Notes on Contributors |
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xvi | |
Preface |
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xix | |
About the Companion Website |
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xx | |
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1 | (27) |
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1 | (19) |
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1.1.1 Digital Versus Conventional Film Radiography |
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1 | (1) |
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1.1.1.1 Increased Use of Computers in The Dental Office |
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2 | (1) |
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1.1.1.2 Review of Basic Terminology |
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2 | (1) |
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1.1.1.3 Image Quality Comparison between Direct and Indirect Digital Radiography |
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3 | (1) |
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1.1.1.4 Amount of Radiation Required to Use Direct and Indirect Digital Radiography |
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4 | (1) |
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1.1.2 Radiation Safety of Diagnostic Radiography |
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4 | (1) |
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1.1.2.1 Radiation Dosimetry |
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5 | (1) |
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1.1.3 Uses of Two-Dimensional (2D) Systems in Daily Practice |
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6 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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1.1.3.2 Caries Classifications |
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7 | (1) |
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1.1.3.3 Ethics of Caries Diagnosis |
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7 | (1) |
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1.1.4 Non-Radiographic Methods of Caries Diagnosis |
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8 | (1) |
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1.1.4.1 Quantitative Light-Induced Fluorescence |
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8 | (1) |
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1.1.4.2 Laser Fluorescence |
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9 | (1) |
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1.1.4.3 Electrical Conductance |
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10 | (1) |
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1.1.4.4 Alternating Current Impedance Spectroscopy |
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10 | (1) |
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1.1.4.5 Frequency-Domain Laser-Induced Infrared Photothermal Radiometry and Modulated Luminescence (PTR/LUM) |
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10 | (1) |
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1.1.5 Dental Cone Beam Computed Tomography |
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10 | (2) |
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1.1.5.1 Limitations of CBCT |
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12 | (1) |
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1.1.6 Common Uses of CBCT in Dentistry |
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13 | (1) |
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1.1.6.1 Dental Implant Planning |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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1.1.6.3 Growth and Development |
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15 | (1) |
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1.1.6.4 Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery |
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16 | (1) |
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1.1.7 Emerging Imaging Technology |
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17 | (1) |
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1.1.7.1 Computer-Aided Diagnosis and Artificial Intelligence in Medicine |
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17 | (1) |
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1.1.7.2 CAD for Dental Caries |
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17 | (1) |
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1.1.7.3 Advancements in Artificial Intelligence for Use in Dentistry |
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17 | (1) |
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1.1.7.4 Intraoral Tomosynthesis |
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18 | (1) |
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1.1.7.5 Polarization-Sensitive Optical Coherent Tomography |
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19 | (1) |
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1.1.7.6 MRI for Dental Implant Planning |
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19 | (1) |
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1.1.7.7 MRI for Caries Detection |
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20 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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20 | (8) |
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20 | (8) |
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28 | (18) |
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28 | (1) |
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2.2 Benefits of Digital Impressions |
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29 | (1) |
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2.3 Limitations of Digital Impressions |
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30 | (1) |
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2.4 Clinical Considerations |
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30 | (4) |
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2.4.1 Technology of Intraoral Scanners |
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30 | (1) |
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2.4.2 Clinical Scanning Techniques |
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31 | (3) |
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2.4.3 Scanning Environment |
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34 | (1) |
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2.5 Accuracy of Intraoral Scanners Compared with Conventional Impressions |
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34 | (1) |
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2.6 Accuracy of Complete Arch vs. Quadrant Scans |
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35 | (1) |
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2.7 Indirect Restoration Accuracy |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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2.9 Implant Restoration Accuracy |
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36 | (3) |
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2.9.1 Single/Multiple Implants |
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38 | (1) |
