Preface |
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xiii | |
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Chapter 1 Fundamental Knowledge |
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1 | (12) |
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1.1 Ocean Acoustic Tomography |
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1 | (2) |
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1.1.1 Break Corner (Projected Rays on a Horizontal Slice) |
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3 | (1) |
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1.2 Advancement by Coastal Acoustic Tomography |
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3 | (3) |
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1.3 Coastal-Sea Environmental Monitoring |
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6 | (1) |
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1.4 Coastal-Sea Sound Propagation |
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6 | (7) |
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Chapter 2 Instrumentation |
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13 | (10) |
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13 | (2) |
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2.2 Field Deployment Methods |
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15 | (3) |
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2.2.1 Nearshore Platforms |
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15 | (1) |
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2.2.2 Necessity for Permanent Platform |
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16 | (2) |
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18 | (3) |
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2.4 Cross-Correlating the Received Data |
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21 | (2) |
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Chapter 3 Sound Transmission and Reception |
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23 | (14) |
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3.1 One-Dimensional Sound Wave Equation |
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23 | (1) |
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3.2 Sound Transmission Losses |
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24 | (5) |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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26 | (3) |
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29 | (1) |
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3.2.5 Receiving Transmission Sound |
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29 | (1) |
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3.3 Processing the Received Data |
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29 | (8) |
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29 | (1) |
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3.3.2 Arrival Peaks Identification |
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30 | (1) |
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3.3.3 Processing the Noisy Received Data |
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31 | (4) |
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3.3.4 Multi-Arrival Peak Method |
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35 | (2) |
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Chapter 4 Range-Average Measurement |
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37 | (14) |
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4.1 Vertical Section Averages |
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37 | (1) |
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4.2 Resolution and Errors |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (2) |
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41 | (1) |
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4.5 Conversing From One-Line Current to Along-Channel Current |
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42 | (2) |
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4.6 Conversing From Two-Line Current to North-East Current |
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44 | (1) |
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4.7 Along-Strait Volume Transport and Energy Estimate |
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45 | (1) |
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4.8 Conversing From Sound Speed to Temperature and Salinity |
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46 | (1) |
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4.9 Travel-Time Errors Due to the Station Movements |
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47 | (2) |
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4.10 Errors From the Time Resolution of M Sequence |
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49 | (2) |
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Chapter 5 Forward Formulation |
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51 | (10) |
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5.1 Sound Wave Equation With a Velocity Field |
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51 | (2) |
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53 | (3) |
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56 | (2) |
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5.4 Time-of-Flight Equation Along the Rays |
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58 | (3) |
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Chapter 6 Inversion on a Horizontal Slice |
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61 | (20) |
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61 | (4) |
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6.2 Function Expansion Method |
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65 | (6) |
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6.3 Adding the Coastline Conditions |
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71 | (3) |
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6.4 Validating the Observed Data |
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74 | (7) |
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6.4.1 Comparing the Pre- and Postinversion Results |
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74 | (1) |
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74 | (2) |
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6.4.3 Direct Comparison With the Standard Oceanographic Data |
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76 | (5) |
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Chapter 7 Inversion on a Vertical Slice |
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81 | (14) |
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81 | (5) |
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81 | (3) |
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7.1.2 Layered Inversion Deleting Clock Errors |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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7.2 Acoustic Normal Modes With a Constraint of Narrowband Sound |
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86 | (3) |
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7.3 Function Expansion Using Various Normal Modes |
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89 | (2) |
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7.4 The Three-Dimensional Mapping |
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91 | (4) |
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Chapter 8 Data Assimilation |
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95 | (12) |
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8.1 Conventional Ensemble Kalman Filter |
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95 | (4) |
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8.1.1 Introductory Remarks |
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95 | (1) |
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8.1.2 Ensemble Kalman Filter Scheme |
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96 | (1) |
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97 | (2) |
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99 | (1) |
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8.1.5 Kalman Gain Smoother |
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99 | (1) |
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8.2 Time-Efficient Ensemble Kalman Filter |
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99 | (8) |
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9.2.1 Time-Invariant Model Error Covariance |
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99 | (3) |
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9.2.2 Assimilation Scheme for Coastal Acoustic Tomography Data |
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102 | (5) |
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Chapter 9 Applications for Horizontal-Slice Inversion |
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107 | (68) |
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9.1.1 Oceanographic State |
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107 | (1) |
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9.1.2 Experiment and Methods |
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107 | (2) |
