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E-grāmata: Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions

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Edited by (Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK), Associate editor , Associate editor , Associate editor , Associate editor , Edited by (EPPI-Centre, UCL Institute of Education, UK), Associate editor
  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Sērija : Wiley Cochrane Series
  • Izdošanas datums: 23-Sep-2019
  • Izdevniecība: Wiley-Blackwell
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781119536611
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Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of InterventionsPalielināt
  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Sērija : Wiley Cochrane Series
  • Izdošanas datums: 23-Sep-2019
  • Izdevniecība: Wiley-Blackwell
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781119536611
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The revised edition of the Handbook offers the only guide on how to conduct, report and maintain a Cochrane Review &;

The second edition of The Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions contains essential guidance for preparing and maintaining Cochrane Reviews of the effects of health interventions. Designed to be an accessible resource, the Handbook will also be of interest to anyone undertaking systematic reviews of interventions outside Cochrane, and many of the principles and methods presented are appropriate for systematic reviews addressing research questions other than effects of interventions.

This fully updated edition contains extensive new material on systematic review methods addressing a wide-range of topics including network meta-analysis, equity, complex interventions, narrative synthesis, and automation. Also new to this edition, integrated throughout the Handbook, is the set of standards Cochrane expects its reviews to meet. 

Written for review authors, editors, trainers and others with an interest in Cochrane Reviews, the second edition of The Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions continues to offer an invaluable resource for understanding the role of systematic reviews, critically appraising health research studies and conducting reviews. 