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2.9.2 Complete Arch Implant Scanning |
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38 | (1) |
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2.10 Removable Prosthodontics |
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39 | (3) |
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42 | (4) |
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42 | (4) |
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3 Direct Digital Manufacturing |
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46 | (14) |
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46 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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3.3 Digital Manufacturing |
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47 | (1) |
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3.4 File Format in The Digital Workflow |
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47 | (2) |
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3.5 Additive versus Subtractive Manufacturing Technologies |
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49 | (3) |
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3.5.1 Subtractive Manufacturing Technology |
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49 | (1) |
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3.5.2 Additive Manufacturing Technology |
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50 | (2) |
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3.6 Materials Extrusion Technologies |
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52 | (1) |
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53 | (2) |
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3.7.1 Selective Laser Melt |
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53 | (1) |
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3.7.2 Electron Beam Melting |
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53 | (1) |
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3.7.3 Selective Heat Sintering |
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54 | (1) |
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3.7.4 Selective Laser Sintering |
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54 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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3.8.1 Plaster-based 3D Printing |
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55 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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3.9.1 Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM) |
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55 | (1) |
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3.10 Vat Photopolymerization |
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56 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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3.10.2 Digital Light Processing |
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56 | (1) |
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3.10.3 Poly Jet 3D Printing |
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57 | (1) |
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3.11 Applications of Digital Manufacturing in Medicine and Dentistry |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (2) |
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58 | (2) |
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4 Additive Manufacturing Procedures and Clinical Applications in Restorative Dentistry |
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60 | (36) |
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60 | (1) |
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4.2 Manufacturing Workflow and Manufacturing Accuracy |
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61 | (1) |
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4.3 Polymer Additive Manufacturing |
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62 | (3) |
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4.3.1 Vat-Polymerization Technologies |
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62 | (1) |
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4.3.2 Material Jetting Technologies |
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63 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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4.4 Dental Applications of Polymer Additive Manufacturing Technologies |
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65 | (8) |
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4.4.1 Diagnostic and Definitive Casts |
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65 | (1) |
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4.4.2 Surgical Implant Guides |
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66 | (2) |
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68 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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4.4.8 Interim Dental Restorations |
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70 | (1) |
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4.4.9 Removable Prostheses |
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71 | (1) |
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4.4.10 Extraoral Scan Bodies for Virtual Patient Integration |
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72 | (1) |
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4.5 Metal Additive Manufacturing |
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73 | (1) |
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4.5.1 Selective Laser Sintering |
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74 | (1) |
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4.5.2 Selective Laser Melting |
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74 | (1) |
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4.5.3 Electron Beam Melting |
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74 | (1) |
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4.6 Dental Applications of Metal Additive Manufacturing Technologies |
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74 | (3) |
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4.6.1 Metal Frameworks for Removable Partial Dentures |
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74 | (1) |
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4.6.2 Metal Frameworks for Complete Dentures and Overdentures |
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75 | (1) |
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4.6.3 Metal Frameworks Tooth-Supported Prostheses |
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75 | (1) |
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4.6.4 Metal Frameworks for Implant-Supported Prostheses |
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76 | (1) |
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4.6.5 Metal Frameworks for Implant Impression Techniques |
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77 | (1) |
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4.7 Ceramic Additive Manufacturing |
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77 | (3) |
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4.7.1 Vat-Polymerization Technologies |
