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E-grāmata: Coastal Acoustic Tomography

(College of Information Science & Engineering, Ocean University of C), (State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, China), (Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Japan)
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  • Izdošanas datums: 05-Feb-2020
  • Izdevniecība: Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780128189429
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  • Formāts: EPUB+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 05-Feb-2020
  • Izdevniecība: Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780128189429
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Coastal Acoustic Tomography begins with the specifics required for designing a Coastal Acoustic Tomography (CAT) experiment and operating the CAT system in coastal seas. Following sections discuss the procedure for data analyses and various application examples of CAT to coastal/shallow seas (obtained in various locations). These sections are broken down into four kinds of methods: horizontal-slice inversion, vertical-slice inversion, modal expansion method and data assimilation. This book emphasizes how dynamic phenomena occurring in coastal/shallow seas can be analyzed using the standard method of inversion and data assimilation.

The book is relevant for physical oceanographers, ocean environmentalists and ocean dynamists, focusing on the event being observed rather than the intrinsic details of observational processes. Application examples of successful dynamic phenomena measured by coastal acoustic tomography are also included.

  • Provides the information needed for researchers and graduate students in physical oceanography, ocean-fluid dynamics and ocean environments to apply Ocean Acoustic Tomography (OAT) to their own fields
  • Presents the benefits of using acoustic tomography, including less disturbance to aquatic environments vs. other monitoring methods
  • Includes the assimilation of CAT data into a coastal sea circulation model, a powerful tool to predict coastal-sea environmental changes
Preface xiii
Chapter 1 Fundamental Knowledge
1(12)
1.1 Ocean Acoustic Tomography
1(2)
1.1.1 Break Corner (Projected Rays on a Horizontal Slice)
3(1)
1.2 Advancement by Coastal Acoustic Tomography
3(3)
1.3 Coastal-Sea Environmental Monitoring
6(1)
1.4 Coastal-Sea Sound Propagation
6(7)
Chapter 2 Instrumentation
13(10)
2.1 System Design
13(2)
2.2 Field Deployment Methods
15(3)
2.2.1 Nearshore Platforms
15(1)
2.2.2 Necessity for Permanent Platform
16(2)
2.3 Transmit Signals
18(3)
2.4 Cross-Correlating the Received Data
21(2)
Chapter 3 Sound Transmission and Reception
23(14)
3.1 One-Dimensional Sound Wave Equation
23(1)
3.2 Sound Transmission Losses
24(5)
3.2.1 Spreading Losses
24(1)
3.2.2 Absorption Losses
25(1)
3.2.3 Bottom Losses
26(3)
3.2.4 Surface Losses
29(1)
3.2.5 Receiving Transmission Sound
29(1)
3.3 Processing the Received Data
29(8)
3.3.1 Ensemble Average
29(1)
3.3.2 Arrival Peaks Identification
30(1)
3.3.3 Processing the Noisy Received Data
31(4)
3.3.4 Multi-Arrival Peak Method
35(2)
Chapter 4 Range-Average Measurement
37(14)
4.1 Vertical Section Averages
37(1)
4.2 Resolution and Errors
38(1)
4.3 Position Correction
39(2)
4.4 Clock Correction
41(1)
4.5 Conversing From One-Line Current to Along-Channel Current
42(2)
4.6 Conversing From Two-Line Current to North-East Current
44(1)
4.7 Along-Strait Volume Transport and Energy Estimate
45(1)
4.8 Conversing From Sound Speed to Temperature and Salinity
46(1)
4.9 Travel-Time Errors Due to the Station Movements
47(2)
4.10 Errors From the Time Resolution of M Sequence