Contributors xiii
Preface xxiii
Part One Core methods
1(432)
1 Starting a review
3(10)
1.1 Why do a systematic review?
3(1)
1.2 What is the review question?
4(1)
1.3 Who should do a systematic review?
5(2)
1.4 The importance of reliability
7(1)
1.5 Protocol development
8(3)
1.6 Data management and quality assurance
11(1)
1.7
Chapter information
12(1)
1.8 References
12(1)
2 Determining the scope of the review and the questions it will address
13(20)
2.1 Rationale for well-formulated questions
13(2)
2.2 Aims of reviews of interventions
15(1)
2.3 Defining the scope of a review question
16(5)
2.4 Ensuring the review addresses the right questions
21(3)
2.5 Methods and tools for structuring the review
24(5)
2.6
Chapter information
29(1)
2.7 References
29(4)
3 Defining the criteria for including studies and how they will be grouped for the synthesis
33(34)
3.1 Introduction
33(2)
3.2 Articulating the review and comparison PICO
35(16)
3.3 Determining which study designs to include
51(9)
3.4 Eligibility based on publication status and language
60(1)
3.5
Chapter information
61(1)
3.6 References
61(6)
4 Searching for and selecting studies
67(42)
4.1 Introduction
68(1)
4.2 General issues
68(2)
4.3 Sources to search
70(9)
4.4 Designing search strategies
79(11)
4.5 Documenting and reporting the search process
90(2)
4.6 Selecting studies
92(7)
4.7
Chapter information
99(1)
4.8 References
99(10)
5 Collecting data
109(34)
5.1 Introduction
109(1)
5.2 Sources of data
110(4)
5.3 What data to collect
114(11)
5.4 Data collection tools
125(5)
5.5 Extracting data from reports
130(6)
5.6 Extracting study results and converting to the desired format
136(1)
5.7 Managing and sharing data
136(1)
5.8
Chapter information
137(1)
5.9 References
137(6)
6 Choosing effect measures and computing estimates of effect
143(34)
6.1 Types of data and effect measures
143(2)
6.2 Study designs and identifying the unit of analysis
145(3)
6.3 Extracting estimates of effect directly
148(2)
6.4 Dichotomous outcome data
150(6)
6.5 Continuous outcome data
156(12)
6.6 Ordinal outcome data and measurement scales
168(2)
6.7 Count and rate data
170(2)
6.8 Time-to-event data
172(1)
6.9 Conditional outcomes only available for subsets of participants
173(1)
6.10
Chapter information
174(1)
6.11 References
174(3)
7 Considering bias and conflicts of interest among the included studies
177(28)
7.1 Introduction
177(3)
7.2 Empirical evidence of bias
180(5)
7.3 General procedures for risk-of-bias assessment
185(3)
7.4 Presentation of assessment of risk of bias
188(1)
7.5 Summary assessments of risk of bias
188(2)
7.6 Incorporating assessment of risk of bias into analyses
190(2)
7.7 Considering risk of bias due to missing results
192(1)
7.8 Considering source of funding and conflict of interest of authors of included studies
193(6)
7.9
Chapter information
199(1)
7.10 References
199(6)
8 Assessing risk of bias in a randomized trial
205(24)
8.1 Introduction
205(1)
8.2 Overview of RoB 2
206(6)
8.3 Bias arising from the randomization process
212(2)
8.4 Bias due to deviations from intended interventions
214(3)
8.5 Bias due to missing outcome data
217(3)
8.6 Bias in measurement of the outcome
220(1)
8.7 Bias in selection of the reported result
221(4)
8.8 Differences from the previous version of the tool
225(1)
8.9
Chapter information
226(1)
8.10 References
227(2)
9 Summarizing study characteristics and preparing for synthesis
229(12)
9.1 Introduction
229(1)
9.2 A general framework for synthesis
230(1)
9.3 Preliminary steps of a synthesis
231(7)
9.4 Checking data before synthesis
238(1)
9.5 Types of synthesis
238(2)
9.6
Chapter information
240(1)
9.7 References
240(1)
10 Analysing data and undertaking meta-analyses
241(44)
10.1 Do not start here!
242(1)
10.2 Introduction to meta-analysis
242(3)
10.3 A generic inverse-variance approach to meta-analysis
245(1)
10.4 Meta-analysis of dichotomous outcomes
246(5)
10.5 Meta-analysis of continuous outcomes
251(3)
10.6 Combining dichotomous and continuous outcomes
254(1)
10.7 Meta-analysis of ordinal outcomes and measurement scales
255(1)
10.8 Meta-analysis of counts and rates
255(1)
10.9 Meta-analysis of time-to-event outcomes
256(1)
10.10 Heterogeneity
257(8)
10.11 Investigating heterogeneity
265(7)
10.12 Missing data
272(4)
10.13 Bayesian approaches to meta-analysis
276(1)
10.14 Sensitivity analyses
277(2)
10.15
Chapter information
279(1)
10.16 References
280(5)
11 Undertaking network meta-analyses
285(36)
11.1 What is network meta-analysis?
285(2)
11.2 Important concepts
287(6)
11.3 Planning a Cochrane Review to compare multiple interventions
293(4)
11.4 Synthesis of results
297(7)
11.5 Evaluating confidence in the results of a network meta-analysis
304(5)
11.6 Presenting network meta-analyses
309(6)
11.7 Concluding remarks
315(1)
11.8
Chapter information
316(1)
11.9 References
316(5)
12 Synthesizing and presenting findings using other methods
321(28)
12.1 Why a meta-analysis of effect estimates may not be possible
321(3)
12.2 Statistical synthesis when meta-analysis of effect estimates is not possible
324(6)
12.3 Visual display and presentation of the data
330(3)
12.4 Worked example
333(12)
12.5
Chapter information
345(1)
12.6 References
346(3)
13 Assessing risk of bias due to missing results in a synthesis
349(26)
13.1 Introduction
350(1)
13.2 Minimizing risk of bias due to missing results
351(3)
13.3 A framework for assessing risk of bias due to missing results in a synthesis
354(15)
13.4 Summary
369(1)
13.5
Chapter information
370(1)
13.6 References
370(5)
14 Completing `Summary of findings' tables and grading the certainty of the evidence
375(28)
14.1 `Summary of findings' tables
375(14)
14.2 Assessing the certainty or quality of a body of evidence