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78 | (1) |
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4.7.2 Binder Jetting Technology |
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79 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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4.7.5 Powder Bed Fusion Technologies |
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80 | (1) |
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4.8 Dental Applications of Ceramic Additive Manufacturing Technologies |
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80 | (16) |
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4.8.1 Dental Restorations |
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80 | (2) |
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82 | (1) |
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4.8.3 Regenerative Dentistry |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (13) |
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5 Dental Materials in the Digital Age |
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96 | (26) |
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96 | (1) |
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5.2 Materials for CAD-CAM Prosthodontics |
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96 | (5) |
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96 | (1) |
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5.2.2 Common Processing Methods |
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96 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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5.2.4 Common Processing Methods |
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97 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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5.2.6 Common Processing Methods |
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97 | (1) |
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5.2.7 Reasons for Selection |
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98 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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5.2.9 Anticipated Stress or Forces |
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98 | (1) |
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5.2.10 Mechanical Properties |
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99 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (1) |
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101 | (1) |
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5.3 Manufacturing Considerations for CAD-CAM Dental Materials |
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101 | (5) |
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5.3.1 Subtractive Manufacturing of Dental Ceramics |
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101 | (1) |
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101 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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5.3.1.3 Milling Tools and Tool Diameter Compensation |
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103 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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5.3.3.1 Heat Treatment of Lithium Disilicate Restorations |
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105 | (1) |
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5.3.3.2 Heat Treatment of Zirconia Restorations |
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105 | (1) |
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5.3 A Ceramic Veneering and Finishing |
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106 | (12) |
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5.3.4.1 Lithium Disilicate Ceramic |
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106 | (1) |
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107 | (4) |
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5.3.5 Additive Manufacturing of Dental Ceramics |
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111 | (1) |
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5.3.6 Subtractive Manufacturing of Polymers |
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112 | (1) |
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5.3.6.1 Polymethyl Methacrylate |
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112 | (1) |
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5.3.6.2 Composite Resin & Hybrid resin-ceramic |
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113 | (102) |
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5.3.7 Additive Manufacturing of Polymers |
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215 | |
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5.3.8 Subtractive Manufacturing of Metal Alloys |
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117 | (1) |
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5.3.9 Additive Manufacturing of Metal Alloys |
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117 | (1) |
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118 | (4) |
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118 | (4) |
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6 Clinical Applications of Digital Technology in Fixed Prosthodontics |
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122 | (32) |
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6.1 History of Computer-Aided Design/Computer-Aided Manufacturing Technology in Fixed Prosthodontics |
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122 | (1) |
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6.2 Current State of Computer-Aided Restorations in Fixed Prosthodontics |
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122 | (1) |
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6.3 Factors Impacting The Quality of CAD/CAM Fixed Dental Prostheses |
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123 | (5) |
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123 | (1) |
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124 | (1) |
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6.3.3 Computer-Aided Design |
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125 | (1) |
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6.3.4 Computer-Aided Manufacturing |
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126 | (2) |
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6.4 Materials Used for CAD/CAM Fixed Dental Prostheses |
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128 | (11) |
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128 | (2) |
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130 | (1) |
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6.4.3 Restorative Materials |
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131 | (1) |
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6.4.3.1 Polymethyl Methacrylate |
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132 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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6.4.3.3 Polyetheretherketone |
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133 | (1) |
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6.4.3.4 Silicate-Based Ceramics |
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133 | (3) |
