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Coanda Effect: Flow Phenomenon and Applications [Hardback]

(Mechanical Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa)
  • Formāts: Hardback, 320 pages, height x width: 234x156 mm, weight: 620 g, 220 Illustrations, black and white
  • Izdošanas datums: 23-Aug-2019
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press
  • ISBN-10: 1138339156
  • ISBN-13: 9781138339156
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Coanda Effect: Flow Phenomenon and ApplicationsPalielināt
  • Formāts: Hardback, 320 pages, height x width: 234x156 mm, weight: 620 g, 220 Illustrations, black and white
  • Izdošanas datums: 23-Aug-2019
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press
  • ISBN-10: 1138339156
  • ISBN-13: 9781138339156
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9781138339156.html
Keywords:
Coanda effect is a complex fluid flow phenomenon enabling the production of vertical take-off/landing aircraft. Other applications range from helicopters to road vehicles, from flow mixing to combustion, from noise reduction to pollution control, from power generation to robot operation, and so forth. Book starts with description of the effect, its history and general formulation of governing equations/simplifications used in different applications. Further, it gives an account of this effect’s lift boosting potential on a wing and in non-flying vehicles including industrial applications. Finally, occurrence of the same in human body and associated adverse medical conditions are explained.
Preface xiii
Author xv
1 Basic Concepts 1(50)
1.1 Historical Background
1(3)
1.2 Simple Demonstrations of the Coanda Effect
4(1)
1.3 Manipulation of Coanda Flow
5(5)
1.3.1 Flow Control Definition
5(1)
1.3.2 Role of Shear and Boundary Layers in Coanda Flow Control
6(1)
1.3.3 Flow Control Classification
6(2)
1.3.3.1 Contact or Non-Surface-Contact-Based
7(1)
1.3.3.2 Energy-Expenditure-Based
7(1)
1.3.4 Flow Control Methodologies
8(1)
1.3.5 Flow Control Outcomes
9(1)
1.4 Understanding the Coanda Effect through Simple Sketches
10(9)
1.4.1 Coanda Effect in Incompressible Flow
10(8)
1.4.1.1 Jet Flow over a Straight Wall (i.e., Wall with No Curvature)
10(3)
1.4.1.2 Jet Flow over a Wall with Curvature
13(2)
1.4.1.3 Jet Flow through a Channel or Tube
15(1)
1.4.1.4 Jet Flow in a Channel with Sudden Expansion
16(2)
1.4.2 Coanda Effect in Compressible Flow
18(1)
1.5 Basic Flows Associated with Creating the Coanda Effect
19(24)
1.5.1 Consideration of Free Shear and Boundary Layer Flows
20(4)
1.5.1.1 Velocity Profiles of Free Shear and Boundary Layer Flows
20(1)
1.5.1.2 Laminar or Turbulent Flow from Velocity Profiles
20(1)
1.5.1.3 Inflectional Velocity Profiles
21(1)
1.5.1.4 Displacement and Momentum Thickness from Velocity Profiles
22(2)
1.5.2 Free Jet Flow
24(3)
1.5.2.1 Development of a Free Jet
24(2)
1.5.2.2 Supersonic Jet Development
26(1)
1.5.3 Flow Entrainment in a Jet
27(3)
1.5.4 Instabilities in Shear Layers
30(1)
1.5.4.1 Role of Viscosity
31(1)