49(2)
Chapter 5 Forward Formulation
51(10)
5.1 Sound Wave Equation With a Velocity Field
51(2)
5.2 Ray Simulation
53(3)
5.3 Modal Simulation
56(2)
5.4 Time-of-Flight Equation Along the Rays
58(3)
Chapter 6 Inversion on a Horizontal Slice
61(20)
6.1 Grid Method
61(4)
6.2 Function Expansion Method
65(6)
6.3 Adding the Coastline Conditions
71(3)
6.4 Validating the Observed Data
74(7)
6.4.1 Comparing the Pre- and Postinversion Results
74(1)
6.4.2 Energy Balance
74(2)
6.4.3 Direct Comparison With the Standard Oceanographic Data
76(5)
Chapter 7 Inversion on a Vertical Slice
81(14)
7.1 Ray Method
81(5)
7.1.1 Layered Inversion
81(3)
7.1.2 Layered Inversion Deleting Clock Errors
84(1)
7.1.3 Explicit Solution
85(1)
7.2 Acoustic Normal Modes With a Constraint of Narrowband Sound
86(3)
7.3 Function Expansion Using Various Normal Modes
89(2)
7.4 The Three-Dimensional Mapping
91(4)
Chapter 8 Data Assimilation
95(12)
8.1 Conventional Ensemble Kalman Filter
95(4)
8.1.1 Introductory Remarks
95(1)
8.1.2 Ensemble Kalman Filter Scheme
96(1)
8.1.3 Innovation Vector
97(2)
8.1.4 External Forcing
99(1)
8.1.5 Kalman Gain Smoother
99(1)
8.2 Time-Efficient Ensemble Kalman Filter
99(8)
9.2.1 Time-Invariant Model Error Covariance
99(3)
9.2.2 Assimilation Scheme for Coastal Acoustic Tomography Data
102(5)
Chapter 9 Applications for Horizontal-Slice Inversion
107(68)
9.1 Nekoseto Channel
9.1.1 Oceanographic State
107(1)
9.1.2 Experiment and Methods
107(2)
9.1.3 Differential Travel Times
109(1)
9.1.4 Inversion
110(2)
9.1.5 Mapping Current Velocity Fields
112(1)
9.2 Tokyo Bay
9.2.1 Oceanographic State
113(1)
9.2.2 Experiment and Methods
113(3)
9.2.3 Differential Travel Times
116(1)
9.2.4 Inversion
116(1)
9.2.5 Mapping Current Velocity Fields
117(1)
9.3 Kanmon Strait
9.3.1 Oceanographic State
118(1)
9.3.2 Experiment and Methods
119(3)
9.3.3 Differential Travel Times
122(1)
9.3.4 Inversion
123(1)
9.3.5 Mapping Current Velocity Fields
123(2)
9.4 Zhitouyang Bay
9.4.1 Oceanographic State
125(1)
9.4.2 Experiment and Methods
126(1)
9.4.3 Differential Travel Times
127(2)
9.4.4 Inversion
129(1)
9.4.5 Mapping Current Velocity Fields
129(4)
9.4.6 Tidal Harmonics
133(2)
9.4.7 Rotation of Tidal Currents With the Tidal Phase
135(1)
9.5 Qiongzhou Strait
9.5.1 Oceanographic State
135(1)
9.5.2 Experiment and Methods
135(3)
9.5.3 Range-Average Current and Volume Transport
138(2)
9.5.4 Inversion
140(1)
9.5.5 Mapping Current Velocity Fields
141(2)
9.6 Dalian Bay
9.6.1 Oceanographic State
143(1)
9.6.2 Experiment and Methods
143(4)
9.6.3 Differential Travel Times
147(1)
9.6.4 Inversion
147(1)
9.6.5 Mapping Current Velocity Fields
147(3)
9.6.6 Validation
150(1)
9.7 Bali Strait (June 2016)
9.7.1 Oceanographic State
151(1)
9.7.2 Experiment and Methods
151(4)
9.7.3 Range-Average Currents
155(1)
9.7.4 North-East Currents
156(1)
9.7.5 Along-Strait Volume Transport and Energy Balance
157(1)
9.7.6 Inversion
157(2)
9.7.7 Mapping Current Velocity Fields
159(2)
9.7.8 Specialty of the 3-h Oscillation
161(1)
9.8 Hiroshima Bay
9.8.1 Oceanographic State
162(1)
9.8.2 Experiment
163(1)
9.8.3 Position Correction
164(1)
9.8.4 Range-Average Temperature
164(1)
9.8.5 Inversion
165(2)
9.8.6 Mapping Reconstructed Temperature Fields
167(1)
9.8.7 Coastal Upwelling and Diurnal Internal Tides
168(3)
9.8.8 Sea Surface Depression Associated With Upwelling
171(1)
9.8.9 Upwelling Velocity and Mixing Rate
172(3)
Chapter 10 Applications for Vertical-Slice Inversion
175(20)
10.1 Bali Strait (June 2015)
10.1.1 Experiment
175(1)
10.1.2 Ray Simulation
176(1)
10.1.3 Identifying the First Two Arrival Peaks
176(1)
10.1.4 Range-Average Current and Temperature
177(2)
10.1.5 Inversion
179(1)
10.1.6 Profiling the Current and Temperature
