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E-grāmata: Climate Risks to Water Security: Framing Effective Response in Asia and the Pacific

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In Asia and the Pacific, climate change is now a well-recognised risk to water security but responses to this risk are either under reported, or continue to be guided by the incremental or business as usual approaches. Water policy still tends to remain too narrow and fragmented, compared to the multi-sectoral and cross-scalar nature of risks to water security. What’s more, current water security debates tend to be framed in discipline specific or academic ways, failing to understand decision making and problem-solving contexts within which policy actors and partitioners have to operate on a daily basis. Much of the efforts to date has focussed on assessing and predicting the risks in the context of increasing levels of uncertainty. There is still limited analysis of emerging practices of risks assessment and mitigation in different contexts in Asia and the Pacific.

Going beyond the national scales and focussing on several socio-ecological zones, this book captures stories written by engaged scholars on recent attempts to develop cross-sectoral and cross-scaler solutions to assess and mitigate risks to water security across Asia and the Pacific. Identifying lessons from successes and failures, it highlights management and strategic lessons that water and climate leaders of Asia and the Pacific need to consider. This book showcases reflective and analytical thought pieces written by key actors in the climate and water spaces. Several critical socio-ecological zones are covered  – from Pakistan in the west to pacific islands in the east. The chapters clearly identify strategies for improvement based on the analysis of emerging responses to climate risks to water security and gaps in current practices. The book will include an editorial introduction and a final synthesis chapter to ensure clear articulation of common themes and to highlight the overall messages of the book. 

1 Introduction
1(14)
Hemant Ojha
Nicholas Schofield
Jeff Camkin
Priyanka Gurung
1 Why This Book?
2(2)
2 The Growing Climate Risk to Water Security
4(2)
3 Socio-Ecological Zones and Basins as Sites of Climate-Water Risks
6(2)
4
Chapters Overview
8(7)
References
12(3)
2 Water Security and Spring Conservation in the Himalaya
15(22)
Manish Kumar
Roshan Rathod
Aditi Mukherji
1 Introduction
16(2)
2 Declining Himalayan Springs
18(1)
2.1 Anecdotal Evidence in Absence of Long-Term Monitoring
18(1)
2.2 Deterioration of Spring Water Quality
19(1)
3 Climate and Socio-Economic Drivers of Changes in Himalayan Springs
19(3)
3.1 Climatic Drivers of Changes in Himalayan
20(2)
4 Socio-Economic Drivers of Changes in Himalayan Springs
22(2)
4.1 Infrastructure---Dams & Tunnelling, Road Cutting, Mining or Quarrying
22(1)
4.2 Urbanization and Tourism
22(1)
4.3 Gender and Caste
23(1)
5 State and Community Responses for Spring Conservation and Revival in Himalaya
24(4)
5.1 Traditional Knowledge Systems for Spring Conservation
24(1)
5.2 Early Research and the Spring-Sanctuary Model
25(1)
5.3 Hydrogeology-Based Spring Rejuvenation Programmes
26(1)
5.4 Policy (State & National Recognition)
27(1)
6 Gaps and Future Directions
28(9)
References
30(7)
3 Water Stresses and Responses in Myanmar's Central Dry Zone
37(24)
Leonard Drury
Robyn Johnston
Petra Schmitter
1 Central Dry Zone
38(2)
2 Impacts of Climate Change and Development on Water
40(1)
3 Water Management in the CDZ
41(3)
4 Rehabilitation of Pyawt Ywar Pump Irrigation Project
44(4)
5 Restoring Artesian Aquifers in the Pale Sub-Basin
48(7)
5.1 Groundwater Irrigation Development
50(1)
5.2 Groundwater Management---Issues and Constraints
51(2)
5.3 Groundwater Management and Rehabilitation of the Tube Wells
53(2)
6 Discussion
55(2)
7 Key Lessons
57(4)
References
58(3)
4 Managing the Invisible Under Changing Climate: A Participatory Approach for Sustaining Groundwater Use
61(28)
Basant Maheshwari
1 Introduction
62(2)
2 Groundwater and Climate Change
64(1)
3 The Marvi Project
65(4)
3.1 Overview
65(1)