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6.4.3.5 In-Ceram Restorative Materials |
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136 | (1) |
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6.4.3.6 Polycrystalline Ceramics |
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136 | (2) |
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138 | (1) |
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6.5 CAD/CAM Fixed Dental Prostheses |
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139 | (7) |
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6.5.1 Optical Scanners in Fixed Prosthodontics |
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139 | (1) |
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6.5.2 CAD Software in Fixed Prosthodontics |
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139 | (2) |
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6.5.3 Production in Fixed Prosthodontics |
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141 | (2) |
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6.5.4 CAD/CAM Single Crowns |
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143 | (2) |
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6.5.5 CAD/CAM Partial Fixed Dental Prostheses |
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145 | (1) |
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146 | (8) |
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146 | (1) |
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147 | (7) |
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7 Clinical Applications of Digital Dental Technology in Removable Prosthodontics |
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154 | (41) |
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154 | (3) |
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7.1.1 History of Complete Dentures and the Development of CAD/CAM Technology |
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154 | (2) |
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7.1.2 Advantages of CAD/CAM Dentures |
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156 | (1) |
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7.1.3 Disadvantages of CAD/CAM Dentures |
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157 | (1) |
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7.2 Techniques Available for Fabricating CAD/CAM Complete Dentures |
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157 | (1) |
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7.3 AvaDent8 Digital Dentures |
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157 | (12) |
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7.3.1 Step-by-Step Procedures for the Fabrication of Complete Dentures Using the AvaDenf® System |
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157 | (1) |
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157 | (2) |
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159 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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7.3.2 AvaDent Conversion Denture for Immediate Loading of a Complete Arch Implant Prosthesis |
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159 | (1) |
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7.3.3 Clinical Procedures |
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159 | (3) |
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7.3.4 Technique Description for the Fabrication of a Digital Definitive Fixed Complete Denture |
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162 | (6) |
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168 | (1) |
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7.3.6 Placement of Definitive Maxillary Denture and Mandibular Fixed CD |
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169 | (1) |
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7.4 The Ivoclar Digital Denture™ |
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169 | (18) |
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7.4.1 Traditional Wax-Rim Bite |
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171 | (1) |
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7.4.1.1 Clinical Procedure |
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171 | (1) |
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7.4.1.2 Laboratory Procedure |
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172 | (2) |
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7.4.2 Impressions and Bite Registration in Existing Dentures |
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174 | (1) |
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7.4.2.1 Clinical Procedure |
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174 | (1) |
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7.4.2.2 Copy Denture Option |
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174 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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7.4.3 Direct to Try-in Workflow |
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174 | (1) |
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7.4.3.1 Clinical Procedure |
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174 | (3) |
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177 | (1) |
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7.4.4 Biofunctional Prosthetic System Workflow |
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177 | (1) |
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7.4.4.1 Clinical Procedures |
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177 | (3) |
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7.4.4.2 Laboratory Procedures |
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180 | (1) |
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7.4.5 Clinical Try-in Appointment |
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181 | (1) |
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7.4.5.1 Try-in Denture Fabrication Options |
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181 | (1) |
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7.4.5.2 Clinical Try-in Procedures |
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181 | (1) |
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7.4.6 Definitive Denture Placement Appointment |
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182 | (1) |
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7.4.6.1 Finalizing The Design |
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182 | (1) |
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7.4.6.2 Clinical Procedures for Denture Placement |
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183 | (1) |
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7.4.7 Dentca™ CAD/CAM Dentures |
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184 | (1) |
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7.4.7.1 First Appointment |
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184 | (2) |
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7.4.8 Laboratory Procedures |
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186 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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7.5.1 The Ceramill® Full Denture System |