1.5.4.2 Role of Reynolds Number and Mach Number
31(1)
1.5.5 Wall Flow and Its Development
31(4)
1.5.6 Transition in Boundary Layers
35(3)
1.5.6.1 The Routes to Turbulence
35(2)
1.5.6.2 Role of Viscosity and Reynolds Number
37(1)
1.5.7 Flow Separation
38(13)
1.5.7.1 Laminar Boundary Layer Separation
40(1)
1.5.7.2 Unsteady Boundary Layer Separation
40(1)
1.5.7.3 Turbulent Boundary Layer Separation
41(1)
1.5.7.4 Three-Dimensional Boundary Layer Separation
41(2)
1.6 Concluding Remarks
43(1)
References
43(8)
2 Tools of Investigation 51(62)
2.1 Mathematical Treatment
51(16)
2.1.1 Conservation Equations
51(2)
2.1.1.1 Conservation of Mass Equation
52(1)
2.1.1.2 Conservation of Momentum Equation
52(1)
2.1.1.3 Conservation of Energy Equation
52(1)
2.1.2 Reducing the Number of Unknowns
53(2)
2.1.3 Well-Posed Incompressible Equations
55(2)
2.1.3.1 Non-Turbulent Flows
56(1)
2.1.3.2 Turbulent Flows
56(1)
2.1.4 "Karman Approach" for Incompressible and Compressible Flows
57(2)
2.1.5 Equations for Fluid Flow near a Wall with Little or No Curvature
59(1)
2.1.6 Equations for Fluid Flow near a Wall with Curvature
60(5)
2.1.6.1 First Order Boundary Layer Equations
61(1)
2.1.6.2 Some Comments on the Above Equations
62(1)
2.1.6.3 Second Order Boundary Layer Equations
63(2)
2.1.6.4 Reduction of Second Order Boundary Layer Equations for Two Dimensions
65(1)
2.1.7 Special Mathematical Models for Blowing
65(2)
2.1.7.1 Viscous Diffusion
65(1)
2.1.7.2 Point Vortex Model
66(1)
2.2 Physical Experimentation
67(27)
2.2.1 Facilities for Controlled Experiment
68(1)
2.2.2 Flow Diagnostic Techniques
69(1)
2.2.3 Pressure-Based Measurement Technique
70(12)
2.2.3.1 One-Dimensional Velocity Measurement
70(2)
2.2.3.2 Two-Dimensional Velocity Measurement
72(1)
2.2.3.3 Three-Dimensional Velocity Measurement
72(6)
2.2.3.4 Skin Friction Measurement
78(3)
2.2.3.5 Fluctuation Considerations
81(1)
2.2.4 Hot-Wire Anemometer
82(4)
2.2.4.1 Principle of Operation
82(2)
2.2.4.2 Calibration Methods
84(2)
2.2.5 Laser Anemometry
86(6)
2.2.5.1 Laser Doppler Velocimeter
87(3)
2.2.5.2 Time of Flight or Laser Two Focus System
90(2)
2.2.6 Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV)
92(2)
2.3 Reduction of Data and Analysis
94(10)
2.3.1 Theoretical Derivation of the Pressure Coefficient of a Jet Sheet
94(3)
2.3.1.1 Assumptions
95(1)
2.3.1.2 Coefficient of Pressure for Incompressible Flow
96(1)
2.3.1.3 Coefficient of Pressure for Compressible Flow
97(1)
2.3.2 Determination of Pressure Coefficient from Static Pressure Port Data
97(1)
2.3.3 Lift and Drag Coefficients from Surface Pressure Coefficient Distribution
98(2)
2.3.3.1 Lift Coefficient
99(1)
2.3.3.2 Drag Coefficient
100(1)
2.3.4 Determination of the Profile Drag by the Wake Traverse Method
100(15)
2.3.4.1 Theoretical Approach
101(1)
2.3.4.2 Practical Approach
102(1)
2.3.4.3 Data Reduction and Plotting
103(1)
2.4 Concluding Remarks
104(1)
References
105(8)
3 Coanda Effect in Aeronautical Applications 113(70)
3.1 Early Development of V/STOL Aircraft Using the Coanda Effect
113(2)
3.2 Some Basic Aerodynamic Considerations