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9.1.3 Differential Travel Times |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (2) |
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9.1.5 Mapping Current Velocity Fields |
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112 | (1) |
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9.2.1 Oceanographic State |
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113 | (1) |
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9.2.2 Experiment and Methods |
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113 | (3) |
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9.2.3 Differential Travel Times |
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116 | (1) |
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116 | (1) |
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9.2.5 Mapping Current Velocity Fields |
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117 | (1) |
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9.3.1 Oceanographic State |
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118 | (1) |
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9.3.2 Experiment and Methods |
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119 | (3) |
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9.3.3 Differential Travel Times |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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9.3.5 Mapping Current Velocity Fields |
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123 | (2) |
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9.4.1 Oceanographic State |
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125 | (1) |
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9.4.2 Experiment and Methods |
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126 | (1) |
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9.4.3 Differential Travel Times |
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127 | (2) |
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129 | (1) |
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9.4.5 Mapping Current Velocity Fields |
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129 | (4) |
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133 | (2) |
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9.4.7 Rotation of Tidal Currents With the Tidal Phase |
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135 | (1) |
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9.5.1 Oceanographic State |
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135 | (1) |
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9.5.2 Experiment and Methods |
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135 | (3) |
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9.5.3 Range-Average Current and Volume Transport |
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138 | (2) |
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140 | (1) |
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9.5.5 Mapping Current Velocity Fields |
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141 | (2) |
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9.6.1 Oceanographic State |
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143 | (1) |
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9.6.2 Experiment and Methods |
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143 | (4) |
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9.6.3 Differential Travel Times |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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9.6.5 Mapping Current Velocity Fields |
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147 | (3) |
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150 | (1) |
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9.7 Bali Strait (June 2016) |
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9.7.1 Oceanographic State |
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151 | (1) |
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9.7.2 Experiment and Methods |
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151 | (4) |
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9.7.3 Range-Average Currents |
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155 | (1) |
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9.7.4 North-East Currents |
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156 | (1) |
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9.7.5 Along-Strait Volume Transport and Energy Balance |
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157 | (1) |
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157 | (2) |
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9.7.7 Mapping Current Velocity Fields |
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159 | (2) |
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9.7.8 Specialty of the 3-h Oscillation |
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161 | (1) |
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9.8.1 Oceanographic State |
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162 | (1) |
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163 | (1) |
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9.8.3 Position Correction |
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164 | (1) |
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9.8.4 Range-Average Temperature |
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164 | (1) |
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165 | (2) |
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9.8.6 Mapping Reconstructed Temperature Fields |
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167 | (1) |
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9.8.7 Coastal Upwelling and Diurnal Internal Tides |
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168 | (3) |
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9.8.8 Sea Surface Depression Associated With Upwelling |
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171 | (1) |
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9.8.9 Upwelling Velocity and Mixing Rate |
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172 | (3) |
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Chapter 10 Applications for Vertical-Slice Inversion |
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175 | (20) |
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10.1 Bali Strait (June 2015) |
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175 | (1) |
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176 | (1) |
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10.1.3 Identifying the First Two Arrival Peaks |
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176 | (1) |
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10.1.4 Range-Average Current and Temperature |
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177 | (2) |
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179 | (1) |
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10.1.6 Profiling the Current and Temperature |
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180 | (1) |
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10.1.7 Power Spectral Densities |
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181 | (2) |
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183 | (2) |
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10.1.9 Concluding Remarks |
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185 | (1) |
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10.2.1 Oceanographic State |
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185 | (1) |
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10.2.2 Site and Experiment |
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185 | (2) |
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10.2.3 Data Acquisition and Errors |
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187 | (1) |
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187 | (2) |
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10.2.5 Identifying Arrival Peaks in the Received Data |
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189 | (2) |
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10.2.6 Profiling the Sound Speed Deviation |
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191 | (2) |
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10.2.7 Retrieving the Periodic Phenomena |
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193 | (2) |
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Chapter 11 Applications for Data Assimilation |
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195 | (34) |
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195 | (2) |
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11.1.2 Mapping 2D Current Fields |
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197 | (1) |
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198 | (1) |
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199 | (1) |
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11.2.2 Mapping Two-Dimensional Current Velocity Fields |
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199 | (2) |
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11.2.3 Along-Strait Volume Transport |
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201 | (3) |
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204 | (3) |