180(1)
10.1.7 Power Spectral Densities
181(2)
10.1.8 Nonlinear Tides
183(2)
10.1.9 Concluding Remarks
185(1)
10.2 Luzon Strait
10.2.1 Oceanographic State
185(1)
10.2.2 Site and Experiment
185(2)
10.2.3 Data Acquisition and Errors
187(1)
10.2.4 Modal Simulation
187(2)
10.2.5 Identifying Arrival Peaks in the Received Data
189(2)
10.2.6 Profiling the Sound Speed Deviation
191(2)
10.2.7 Retrieving the Periodic Phenomena
193(2)
Chapter 11 Applications for Data Assimilation
195(34)
11.1 Nekoseto Channel
11.1.1 Model and Methods
195(2)
11.1.2 Mapping 2D Current Fields
197(1)
11.1.3 Validation
198(1)
11.2 Kanmon Strait
11.2.1 Model and Method
199(1)
11.2.2 Mapping Two-Dimensional Current Velocity Fields
199(2)
11.2.3 Along-Strait Volume Transport
201(3)
11.2.4 Validation
204(3)
11.3 Sanmen Bay
11.3.1 Model Site and Data
207(2)
11.3.2 Methods
209(1)
11.3.3 Model
210(1)
11.3.4 Mapping Two-Dimensional Current Velocity Fields
211(2)
11.3.5 Validation
213(4)
11.4 Hiroshima Bay
11.4.1 Model
217(1)
11.4.2 Methods
218(2)
11.4.3 Mapping Three-Dimensional Current Velocity and Salinity Fields
220(3)
11.4.4 Volume Transports
223(2)
11.4.5 Transport Continuity and Mixing Fractions
225(4)
Chapter 12 Modal Function Expansion With Coastline Constraints
229(20)
12.1 Fundamental Remarks
229(1)
12.2 Formulation
229(2)
12.3 Application to Hiroshima Bay
231(10)
12.3.1 Experiment and Methods
231(3)
12.3.2 Observed Data
234(2)
12.3.3 Modal Expansion Functions
236(2)
12.3.4 Mapping Two-Dimensional Current Velocity Fields
238(1)
12.3.5 Validation
239(2)
12.4 Application to Jiaozhou Bay
241(8)
12.4.1 Oceanographic State
241(1)
12.4.2 Experiment and Model
242(2)
12.4.3 Modal Expansion Functions
244(1)
12.4.4 Mapping Two-Dimensional Current Velocity Fields
244(5)
Chapter 13 Application to Various Fields and Phenomena
249(60)
13.1 Yearly Measurement of the Residual Current
13.1.1 Specific Features
249(2)
13.1.2 Experiment
251(3)
13.1.3 Ray Simulation
254(1)
13.1.4 Received Data
255(1)
13.1.5 Along-Channel Current
255(1)
13.1.6 Yearly Variations of the Observed Current and Temperature
256(1)
13.1.7 Residual Current Calculated From Upslope Point Method
257(2)
13.2 Bay With Multiinternal Modes
13.2.1 Specific Features
259(1)
13.2.2 Experiment and Methods
260(4)
13.2.3 Range-Average Sound Speed
264(1)
13.2.4 Spectral Analyses
265(2)
13.2.5 Propagation of Internal-Mode Waves
267(8)
13.3 Bay With Resonant Internal Modes
13.4 Strait With Internal Solitary Waves
13.4.1 Background
275(1)
13.4.2 Experimental Site and Methods
276(1)
13.4.3 Travel Times and Range-Average Temperatures for the Largest Arrival Peak
277(4)
13.4.4 Distance Correction
281(1)
13.4.5 Sound Transmission Data With Multiarrival Peaks
282(1)
13.4.6 Ray Simulation and Inversion
282(3)
13.4.7 Profiling Temperatures
285(1)
13.4.8 Concluding Remarks
285(2)
13.5 River With Tidal Bores
13.5.1 Specific Features
287(2)
13.5.2 Experiment and Methods
289(3)
13.5.3 Cross-River Surveys by Shipboard Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler
292(2)
13.5.4 Cross-River Surveys by Coastal Acoustic Tomography
294(1)
13.5.5 River Discharges
294(4)
13.5.6 Concluding Remarks
298(1)
13.6 Large Circular Tank With Omnidirectional Waves and Currents
13.6.1 Ho Wave Circular Tank
299(2)
13.6.2 Simulating Row Fields
301(1)
13.6.3 Experiment and Methods
302(1)
13.6.4 Identifying Multiarrival Peaks
303(2)
13.6.5 Mapping the Two-Dimensional Current Velocity Fields
305(1)
13.6.6 Remaining Issues
306(3)
Chapter 14 Mirror-Type Coastal Acoustic Tomography
309(20)
14.1 Introductory Remarks
309(1)
14.2 Mirror-Type Coastal Acoustic Tomography System Design
310(2)
14.3 Enhancing the Positioning Accuracy
312(2)
