Preface |
|
v | |
Acknowledgments |
|
vii | |
|
|
xxvii | |
|
|
lxxvii | |
|
Table of Statutory Instruments |
|
|
xciii | |
|
Chapter 1 Crime And Punishment |
|
|
|
|
1 | (2) |
|
II What Conduct ought to be Criminal? |
|
|
3 | (50) |
|
|
3 | (1) |
|
B Criteria for Criminalisation |
|
|
4 | (1) |
|
|
5 | (30) |
|
2 Is it necessary to employ the criminal law? |
|
|
35 | (14) |
|
3 Is it permissible to criminalise the conduct? |
|
|
49 | (4) |
|
|
53 | (1) |
|
|
54 | (1) |
|
|
55 | (2) |
|
|
57 | (3) |
|
|
60 | (14) |
|
|
74 | (1) |
|
|
75 | (1) |
|
|
76 | (7) |
|
|
83 | (5) |
|
|
88 | (13) |
|
|
101 | (10) |
|
|
111 | (5) |
|
|
116 | (3) |
|
|
119 | (3) |
|
2 How severely do we punish? |
|
|
122 | (14) |
|
3 What type of punishment? |
|
|
136 | (3) |
|
|
139 | (3) |
|
|
142 | (5) |
|
|
147 | |
|
Chapter 2 The General Principles Of Criminal Liability |
|
|
|
|
1 | (2) |
|
|
3 | (117) |
|
|
3 | (3) |
|
B Constituent Elements of Actus Reus |
|
|
6 | (2) |
|
|
8 | (62) |
|
2 Legally relevant circumstances |
|
|
70 | (1) |
|
|
71 | (49) |
|
|
120 | (116) |
|
A Blame and Responsibility |
|
|
120 | (9) |
|
|
129 | (8) |
|
C Proof of Cognitive Mens Rea |
|
|
137 | (4) |
|
|
141 | (1) |
|
|
141 | (1) |
|
|
142 | (15) |
|
|
157 | (28) |
|
|
185 | (1) |
|
|
185 | (1) |
|
2 Law prior to G: two species of recklessness |
|
|
186 | (16) |
|
|
202 | (5) |
|
|
207 | (9) |
|
|
216 | (1) |
|
|
216 | (1) |
|
2 Negligence as a basis of liability |
|
|
217 | (2) |
|
3 Negligence and capacity |
|
|
219 | (3) |
|
4 Should negligence be a basis for the attribution of criminal responsibility? |
|
|
222 | (3) |
|
|
225 | (1) |
|
|
226 | (10) |
|
IV Relationship of Mens Rea to Actus Reus |
|
|
236 | (1) |
|
|
236 | (1) |
|
B Coincidence of Actus Reus and Mens Rea |
|
|
237 | (12) |
|
|
249 | (8) |
|
|
257 | (1) |
|
1 Mistake as to element of actus reus |
|
|
258 | (5) |
|
2 Mistake as to a defence element |
|
|
263 | (6) |
|
|
269 | (5) |
|
|
274 | |
|
Chapter 3 Strict Liability And Corporate Culpability |
|
|
|
|
1 | (53) |
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
|
2 | (1) |
|
1 The presumption of mens rea |
|
|
3 | (3) |
|
2 Displacing the presumption |
|
|
6 | (15) |
|
3 Defences to strict liability |
|
|
21 | (4) |
|
4 Strict liability and the European Convention on Human Rights |
|
|
25 | (6) |
|
5 Are strict liability offences justifiable? |
|
|
31 | (15) |
|
|
46 | (1) |
|
|
47 | (3) |
|
|
50 | (2) |
|
|
52 | (2) |
|
II Corporate Criminal Liability |
|
|
54 | (1) |
|
|
54 | (4) |
|
B Corporate or Personal Criminal Liability |
|
|
58 | (4) |
|
|
62 | (1) |
|
|
63 | (7) |
|
2 Direct Liability; the identification doctrine |
|
|
70 | (7) |
|
D Restructuring Corporate Criminal Liability |
|
|
77 | (1) |
|
|
78 | (1) |