115(17)
3.2.1 General Description of Lift
116(2)
3.2.2 Lift Generation Using Abstract Mathematical Concepts
118(2)
3.2.2.1 The Concepts of Stream Functions and Stream Lines
118(1)
3.2.2.2 Creating Body Shapes Using Stream Functions
119(1)
3.2.3 The Concepts of "Circulation" and "Vorticity"
120(2)
3.2.4 Circulation on a Rotating Body (Rotating Circular Cylinder)
122(3)
3.2.4.1 Stagnation Point Movement on a Rotating Body (Circular Cylinder)
123(2)
3.2.4.2 Maximum Lift on a Rotating Body (Rotating Circular Cylinder)
125(1)
3.2.5 Circulation on a Non-Rotating Body (Airfoil)
125(7)
3.2.5.1 Conformation Transformation of a Circular Cylinder to an Airfoil
126(3)
3.2.5.2 Relationship between Stagnation Point Movements of Circular Cylinders and Airfoils
129(3)
3.3 Lift Augmentation
132(26)
3.3.1 Thin Airfoil Theory
132(2)
3.3.1.1 Assumptions
132(2)
3.3.2 Unpowered Flaps
134(5)
3.3.2.1 Thin Airfoil Theory Applied to Unpowered Flaps
134(3)
3.3.2.2 Examples of Unpowered Flaps in Operation
137(2)
3.3.3 Powered Flaps
139(19)
3.3.3.1 Blown Flaps
140(3)
3.3.3.2 Reverse Flow Airfoils
143(2)
3.3.3.3 Jet Airfoils
145(1)
3.3.3.4 Pure Jet Flaps
145(1)
3.3.3.5 Thin Airfoil Theory Applied to Powered Flaps
146(3)
3.3.3.6 The Spence Model
149(4)
3.3.3.7 The Kiichemann Jet Flap Model
153(4)
3.3.3.8 Design Implications of the Spence and Kiichemann Models
157(1)
3.4 Wall Jets
158(5)
3.4.1 Straight Wall Jets
159(2)
3.4.2 Curved Wall Jets
161(2)
3.5 Circulation Control Airfoils
163(10)
3.5.1 Lift Enhancement
164(2)
3.5.2 Drag Reduction
166(2)
3.5.2.1 Fixed Radius Reduction
166(1)
3.5.2.2 Circulation Control Flap Addition
166(1)
3.5.2.3 Wing Tip Vortex Attenuation
166(2)
3.5.3 Integrated Propulsion and Lift System
168(5)
3.5.3.1 Power Requirements
170(2)
3.5.3.2 Current Limitations
172(1)
3.6 Circulation Control Aircraft
173(3)
3.6.1 X-Wing Aircraft
173(1)
3.6.2 No Tail Rotor (NOTAR) Flight Vehicle
174(1)
3.6.3 Coanda Effect UAV/MAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle/Micro-Aerial Vehicle)
175(1)
3.7 Concluding Remarks
176(1)
References
176(7)
4 Miscellaneous Applications of Coanda Effect 183(74)
4.1 Industrial and Environmental Applications
183(1)
Section A: Industrial Applications
183(1)
4.2 Metallurgical Processes
183(15)
4.2.1 Bubble Plume
184(14)
4.2.1.1 Near a Wall
185(2)
4.2.1.2 Two Plumes Side by Side
187(1)
4.2.1.3 Bubble Characteristics
187(5)
4.2.1.4 Removal of Bubbles
192(6)
4.3 Grinding Processes
198(5)
4.3.1 Flexible Brush-Nozzle
199(1)
4.3.2 Numerical Investigation
199(2)
4.3.3 Grinding Experiments
201(2)
4.4 Heat and Mass Transfer Process
203(3)
4.4.1 Drying of Warp Threads
204(1)
4.4.2 Heating of Circular Section Logs
204(1)
4.4.3 Quenching of Metals
204(2)
4.5 Robotic Handling
206(4)
4.5.1 Working Principle of a Coanda Ejector
207(2)
4.5.2 Cylindrical and Planar Coanda Ejectors
209(1)
Section B: Environmental Applications
210(1)
4.6 Gas Waste Flares
210(11)
4.6.1 Coanda Indair Flare without Step
215(2)
4.6.2 Coanda Indair Model with Step
217(4)
4.7 Premixed Flame Stabilization
221(6)
4.7.1 Coanda Burner