14.4 Feasibility Experiments
314(3)
14.5 Ray Simulation
317(1)
14.6 Arrival-Peak Identification
318(2)
14.7 Range-Average Currents
320(3)
14.8 Compact Mirror-Type Coastal Acoustic Tomography Array
323(2)
14.9 Further Advancement
325(4)
Bibliography 329(12)
Index 341
Professor Kaneko started his academic career as a research associate in Kyushu University. In 1980, during his time as a research associate in the Research Institute for Applied Mechanics (RIAM), Kyushu University, he was awarded Doctor of Engineering. In 1981, he was promoted as an associate professor in RIAM. After that, he shifted research field from the nearshore fluid dynamics to open-ocean fluid dynamics and started a challenging structural observation of ocean currents such as the Kuroshio Current and Tsushima Warm Current, using a newly-developed towed-type acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP). From 1985 to 1986, Professor Kaneko worked at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, extending his research to ocean acoustic tomography (OAT). In 1991, he moved to the Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, as a full professor. At this time Kaneko set up a lab studying OAT and began exploring the now well-established technology and method of applying OAT to coastal sea study, with more acoustic complexity. The coastal acoustic tomography (CAT) group, which was established in Hiroshima University and composed of research staff and graduate students educated in Kanekos laboratory, have visualized (mapped) variable coastal currents with methods combined by inversion and data assimilation in the last two decades and results have been released to the international oceanographic community Xiao-Hua Zhu received a Ph.D. in physical oceanography from Hiroshima University. He was a post-doctoral fellow at Chugoku National Industrial Research Institute (CNIRI), Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan. After this Zhu moved to the Frontier Observational Research System for Global Change (FORSGC)/Japan Agency for Marin-Earth Science and Technology (JMASTEC) as a Research Scientist and started the mooring observations to measure the Kuroshio and Ryukyu Current in both sides of the Ryukyu Island by the Pressure-recording Inverted Echo Sounders (PIESs), moored ADCP and currentmeters. In 2006, he became a Senior Research Scientist of the State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration of China. Since then, he imported the coastal acoustic tomography (CAT) systems from Hiroshima University-related incubation company (Aqua Environmental Monitoring Limited Liability Partnership) and successfully carried out the CAT experiments in the coastal region of China, including Zhitouyang Bay, Sanmen Bay, Qiangtang River, Dalian Bay, Jiaozhou Bay and Qiongzhou Strait. He is also an adjunct professor in Zhejiang University, Dalian Ocean University, Hehai University and Shanghai Jiaotong University. Ju Lin is an associate professor of Ocean University of China. His research interests are focused on the characteristics of underwater acoustic propagation, the development of underwater acoustic monitoring system and acoustical oceanography. In the last decade, the newly proposed methods succeeded to invert the coastal sea environment parameters such as tidal current and temperature in the Kanmon Strait, Hiroshima Bay, Luzon Strait and Jiaozhou Bay from coastal acoustic tomography data. He serves as an executive council member of the Acoustic Society of Shandong, China, and a member of the Physical Acoustics Branch Committee of Acoustical Society of China and the Underwater Acoustics Branch Committee of Acoustical Society of China.