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187 | (1) |
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188 | (7) |
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7.6.1 Baltic Denture System |
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188 | (3) |
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191 | (1) |
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192 | (3) |
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8 Clinical Applications of Digital Dental Technology in Removable Partial Prosthodontics |
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195 | (22) |
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195 | (1) |
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8.2 A Brief Historical Perspective |
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195 | (1) |
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8.3 Introduction of CAD/CAM Technologies |
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196 | (1) |
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8.4 Subtractive Manufacturing Technology for RPD Frameworks |
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196 | (10) |
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8.5 Additive Manufacturing Technology for RPD Frameworks |
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206 | (7) |
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8.6 RPD Framework Fit Assessment |
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213 | (4) |
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8.6.1 Advantages of CAD/CAM Methods for Fabricating RPD Frameworks |
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214 | (1) |
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8.6.2 Disadvantages of CAD/CAM Methods for Fabricating RPD Frameworks |
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214 | (1) |
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214 | (1) |
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215 | (2) |
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9 Clinical Applications of Digital Dental Technology in Implant Surgery: Computer-Aided Implant Surgery |
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217 | (23) |
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Mariam Margvelashvili-Malament |
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217 | (1) |
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9.2 Prosthetically Driven 3D Implant Positioning |
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217 | (1) |
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9.3 Computer-Aided Implant Planning |
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218 | (1) |
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9.4 Computer-Aided Implant Surgery |
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219 | (1) |
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9.5 Static Computer-Aided Implant Surgery and Guides |
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219 | (1) |
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9.5.1 Surgical Template Fixation Methods |
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220 | (1) |
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9.5.2 Fabrication Methods |
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220 | (1) |
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9.6 CAD/CAM Fabrication of Surgical Guides |
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220 | (8) |
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9.6.1 Stereolithographic Surgical Guides |
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220 | (1) |
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9.6.2 Additive Manufacturing (3D Printing) of Guides |
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220 | (1) |
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9.6.3 Workflows for Static Computer-Aided Implant Placement |
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221 | (1) |
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9.6.4 Partially Edentulous Arches (Single and Multiple Missing Teeth) |
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222 | (1) |
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9.6.5 Completely Edentulous Arches |
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222 | (6) |
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9.7 Workflows for Dynamic Computer-Aided Implant Surgery |
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228 | (3) |
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9.7.1 Human-Controlled Dynamic Computer-Aided Implant Placement |
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228 | (3) |
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9.8 Robot-Assisted Implant Placement (Haptic Guidance) |
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231 | (1) |
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9.9 Static Versus Dynamic Computer-Aided Implant Surgery |
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231 | (4) |
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9.9.1 Effectiveness of Computer-Aided Implant Surgery |
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232 | (1) |
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233 | (1) |
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9.9.3 Influencing Factors |
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233 | (1) |
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9.9.4 Guide-Related Factors |
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233 | (1) |
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9.9.5 Software-Related Factors |
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234 | (1) |
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9.9.6 Operator-Related Factors; Experience |
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234 | (1) |
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9.9.7 Patient-Related Factors |
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234 | (1) |
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9.9.8 Possible Complications |
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234 | (1) |
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9.10 Clinical Applications of Computer-Aided Implant Surgery |
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235 | (1) |
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9.10.1 Morbidity and Efficiency of Minimally Invasive Implant Surgery |
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235 | (1) |
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9.10.2 Immediate Provisionalization or Custom Healing Abutments for Single Implant Placement |
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235 | (1) |
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9.10.3 Computer-Aided Implant Surgery and Immediate Loading for Full-Arch Rehabilitations |
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235 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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236 | (4) |
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236 | (1) |
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236 | (4) |
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10 Clinical Applications of Digital Dental Technology in Implant Prosthodontics |
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240 | (16) |