223(3)
4.7.2 Experimental Results
226(1)
4.8 Coastal Engineering
227(7)
4.8.1 Experimental Setup and Test Configurations
231(1)
4.8.2 Experimental Results
232(2)
4.8.2.1 Jet-Wall Interaction for Configuration A
232(1)
4.8.2.2 Jet-Wall Interaction for Configuration D
232(2)
4.9 Building Ventilation
234(7)
4.9.1 HVAC Ceiling Diffuser
234(1)
4.9.2 Free Plane Jet Ventilation
234(2)
4.9.3 Double-Glazed Facades
236(5)
4.9.3.1 Coanda Nozzles
239(1)
4.9.3.2 Performance Evaluation
239(2)
4.10 Drinkable Water Systems
241(8)
4.10.1 Working Principle of the Coanda Screen
241(3)
4.10.2 Optimum Performance Screens
244(1)
4.10.3 Design Parameters
245(2)
4.10.4 Experiment
247(11)
4.10.4.1 Laboratory test
247(1)
4.10.4.2 Field Trial Test
248(1)
4.11 Concluding Remarks
249(1)
References
249(8)
5 Coanda Effect in a Human Body 257(48)
5.1 Cardiovascular Disease
257(1)
5.2 Flow Networks in a Human Body
258(5)
5.2.1 Analogy of a Human Flow Network with an Engineering Flow Network
259(1)
5.2.2 Formation of Channel Flow Networks through Bifurcation
260(3)
5.3 Development of the Coanda Effect in a Bifurcating Flow
263(7)
5.3.1 Flow Asymmetry in a Constant Parent Tube Diameter (No Narrowing)
264(2)
5.3.2 Flow Asymmetry in a Non-Constant Diameter Parent Tube
266(3)
5.3.3 Flow Asymmetry in the Parent Tube with a Hump
269(1)
5.3.4 Effect of L, D, and a on Flow Asymmetry
269(1)
5.4 Coanda Effect in Operative Procedures
270(7)
5.4.1 Aneurysm
270(5)
5.4.2 Endotracheal Intubation
275(2)
5.5 Coanda Effect in Mitral Valve Malfunction and Mitral Regurgitation
277(6)
5.5.1 Numerical Simulation of the Coanda Effect in Mitral Regurgitation
280(1)
5.5.2 Hydrodynamic Instability as a Cause of Coanda Effect
281(2)
5.6 Coanda Effect in Phonation
283(10)
5.6.1 Symmetry Breaking in Glottal Flow
285(1)
5.6.2 Numerical Simulation of Phonation
286(7)
5.6.2.1 Solid-Fluid Interaction Model
287(1)
5.6.2.2 Solid-Acoustic Interaction Model
288(1)
5.6.2.3 Solid-Fluid-Acoustic Interaction Hybrid Model
289(4)
5.7 Concluding Remarks
293(1)
References
293(12)
Supplemental Reading List 305(2)
Index 307
N. A. Ahmed obtained his B.Sc. (Hons) from Strathclyde University (UK) and PhD from Cranfield University (UK). He has worked both in industry and academia. He has worked as a Design Engineer for Kent Industrial Measurement (UK) and as a Senior Research Officer of Cranfield Low Speed facility (UK). He was an Associate Professor and Plan Coordinator of Aerospace Engineering at the University of New South Wales, Australia. Currently, he is a full Professor and Head of School, Mechanical and Industrial Engineering of the University of Johannesburg. He has worked and published extensively on various aspects of aerodynamics and flow control with practical beneficial impacts on environment and has been invited to deliver Keynote and Plenary addresses at various international conferences. He is a Fellow and a Chartered Engineer of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers of UK, and a Senior Member of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.