field over the last five years, while retaining the clarity and readability that made the first edition so successful. For all students interested in the systematic relationships among organisms, this book provides a state-of-the-art account of the techniques and methods of modern cladistics, and how to put them into practice.
List of authors xiii
1. Introduction to cladistic concepts
1(18)
1.1 Definition of relationship
1(1)
1.2 Types of characters
2(3)
1.3 Parsimony
5(5)
1.4 Groups
10(5)
1.5 Cladograms and trees
15(2)
1.6 Tree terminology
17(1)
1.7
Chapter summary
18(1)
2. Characters and character coding
19(19)
2.1 Introduction
19(1)
2.1.1 Filters
19(1)
2.2 Kinds of characters
20(3)
2.2.1 Qualitative and quantitative variables
20(1)
2.2.2 Discrete and continuous variables
21(1)
2.2.3 Overlapping and non-overlapping characters
22(1)
2.3 Cladistic characters
23(4)
2.3.1 Diagnostic and systematic characters
23(2)
2.3.2 Character transformations
25(1)
2.3.3 Characters and character states
25(1)
2.3.4 Homology
26(1)
2.4 Character coding for discrete variables
27(6)
2.4.1 Multistate characters-character linkage during analysis
29(1)
2.4.2 Binary characters-character linkage during analysis
29(1)
2.4.3 Hierarchical character linkage
30(1)
2.4.4 Transformation between character states: order and polarity
30(1)
2.4.5 Missing values and coding
31(1)
2.4.6 Information content and the congruence test
32(1)
2.5 Morphometric data in cladistic analysis
33(2)
2.5.1 Coding morphometric data
33(1)
2.5.2 Gap-weighting
33(2)
2.6 Discussion: character discovery and coding
35(2)
2.6.1 Choice of characters
35(1)
2.6.2 Coding
36(1)
2.7
Chapter summary
37(1)
3. Cladogram construction, character polarity and rooting
38(32)
3.1 Discovering the most parsimonious cladograms
38(10)
3.1.1 Hennigian argumentation
38(1)
3.1.2 Exact methods
39(3)
3.1.3 Heuristic methods
42(1)
Stepwise addition
43(2)
Branch-swapping
45(3)
3.2 Character polarity and rooting
48(20)
3.2.1 Outgroup comparison
49(5)
3.2.2 The ontogenetic criterion
54(5)
3.2.3 Ontogenetic criterion or outgroup comparison-which is superior?
59(1)
3.2.4 A priori models of character state change
60(1)
Ingroup commonality
60(1)
Stratigraphy
61(1)
Biogeography
61(1)
Function/adaptive value
62(1)
Underlying synapomorphy
62(2)
3.2.5 Polarity and rooting a posteriori
64(4)
3.3
Chapter summary
68(2)
4. Optimization and the effects of missing values
70(22)
4.1 Optimality criteria and character optimization
70(9)
4.1.1 Wagner optimization
70(3)
4.1.2 Fitch optimization
73(2)
4.1.3 Dollo optimization
75(2)
4.1.4 Camin-Sokal optimization
77(1)
4.1.5 Generalized optimization
78(1)
4.2 Missing values
79(12)
4.3
Chapter summary
91(1)
5. Measures of character fit and character weighting
92(26)
5.1 Measures of character fit
92(7)
5.1.1 Cladogram length
92(3)
5.1.2 Consistency index(ci)
95(1)
5.1.3 Ensemble consistency index (CI)
95(1)
5.1.4 Problems with the consistency index
96(1)
5.1.5 Retention index (ri)
97(2)
5.1.6 Ensemble retention index (RI)
99(1)
5.2 Character weighting
99(17)
5.2.1 Types of character weighting
100(1)
5.2.2 A priori weighting
100(1)
Character analysis
100(1)
Morphological data
101(1)
Molecular data
102(6)
Compatibility analysis
108(2)
5.2.3 A posteriori weighting
110(1)
Cladistic consistency
110(1)
Successive weighting
111(1)
Implied weighting
112(3)
5.2.4 Prospects
115(1)
5.3
Chapter summary
116(2)
6. Support and confidence statistics for cladograms and groups
118(21)
6.1 Introduction
118(1)
6.2 Randomization procedures applied to the whole cladogram
118(8)
6.2.1 Data decisiveness
119(1)
6.2.2 Distribution of cladogram lengths (DCL)
120(2)
6.2.3 Permutation tail probability (PTP)
122(4)
6.3 Support for individual clades on a cladogram
126(9)
6.3.1 Bremer support
127(2)
6.3.2 Randomization procedures
129(1)
Bootstrap
129(2)
Jackknife
131(2)
Clade stability index
133(1)
Topology-dependent permutation tail probability (T-PTP)
134(1)
6.4 Summary
135(1)
6.5
Chapter summary
136(3)
7. Consensus trees
139(12)
7.1 Introduction
139(2)
7.2 Strict consensus trees
141(2)
7.3 Combinable components or semi-strict consensus
143(2)
7.4 Majority-rule and median consensus trees
145(1)
7.5 Nelson consensus
146(1)
7.6 Adams consensus
147(1)
7.7 Agreement subtrees or common pruned trees
147(1)
7.8 Conclusions
148(1)
7.9
Chapter summary
149(2)
8. Simultaneous and partitioned analysis
151(17)
8.1 Introduction
151(4)
8.2 Theoretical issues
155(2)
8.3 Partitioned analysis (taxonomic congruence)
157(3)
8.3.1 Independence of data sets
157(2)
8.3.2 Cladogram support
159(1)
8.3.3 Different sized data sets
159(1)
8.4 Simultaneous analysis
160(2)
8.4.1 Resolution
160(1)
8.4.2 Arbitrary consensus
161(1)
8.5 Conditional data combination
162(2)
8.6 Operational difficulties
164(1)
8.7 Conclusions
165(1)
8.8
Chapter summary
166(2)
9. Three-item statements analysis
168(19)
9.1 Introduction
168(1)
9.2 Coding
168(2)
9.3 Implementation
170(10)
9.3.1 Binary characters
170(1)
9.3.2 Multistate characters
171(1)
9.3.3 Representation of three-item statements for analysis with current parsimony programs
171(1)
9.3.4 Cladogram length and three-item statements
172(1)
9.3.5 Uniform and fractional weighting
173(4)
9.3.6 Minimal cladograms
177(1)
9.3.7 Optimization
178(1)
9.3.8 Information measures: CI and RI
179(1)
9.3.9 Summary of implementation procedures
180(1)
9.4 Precision
180(5)
9.5
Chapter summary
185(2)
References 187(9)
Suggestions for further reading 196(3)
Glossary 199(22)
Appendix: Computer programs 221(2)
Index 223