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240 | (1) |
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241 | (4) |
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10.2.1 Prefabricated Abutments |
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241 | (2) |
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243 | (2) |
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10.3 CAD/CAM Abutment Design |
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245 | (2) |
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247 | (1) |
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10.5 NobelProcera Abutments |
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247 | (4) |
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10.6 BellaTek Encode System |
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251 | (3) |
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10.6.1 Abutment Design Considerations for Full-Arch Implant Prosthesis |
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251 | (3) |
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254 | (2) |
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254 | (2) |
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256 | (23) |
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11.1 Traditional Mechanical Articulator |
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256 | (2) |
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258 | (2) |
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11.2.1 Need for Virtual Articulators |
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258 | (1) |
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11.2.2 History of Virtual Articulators |
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259 | (1) |
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11.3 Virtual Articulation |
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260 | (16) |
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11.3.1 Brief Overview of Clinical Procedures |
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260 | (1) |
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11.3.2 Digital Data Acquisition |
|
|
260 | (1) |
|
|
261 | (2) |
|
|
263 | (3) |
|
|
266 | (2) |
|
11.3.6 Virtual Interocclusal Records |
|
|
268 | (1) |
|
|
269 | (1) |
|
11.3.8 Fabrication of Facial Scan Appliance |
|
|
270 | (1) |
|
11.3.9 Data Collection and Registration of Facial Scans |
|
|
270 | (3) |
|
11.3.10 Virtual Articulation |
|
|
273 | (3) |
|
|
276 | (3) |
|
|
276 | (3) |
|
12 Digital Applications in Endodontics |
|
|
279 | (16) |
|
|
|
279 | (1) |
|
12.2 Digital Diagnostic Technologies |
|
|
279 | (3) |
|
12.2.1 Pulp Vitality Versus Sensibility Testing |
|
|
279 | (1) |
|
12.2.2 Allodynia Measuring Device |
|
|
280 | (1) |
|
12.2.3 Optical Coherence Tomography |
|
|
280 | (1) |
|
12.2.4 Cone Beam Computed Tomography |
|
|
281 | (1) |
|
12.2.5 Magnetic Resonance Imaging |
|
|
282 | (1) |
|
12.2.6 Ultrasound Real-Time Imaging of Periapical Lesions |
|
|
282 | (1) |
|
12.3 Electronic Technologies in Local Anesthesia |
|
|
282 | (1) |
|
12.4 Digital Technologies in Root Canal Treatment |
|
|
283 | (5) |
|
12.4.1 Magnification Technologies: Microscopes, Videoscopes, and Endoscopes |
|
|
283 | (1) |
|
12.4.2 Sonic, Ultrasonic, and Multisonic Technologies |
|
|
284 | (2) |
|
12.4.3 Root Canal Instrumentation: Rotary and Reciprocating Files |
|
|
286 | (1) |
|
12.4.4 Root Canal Obturation |
|
|
287 | (1) |
|
12.4.5 Down Pack Technologies |
|
|
287 | (1) |
|
12.4.6 Thermoplasticized Gutta Percha |
|
|
287 | (1) |
|
12.4.7 Carrier-Based Technologies |
|
|
287 | (1) |
|
12.5 Guided Approaches for Surgical and Non-surgical Endodontic Treatment |
|
|
288 | (1) |
|
12.6 Artificial Intelligence in Endodontics |
|
|
288 | (7) |
|
|
290 | (5) |
|
13 Clinical Applications of Digital Dental Technology in Orthodontics |
|
|
295 | (25) |
|
|
|
295 | (1) |
|
|
295 | (2) |
|
13.2.1 Diagnosis and Treatment Plan |
|
|
297 | (1) |
|
|
297 | (4) |
|
13.3.1 Penetrating Imaging |
|
|
297 | (1) |
|
13.3.1.1 Intraoral Radiographic Films |
|
|
297 | (1) |
|
|
298 | (1) |
|
13.3.1.3 Lateral Cephalometric Radiographic Films |
|
|
298 | (3) |
|
13.3.1.4 Cone Beam Computed Tomography |
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
13.4 Cone Beam Computed Tomography Dosage |
|
|
301 | (8) |
|
|
303 | (1) |
|
13.4.1.1 Digital Photography |
|
|
303 | (3) |
|
|
306 | (2) |
|
|
308 | (1) |
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
13.6 Removable Appliances and Aligners |
|
|
309 | (2) |
|
13.6.1 Removable Appliances |
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
|
309 | (2) |
|
|
311 | (5) |
|
13.7.1 Software Management |
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
13.7.2 Three-Dimensional Printing |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
13.7.3 Model Printing for Plastic Retainer Fabrication and for Record Documentation |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
13.7.4 Model Printing for Fabrication of Limited Clear Aligner Series |
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
13.7.5 Model Printing for Fabrication of Full Series of Aligner, Plastic Retainers for Indirect Bonding, and Other Complex Procedures |
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
13.7.7 Teledentistry for Orthodontics (TeleOrtho) |
|
|
314 | (1) |
|
13.7.8 Laboratory Procedures |
|
|
315 | (1) |
|
13.7.9 Appliance Fabrication |
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
|
316 | (4) |
|
|
316 | (4) |
|
14 Clinical Applications of Digital Dental Technology in Maxillofacial Prosthodontics |
|
|
320 | (13) |
|
|
|
320 | (2) |
|
14.1.1 Conventional Maxillofacial Prosthetics Workflow |
|
|
320 | (2) |
|
14.2 Digital Maxillofacial Prosthetics Workflow |
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
14.3 Defect Digital Acquisition and Virtual Reproduction |
|
|
322 | (2) |
|
14.4 Digital Defect Visualization and Reconstruction Design |
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
14.5 Digital Scan Visualization |
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
14.6 Digital Rehabilitation |
|
|
325 | (3) |
|
14.7 Digital Skin Tone Reproduction |
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
14.8 Digital Prosthesis Manufacture |
|
|
328 | (3) |
|
|
331 | (2) |
|
|
331 | (2) |
|
15 Clinical Applications of Digital Dental Technology in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery |
|
|
333 | (17) |
|
|
|
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
15.2 Types of Digital Data |
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
15.5 Clinical Applications |
|
|
334 | (14) |
|
15.5.1 Dentoalveolar Surgery |
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
15.5.2 Maxillofacial Pathology and Reconstruction |
|
|
334 | (7) |
|
15.5.3 Orthognathic Surgery |
|
|
341 | (2) |
|
15.5.4 Facial Esthetic Surgery |
|
|
343 | (1) |
|
15.5.5 Temporomandibular Disorders |
|
|
344 | (1) |
|
15.5.6 Maxillofacial Trauma |
|
|
344 | (1) |
|
15.5.7 Maxillofacial Prosthetics |
|
|
345 | (1) |
|
15.5.8 Navigation in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery |
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
15.5.9 Robotic Maxillofacial Surgery |
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
|
348 | (2) |
References |
|
350 | (2) |
Index |
|
352 | |