|
2 Reactive corporate fault |
|
|
79 | (3) |
|
3 Corporate culture doctrine |
|
|
82 | (5) |
|
4 Specific corporate offences |
|
|
87 | (1) |
|
E Death and Injury at Work: A Case Study in Criminal Corporate Liability |
|
|
88 | (1) |
|
|
89 | (3) |
|
2 Failings of the identification doctrine |
|
|
92 | (4) |
|
|
96 | (37) |
|
4 Corporate liability for non-fatal injuries |
|
|
133 | (4) |
|
F Punishment of Corporations |
|
|
137 | (1) |
|
1 Corporate manslaughter/health and safety offences causing death |
|
|
138 | (7) |
|
2 Other corporate offences; other sentencing options |
|
|
145 | |
|
Chapter 4 General Defences |
|
|
|
I Justification and Excuse |
|
|
1 | (43) |
|
|
1 | (4) |
|
|
5 | (9) |
|
|
14 | (15) |
|
|
29 | (5) |
|
E Significance of Distinctions |
|
|
34 | (10) |
|
|
44 | (33) |
|
|
44 | (1) |
|
|
45 | (6) |
|
C The Nature and Degree of Harm |
|
|
51 | (19) |
|
D The Rationale of Consent as a Defence |
|
|
70 | (4) |
|
|
74 | (3) |
|
|
77 | (51) |
|
|
77 | (2) |
|
B Elements of self-defence |
|
|
79 | (1) |
|
1 Threat of unjustified harm |
|
|
80 | (6) |
|
|
86 | (5) |
|
3 The necessity for any defensive action |
|
|
91 | (5) |
|
4 The amount of responsive force must be reasonable in the circumstances |
|
|
96 | (15) |
|
|
111 | (4) |
|
6 The imminence of the threatened attack |
|
|
115 | (5) |
|
|
120 | (8) |
|
|
128 | (3) |
|
|
131 | (100) |
|
|
131 | (5) |
|
|
136 | (1) |
|
1 Rationale of duress by threats as a defence |
|
|
137 | (14) |
|
2 Parameters of the defence |
|
|
151 | (49) |
|
C Duress of Circumstances |
|
|
200 | (5) |
|
D Duress and the Modern Slavery Act 2015 |
|
|
205 | (3) |
|
|
208 | (1) |
|
|
209 | (1) |
|
3 The level of fortitude required |
|
|
210 | (1) |
|
4 Expanding duress to accommodate victims of slavery and trafficking |
|
|
211 | (1) |
|
|
212 | (1) |
|
1 Distinction between necessity and duress of circumstances |
|
|
213 | (1) |
|
2 The traditional approach of English law |
|
|
214 | (10) |
|
3 Emergence of a new defence? |
|
|
224 | (7) |
|
|
231 | (7) |
|
|
238 | (61) |
|
|
238 | (1) |
|
1 Narrow definition of involuntariness |
|
|
239 | (3) |
|
|
242 | (2) |
|
3 Cause of involuntariness |
|
|
244 | (1) |
|
|
245 | (1) |
|
|
245 | (4) |
|
|
249 | (43) |
|
|
292 | (1) |
|
|
292 | (2) |
|
2 Psychiatry's view of the automaton's true state of mind |
|
|
294 | (2) |
|
3 That even if insanity is not an issue, the public interest may not be served by a complete acquittal |
|
|
296 | (3) |
|
|
299 | (62) |
|
|
299 | (4) |
|
|
303 | (1) |
|
C Intoxication as a "Defence" |
|
|
304 | (3) |
|
D Meaning of Voluntary Intoxication |
|
|
307 | (4) |
|
E Law on Voluntary Intoxication |
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
1 Specific and basic intent |