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11.3.1 Model Site and Data |
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207 | (2) |
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209 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
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11.3.4 Mapping Two-Dimensional Current Velocity Fields |
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211 | (2) |
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213 | (4) |
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217 | (1) |
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218 | (2) |
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11.4.3 Mapping Three-Dimensional Current Velocity and Salinity Fields |
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220 | (3) |
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223 | (2) |
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11.4.5 Transport Continuity and Mixing Fractions |
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225 | (4) |
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Chapter 12 Modal Function Expansion With Coastline Constraints |
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229 | (20) |
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229 | (1) |
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229 | (2) |
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12.3 Application to Hiroshima Bay |
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231 | (10) |
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12.3.1 Experiment and Methods |
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231 | (3) |
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234 | (2) |
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12.3.3 Modal Expansion Functions |
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236 | (2) |
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12.3.4 Mapping Two-Dimensional Current Velocity Fields |
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238 | (1) |
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239 | (2) |
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12.4 Application to Jiaozhou Bay |
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241 | (8) |
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12.4.1 Oceanographic State |
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241 | (1) |
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12.4.2 Experiment and Model |
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242 | (2) |
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12.4.3 Modal Expansion Functions |
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244 | (1) |
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12.4.4 Mapping Two-Dimensional Current Velocity Fields |
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244 | (5) |
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Chapter 13 Application to Various Fields and Phenomena |
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249 | (60) |
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13.1 Yearly Measurement of the Residual Current |
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249 | (2) |
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251 | (3) |
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254 | (1) |
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255 | (1) |
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13.1.5 Along-Channel Current |
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255 | (1) |
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13.1.6 Yearly Variations of the Observed Current and Temperature |
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256 | (1) |
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13.1.7 Residual Current Calculated From Upslope Point Method |
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257 | (2) |
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13.2 Bay With Multiinternal Modes |
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259 | (1) |
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13.2.2 Experiment and Methods |
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260 | (4) |
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13.2.3 Range-Average Sound Speed |
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264 | (1) |
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265 | (2) |
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13.2.5 Propagation of Internal-Mode Waves |
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267 | (8) |
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13.3 Bay With Resonant Internal Modes |
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13.4 Strait With Internal Solitary Waves |
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275 | (1) |
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13.4.2 Experimental Site and Methods |
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276 | (1) |
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13.4.3 Travel Times and Range-Average Temperatures for the Largest Arrival Peak |
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277 | (4) |
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13.4.4 Distance Correction |
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281 | (1) |
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13.4.5 Sound Transmission Data With Multiarrival Peaks |
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282 | (1) |
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13.4.6 Ray Simulation and Inversion |
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282 | (3) |
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13.4.7 Profiling Temperatures |
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285 | (1) |
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13.4.8 Concluding Remarks |
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285 | (2) |
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13.5 River With Tidal Bores |
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287 | (2) |
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13.5.2 Experiment and Methods |
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289 | (3) |
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13.5.3 Cross-River Surveys by Shipboard Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler |
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292 | (2) |
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13.5.4 Cross-River Surveys by Coastal Acoustic Tomography |
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294 | (1) |
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294 | (4) |
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13.5.6 Concluding Remarks |
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298 | (1) |
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13.6 Large Circular Tank With Omnidirectional Waves and Currents |
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13.6.1 Ho Wave Circular Tank |
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299 | (2) |
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13.6.2 Simulating Row Fields |
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301 | (1) |
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13.6.3 Experiment and Methods |
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302 | (1) |
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13.6.4 Identifying Multiarrival Peaks |
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303 | (2) |
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13.6.5 Mapping the Two-Dimensional Current Velocity Fields |
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305 | (1) |
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306 | (3) |
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Chapter 14 Mirror-Type Coastal Acoustic Tomography |
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309 | (20) |
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14.1 Introductory Remarks |
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309 | (1) |
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14.2 Mirror-Type Coastal Acoustic Tomography System Design |
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310 | (2) |
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14.3 Enhancing the Positioning Accuracy |
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312 | (2) |
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14.4 Feasibility Experiments |
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314 | (3) |
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317 | (1) |
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14.6 Arrival-Peak Identification |
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318 | (2) |
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14.7 Range-Average Currents |
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320 | (3) |
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14.8 Compact Mirror-Type Coastal Acoustic Tomography Array |
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323 | (2) |
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325 | (4) |
Bibliography |
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329 | (12) |
Index |
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