3.2 Action on the Ground: What Did the Marvi Project Do?
66(3)
4 Marvi Results and Outcomes
69(9)
4.1 Bhujal Jankaars as the Change Makers
69(1)
4.2 Mywell App
70(2)
4.3 Estimating Check Dam Recharge Through Bhujal Jaankaar Measurements
72(2)
4.4 Understanding the Diversity of Attitudes to Groundwater
74(1)
4.5 Groundwater and Gender
75(1)
4.6 Developing the Village Groundwater Co-Operatives (VGCs)
76(1)
4.7 Why Farmers Became Interested in VGCs?
77(1)
5 Wider Lessons and Insights from Marvi
78(4)
5.1 Sustaining Groundwater Use Under Changing climate---The Magic of Cooperation
78(2)
5.2 Groundwater Sustainability and Future Climate
80(2)
6 Concluding Remarks
82(7)
References
84(5)
5 Tackling Climate Risks to Urban Water Security in Coastal Cities in Asia
89(30)
Tony Wong
1 Introduction
90(1)
2 Drivers of Urban Water Insecurity
91(4)
2.1 Climate Crisis and Climate Risks Affecting Water Security in Asia's Coastal Cities
91(1)
2.2 Global Urbanisation
92(1)
2.3 Water Scarcity and Drought
92(1)
2.4 Safely Managed Sanitation
93(1)
2.5 Floods
94(1)
2.6 Environmental Degradation
94(1)
2.7 Urban Heat
95(1)
3 Climate Risks Affecting Water Security in Asia's Coastal Cities
95(2)
4 Emerging Trends in Urban Water Management
97(4)
4.1 Water Supply Security
97(1)
4.2 Flood Hazards Management
98(2)
4.3 Improving Urban Biodiversity
100(1)
4.4 Planetary Health
100(1)
5 Integrating Urban Water Management Initiatives
101(9)
5.1 Evolution of Urban Water Management
101(1)
5.2 Integrated Urban Water Management
102(2)
5.3 Water Sensitive Cities, Sponge Cities and Low Impact Development
104(1)
5.4 The Role of Nature-Based Solutions and Hybrid Infrastructure
104(4)
5.5 The Water-Energy Nexus
108(2)
6 Concluding Remarks
110(9)
References
112(7)
6 Achieving Water Security and Addressing Climate Risks in the Mekong Delta
119(28)
Alex Smajgl
To Quang Toan
Vuong Bui Tran
1 Introduction
120(2)
2 Climate Change and Sea Level Rise
122(2)
3 Upstream Mekong River Basin Development Plan
124(1)
4 Hydrological Change in the Mekong Delta
125(11)
4.1 Current and Future Change of Hydrological Flow During Flood Season
125(2)
4.2 Change of Flood and Inundation Status into the Future
127(3)
4.3 Change of Hydrological Flow During the Dry Season
130(2)
4.4 Salinity Intrusion Change
132(1)
4.5 Impacts of Groundwater Abstraction and Climate Change on Groundwater Resources in Mekong Delta, Vietnam
133(3)
5 Socioeconomic State in the Mekong Delta
136(2)
6 Strategies Addressing Water Security and Climate Risks
138(4)
6.1 Key Policies and Planning Strategies
138(2)
6.2 Analysis of Planning Strategies and Policies
140(2)
7 Summary
142(5)
References
143(4)
7 Water Security in the Coastal Region of Bangladesh
147(24)
Md. Ashik-Ur-Rahman
Animesh K. Gain
1 Introduction
148(2)
2 The General Context of the Socio-Ecological Zone of Coastal Bangladesh
150(1)
3 Impact of Climatic Risks to Water Security
151(2)
4 Current water security status in coastal areas
153(8)
4.1 Water Availability
153(4)
4.2 Water Accessibility to Services
157(1)
4.3 Water Safety and Quality
157(3)
4.4 Water Management
160(1)
5 Current and Emerging Responses to Climate Risks
161(2)
6 Conclusion
163(8)
References
165(6)
8 Policy Insights into Water Management and Climate Risks in Australia's Murray-Darling Basin
171(28)
Jason Alexandra
1 Introduction
172(2)
2 The MDB Context: Hydro-Climatic Conditions and Climate Risks
174(5)
3 Policy Responses to Climate Risks in the MDB
179(5)
3.1 Science and Policy Responses
179(1)
3.2 Sharing Climate Risks
180(4)
4 Insights
184(6)
4.1 Soft and Symbolic Policies Rely on Existing Policy Instruments
185(1)
4.2 Water Markets Are Important Adaptation Policy Measures
186(1)
4.3 More Flexible Water Resources Planning Methods Are Needed
187(1)
4.4 Technical, Political, Theoretical and Institutional Constraints to Adaptation
188(1)
4.5 Australia's Climate Wars
189(1)
5 Conclusions
190(9)
References
191(8)
9 Institutional Strengthening for Managing Climate Risks and Water Security in the Yangtze River Basin
199(16)
Au Shion Yee
Silvia Cardascia
Thomas Panella
1 A River Under Threat
200(3)
2 Institutional Strengthening and Socio-Economic Reforms
203(5)
2.1 Policy Responses
204(1)
2.2 Natural Resources Accounting