|
|
311 | (23) |
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
|
335 | (4) |
|
F Involuntary Intoxication |
|
|
339 | (4) |
|
G "Dutch Courage" Intoxication |
|
|
343 | (2) |
|
H Intoxication Can Cause Insanity or Diminished Responsibility |
|
|
345 | (16) |
|
I Reform of the Law 4-350 IX. Lack of Age |
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
|
361 | (2) |
|
|
363 | (2) |
|
C Above the Age of Ten 4-364 X. Sundry Defences |
|
|
365 | |
|
Chapter 5 Inchoate Offences |
|
|
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
|
2 | (82) |
|
A Should there be a Law of Attempt? |
|
|
2 | (4) |
|
B Punishments of Attempts |
|
|
6 | (18) |
|
|
24 | (1) |
|
|
24 | (25) |
|
|
49 | (35) |
|
|
84 | (37) |
|
|
84 | (1) |
|
B Should there be a Law of Conspiracy? |
|
|
85 | (5) |
|
C Punishment of Conspiracies |
|
|
90 | (3) |
|
|
93 | (1) |
|
|
93 | (1) |
|
2 Common Law conspiracies |
|
|
94 | (6) |
|
|
100 | (21) |
|
IV Encouraging or Assisting Crime |
|
|
121 | (32) |
|
|
121 | (1) |
|
B Rationale of Liability and Reform |
|
|
122 | (5) |
|
|
127 | (1) |
|
|
128 | (1) |
|
2 Intentionally encouraging or assisting an offence |
|
|
129 | (5) |
|
3 Encouraging or assisting an offence believing it will be committed |
|
|
134 | (3) |
|
4 Encouraging or assisting offences believing one or more will be committed |
|
|
137 | (7) |
|
|
144 | (5) |
|
|
149 | (1) |
|
|
150 | (1) |
|
|
151 | (1) |
|
|
152 | (1) |
|
V Double Inchoate Liability |
|
|
153 | (1) |
|
|
154 | |
|
Chapter 6 Participation In Crime |
|
|
|
|
1 | (5) |
|
|
6 | (44) |
|
|
6 | (2) |
|
|
8 | (1) |
|
1 Distinct modes of participation? |
|
|
8 | (2) |
|
|
10 | (3) |
|
3 Assistance and encouragement |
|
|
13 | (9) |
|
4 Mens rea of accessories |
|
|
22 | (16) |
|
|
38 | (3) |
|
|
41 | (9) |
|
III The Limits of Accessorial Liability |
|
|
50 | (27) |
|
|
50 | (8) |
|
B Accessory can be Guilty of Graver Offence than the One Committed |
|
|
58 | (4) |
|
C Withdrawal of Accessories |
|
|
62 | (5) |
|
D Victims Cannot be Accessories |
|
|
67 | (6) |
|
E Accomplices and Transferred Malice |
|
|
73 | (4) |
|
|
77 | (1) |
|
|
78 | (1) |
|
|
79 | (7) |
|
C Lesser Liability and Punishment |
|
|
86 | |
|
Chapter 7 Non-Fatal Offences Against The Person |
|
|
|
I Offences against the Person (Non-Sexual) |
|
|
1 | (87) |
|
A The Extent and Context of Violence |
|
|
1 | (2) |
|
|
3 | (1) |
|
|
3 | (1) |
|
2 Common assault and battery |
|
|
4 | (27) |
|
|
31 | (48) |
|
|
79 | (9) |
|
|
88 | (1) |
|
|
88 | (1) |
|
|
89 | (6) |
|
|
95 | (5) |
|
|
100 | (5) |
|
|
105 | (1) |
|
|
105 | (27) |
|
|
132 | (16) |
|
3 Other non-consensual sexual offences |
|
|
148 | (9) |
|
|
157 | (8) |
|
|
165 | (2) |
|
|
167 | |
|
|
|
|
1 | (5) |