389(9)
14.3 Describing the assessment of the certainty of a body of evidence using the GRADE framework
398(1)
14.4
Chapter information
399(1)
14.5 References
399(4)
15 Interpreting results and drawing conclusions
403(30)
15.1 Introduction
403(2)
15.2 Issues of indirectness and applicability
405(3)
15.3 Interpreting results of statistical analyses
408(3)
15.4 Interpreting results from dichotomous outcomes (including numbers needed to treat)
411(5)
15.5 Interpreting results from continuous outcomes (including standardized mean differences)
416(6)
15.6 Drawing conclusions
422(5)
15.7
Chapter information
427(1)
15.8 References
428(5)
Part Two Specific perspectives in reviews
433(114)
16 Equity and specific populations
435(16)
16.1 Introduction to equity in systematic reviews
435(2)
16.2 Formulation of the review
437(4)
16.3 Identification of evidence
441(2)
16.4 Appraisal of evidence
443(1)
16.5 Synthesis of evidence
443(1)
16.6 Interpretation of evidence
444(1)
16.7 Concluding remarks
445(1)
16.8
Chapter information
445(1)
16.9 References
445(6)
17 Intervention complexity
451(18)
17.1 Introduction
451(10)
17.2 Formulation of the review
461(7)
17.3 Identification of evidence
468(1)
17 A Appraisal of evidence
469(10)
17.5 Synthesis of evidence
469(3)
17.6 Interpretation of evidence
472(1)
17.7
Chapter information
473(1)
17.8 References
474(5)
18 Patient-reported outcomes
479(14)
18.1 Introduction to patient-reported outcomes
479(1)
18.2 Formulation of the review
480(2)
18.3 Appraisal of evidence
482(3)
18.4 Synthesis and interpretation of evidence
485(3)
18.5
Chapter information
488(1)
18.6 References
489(4)
19 Adverse effects
493(14)
19.1 Introduction to issues in addressing adverse effects
493(3)
19.2 Formulation of the review
496(4)
19.3 Identification of evidence
500(2)
19.4 Appraisal of evidence
502(1)
19.5 Synthesis and interpretation of evidence
503(1)
19.6
Chapter information
504(1)
19.7 References
505(2)
20 Economic evidence
507(18)
20.1 Introduction
507(5)
20.2 Formulation of the review
512(5)
20.3 Identification of evidence
517(2)
20.4 Appraisal of evidence
519(1)
20.5 Synthesis and interpretation of evidence
519(2)
20.6
Chapter information
521(1)
20.7 References
522(3)
21 Qualitative evidence
525(22)
21.1 Introduction
525(1)
21.2 Designs for synthesizing and integrating qualitative evidence with intervention reviews
526(1)
21.3 Defining qualitative evidence and studies
527(1)
21.4 Planning a qualitative evidence synthesis linked to an intervention review
528(1)
21.5 Question development
529(1)
21.6 Questions exploring intervention implementation
530(1)
21.7 Searching for qualitative evidence
531(1)
21.8 Assessing methodological strengths and limitations of qualitative studies
532(1)
21.9 Selecting studies to synthesize
533(1)
21.10 Selecting a qualitative evidence synthesis and data extraction method
534(1)
21.11 Data extraction
534(3)
21.12 Assessing the confidence in qualitative synthesized findings
537(1)
21.13 Methods for integrating the qualitative evidence synthesis with an intervention review
537(1)
21.14 Reporting the protocol and qualitative evidence synthesis
538(1)
21.15
Chapter information
539(1)
21.16 References
539(8)
Part Three Further topics
547(112)
22 Prospective approaches to accumulating evidence
549(20)
22.1 Introduction
549(1)
22.2 Evidence surveillance: active monitoring of the accumulating evidence
550(4)
22.3 Prospectively planned meta-analysis
554(7)
22.4 Statistical analysis of accumulating evidence
561(3)
22.5
Chapter information
564(1)
22.6 References
565(4)
23 Including variants on randomized trials
569(26)
23.1 Cluster-randomized trials
569(7)
23.2 Crossover trials
576(9)
23.3 Studies with more than two intervention groups
585(5)
23.4
Chapter information
590(1)
23.5 References
591(4)
24 Including non-randomized studies on intervention effects
595(26)
24.1 Introduction
595(6)
24.2 Developing criteria for including non-randomized studies of interventions
601(5)
24.3 Searching for non-randomized studies of interventions
606(2)
24.4 Selecting studies and collecting data
608(2)
24.5 Assessing risk of bias in non-randomized studies
610(1)
24.6 Synthesis of results from non-randomized studies
611(3)
24.7 Interpretation and discussion
614(3)
24.8
Chapter information
617(1)
24.9 References
617(4)
25 Assessing risk of bias in a non-randomized study
621(22)
25.1 Introduction
622(1)
25.2 Biases in non-randomized studies
623(3)
25.3 The ROBINS-I tool
626(6)
25.4 Risk of bias in follow-up (cohort) studies
632(3)
25.5 Risk of bias in uncontrolled before-after studies (including interrupted time series)
635(3)
25.6 Risk of bias in controlled before-after studies
638(2)
25.7
Chapter information
640(1)
25.8 References
640(3)
26 Individual participant data
643(16)
26.1 Introduction
643(4)
26.2 Collecting IPD
647(3)
26.3 Managing and checking IPD
650(2)
26.4 Analysis of IPD
652(3)
26.5 Reporting IPD reviews
655(1)
26.6 Appraising the quality of IPD reviews
655(1)
26.7
Chapter information
655(1)
26.8 References
655(4)
Index 659
Julian P. T. Higgins is Professor of Evidence Synthesis at Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK. He has worked in methods for systematic review and meta-analysis for over 25 years and acts as Senior Methods Advisor to Cochrane.

James Thomas is Professor of Social Research and Policy at the EPPI-Centre, UCL Institute of Education. He has broad interests in systematic review methodology and tools and is Director of the Systematic Reviews Facility for the Department of Health, England.
Biežāk uzdotie jautājumi par e-grāmatām Biežāk uzdotie jautājumi par e-grāmatām
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