205(1)
2.3 The Yangtze River Protection Law
206(2)
3 Innovative Financing
208(4)
3.1 Ecological Compensation
209(1)
3.2 National Green Development Fund
210(2)
4 Summary
212(3)
References
213(2)
10 Climate Change, Water Scarcity and Agriculture: Lessons from the Countries of the Lower Mekong
215(24)
Simon Tilleard
Hugh Turral
Tarek Ketelsen
Louise Whiting
1 Introduction
216(2)
2 The Context---Agriculture and Water Resources Development in the Lower Mekong Basin
218(3)
2.1 Variable Progress of Water Resources Development
218(1)
2.2 Agriculture Is Economically Important and a Significant Water User in All Four Countries
219(2)
3 Water Scarcity and Climate Change in the Mekong
221(4)
4 Responding to Water Scarcity Worsened by a Changing Climate
225(8)
4.1 The Water Scarcity Management Trajectory
225(2)
4.2 Where the Lower Mekong Countries Are Situated on the Trajectory
227(6)
5 Lessons for Managing Water Scarcity and Climate Change
233(6)
References
236(3)
11 Climate Resilient Water Safety Plans in the Pacific
239(18)
Dean Taylor
Clara Laydon
Nicole Holmes
Carmine Piantedosi
Elisiva Tapueluelu
James Young
1 Climate Threats to Pacific Island Countries
240(2)
2 Responding to Climate Threats: Climate Resilient Water Safety Planning
242(11)
2.1 Applying WSP to Address Climate Threats---Three Examples
245(8)
3 Conclusions
253(4)
References
254(3)
12 Synthesis of Key Messages and Lessons Learnt
257(18)
Jeff Camkin
Hemant Ojha
Nicholas Schojield
Priyanka Gurung
1 Introduction
258(1)
2 Key Messages from Preceding
Chapters
259(2)
3 The Emergence of Two Conceptual Gaps
261(2)
4 How Is Climate Risk Manifesting with Regard to Water Security?
263(1)
5 Patterns of Response to Address Risks
264(3)
6 Emerging Themes and Lessons
267(4)
7 Conclusions
271(4)
Index 275
Hemant Ojha is the Principal Advisor of Institute for Study and Development Worldwide (IFSD) in Sydney and Associate Professor at University of Canberra, Australia. As a public policy and governance scientist, and he takes interdisciplinary approach to research and policy engagement in the area of forest, water, land, and agriculture. His scholarly work on community-based forest governance and policy is well known globally. At IFSD, he is creating innovative knowledge partnership on water and natural resources management, connecting various Australian and international agencies with national partners in India, Pakistan, and Nepal in South Asia.  Nick Schofield recently retired as the Chief Executive of the Australian Water Partnership, with over 35 years experience in the water and natural resource management sector.  He has led 14 major research programs across Australia at the intersections of water, agriculture, forestry, mining, urbanisation, biodiversity and climate change.  Nick has developed national policies and pioneered methods in research prioritisation, evaluation and futures analysis. Nick was formerly Director of the Global Water Institute at the University of New South Wales, CEO of the International RiverFoundation, and CEO of the Western Australian Ministerial Water Resources Council.  He has also held senior positions in government, industry, consulting, academia and the not-for-profit sectors.







Jeff Camkin holds tertiary qualifications in science and natural resources law, and has worked in water, irrigation, fisheries and other natural resources research, management, policy and governance for the last 25 years. He is currently Adjunct Professor (Water Resource Management) at the University of Western Australias Institute for Agriculture, Adjunct Prof at the International Water Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, visiting Professor at the Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil in Lisbon, Portugal, Senior Fellow (Water Policy and Management) at the Institute for Study and Development Worldwide, and Editor-in-Chief of World Water Policy Journal. Jeff's work is focussed on integrated water resource management and governance and, in particular, promoting transdisciplinary strategic thinking, improved utilisation of local knowledge and effective collaboration for better policy outcomes. 
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