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
|
2 | (4) |
|
II Actus Reus of Murder and Manslaughter |
|
|
6 | (2) |
|
|
8 | (36) |
|
|
9 | (1) |
|
|
10 | (1) |
|
2 Intent to cause grievous bodily harm |
|
|
11 | (1) |
|
|
12 | (1) |
|
|
13 | (3) |
|
|
16 | (6) |
|
|
22 | (1) |
|
1 The grievous bodily harm rule |
|
|
23 | (8) |
|
2 Woollin test of intention |
|
|
31 | (12) |
|
|
43 | (1) |
|
|
44 | (109) |
|
A Involuntary Manslaughter |
|
|
45 | (2) |
|
1 (Subjective) Reckless manslaughter |
|
|
47 | (1) |
|
2 Constructive or unlawful act manslaughter |
|
|
48 | (19) |
|
3 Gross negligence manslaughter |
|
|
67 | (14) |
|
4 Sentencing involuntary manslaughter |
|
|
81 | (2) |
|
|
83 | (12) |
|
|
95 | (1) |
|
|
96 | (38) |
|
2 Diminished responsibility |
|
|
134 | (17) |
|
3 Killing in pursuance of a suicide pact |
|
|
151 | (2) |
|
V Encouraging or Assisting Suicide |
|
|
153 | (3) |
|
|
156 | (8) |
|
|
156 | (4) |
|
B Is infanticide redundant? |
|
|
160 | (4) |
|
VII Causing or Allowing the Death of a Child or Vulnerable Adult |
|
|
164 | (8) |
|
|
172 | (31) |
|
A Causing Death by Dangerous Driving |
|
|
174 | (1) |
|
|
174 | (1) |
|
|
175 | (9) |
|
|
184 | (3) |
|
|
187 | (1) |
|
B Causing Death by Careless Driving |
|
|
188 | (6) |
|
C Causing Death by Careless Driving when Under the Influence of Drink or Drugs |
|
|
194 | (3) |
|
D Causing Death by Unlicensed, Disqualified or Uninsured Driving |
|
|
197 | (6) |
|
IX Corporate Manslaughter |
|
|
203 | (1) |
|
X The Structure of Homicide Offences |
|
|
204 | (1) |
|
A Rationale of Distinction between Different Categories of Homicide |
|
|
205 | (4) |
|
|
209 | (7) |
|
|
216 | (8) |
|
D Unlawful Homicide-A Single Offence |
|
|
224 | |
|
Chapter 9 Offences Against Property |
|
|
|
|
1 | (8) |
|
|
2 | (2) |
|
B The Sociological Background |
|
|
4 | (3) |
|
|
7 | (2) |
|
|
9 | (118) |
|
|
9 | (2) |
|
|
11 | (1) |
|
|
12 | (1) |
|
|
12 | (2) |
|
|
14 | (33) |
|
|
47 | (5) |
|
|
52 | (32) |
|
|
84 | (24) |
|
6 Intention of permanent deprivation |
|
|
108 | (19) |
|
|
127 | (71) |
|
A The Criminological Background |
|
|
127 | (4) |
|
B The Law Prior to the Fraud Act 2006 |
|
|
131 | (5) |
|
|
136 | (1) |
|
|
137 | (43) |
|
2 Offences ancillary to fraud |
|
|
180 | (1) |
|
3 Obtaining services dishonestly |
|
|
181 | (16) |
|
|
197 | (1) |
|
IV Making Off Without Payment |
|
|
198 | (11) |
|
|
198 | (1) |
|
|
199 | (2) |
|
|
201 | (6) |
|
|
207 | (1) |
|
|
208 | (1) |
|
V Other Property Offences |
|
|
209 | (27) |
|
A Sociological Background |
|
|
210 | (1) |
|
|
211 | (1) |
|
|
212 | (1) |
|
|
213 | (4) |
|
2 Burglary and aggravated burglary |
|
|
217 | (12) |
|
|
229 | (7) |
|
|
236 | |
|
|
237 | (1) |
|
B Structure of Property Offences |
|
|
238 | |
Index |
|
1301 | |