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E-grāmata: Cognitive Interviewing Methodology

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"Acknowledging the impact of sociological factors on the survey process, this book introduces a paradigm for the cognitive interview process. It introduces the interpretive approach to cognitive interviewing, presents the underlying theoretical foundations, and explores the issues relating it. The book also addresses the various aspects of data collection, analysis, and documentation. It is an ideal reference for survey researchers and practitioners in the social sciences who utilize these techniques in their everyday work and as a supplement for courses on survey methods at the upper-undergraduate and graduate levels"--

AN INTERDISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVE TO THE EVOLUTION OF THEORY AND METHODOLOGY WITHIN COGNITIVE INTERVIEW PROCESSES

Providing a comprehensive approach to cognitive interviewing in the field of survey methodology, Cognitive Interviewing Methodology delivers a clear guide that draws upon modern, cutting-edge research from a variety of fields.

Each chapter begins by summarizing the prevailing paradigms that currently dominate the field of cognitive interviewing. Then underlying theoretical foundations are presented, which supplies readers with the necessary background to understand newly-evolving techniques in the field. The theories lead into developed and practiced methods by leading practitioners, researchers, and/or academics. Finally, the edited guide lays out the limitations of cognitive interviewing studies and explores the benefits of cognitive interviewing with other methodological approaches. With a primary focus on question evaluation, Cognitive Interviewing Methodology also includes:


  • Step-by-step procedures for conducting cognitive interviewing studies, which includes the various aspects of data collection, questionnaire design, and data interpretation
  • Newly developed tools to benefit cognitive interviewing studies as well as the field of question evaluation, such as Q-Notes, a data entry and analysis software application, and Q-Bank, an online resource that houses question evaluation studies
  • A unique method for questionnaire designers, survey managers, and data users to analyze, present, and document survey data results from a cognitive interviewing study

An excellent reference for survey researchers and practitioners in the social sciences who utilize cognitive interviewing techniques in their everyday work, Cognitive Interviewing Methodology is also a useful supplement for courses on survey methods at the upper-undergraduate and graduate-level.
Foreword
Gordon Willis xiii
Acknowledgments xv
Contributors xvii
1 Introduction
1(6)
Kristen Miller
1.1 Cognitive Interviewing Methodology
2(5)
2 Foundations and New Directions
7(8)
Valerie Chepp
Caroline Gray
2.1 Introduction
7(1)
2.2 Sociology and the Interpretivist Tradition
8(1)
2.3 New Directions: Interpretation and Cognition
9(2)
2.4 Methodological Implications for Cognitive Interviewing
11(3)
2.5 Conclusion
14(1)
3 Data Collection
15(20)
Stephanie Willson
Kristen Miller
3.1 Introduction
15(1)
3.2 Cognitive Interviewing Study Sample
15(5)
3.2.1 Considerations of Sample Design
16(4)
3.3 The Cognitive Interview
20(8)
3.3.1 Differing Approaches to Cognitive Interviewing
20(2)
3.3.2 Different Kinds of Data: Respondent as Evaluator versus Respondent as Story Teller
22(6)
3.4 The Role of Interviewer
28(5)
3.4.1 Interviewer as Data Collector
29(1)
3.4.2 Interviewer as Researcher
30(3)
3.5 Conclusion
33(2)
4 Analysis
35(16)
Kristen Miller
Stephanie Willson
Valerie Chepp
J. Michael Ryan
4.1 Introduction
35(1)
4.2 Analysis of Cognitive Interviews: Overview
36(2)
4.3 Analytic Steps for Cognitive Interviews
38(11)
4.3.1 Step 1: Conducting the Interview
39(1)
4.3.2 Step Two: Producing Interview Summaries
40(2)
4.3.3 Step Three: Developing a Thematic Schema
42(2)
4.3.4 Step Four: Developing an Advanced Schema
44(3)
4.3.5 Step Five: Making Conclusions
47(2)
4.4 The Benefits of a Complete Analysis
49(1)
4.5 Conclusion
50(1)
5 Assessing Translated Questions via Cognitive Interviewing
51(18)
Alisu Schoua-Glusberg
Ana Villar
5.1 Introduction
51(1)
5.2 Why Use Cognitive Testing in Multilingual Survey Research
51(3)
5.2.1 Multilingual Research Settings
52(1)
5.2.2 Instrument Production in Multilingual Settings
53(1)
5.3 Translation and Translation Assessment Procedures
54(3)
5.3.1 Team Translation Approaches
54(1)
5.3.2 Translation Assessment Procedures
54(1)
5.3.3 Pretesting as Part of Translation Assessment
55(2)
5.4 Cognitively Testing Translations of Survey Questions
57(3)
5.4.1 Cognitive Interviewers
58(1)
5.4.2 Respondent Selection
58(1)
5.4.3 Introduction, Protocol, and Implementation
59(1)
5.4.4 Analysis
59(1)
5.5 Problems Uncovered by Cognitive Testing of Translations
60(6)
5.5.1 Uncovering Translation Problems
61(3)
5.5.2 Uncovering Problems with the Source Question
64(1)
5.5.3 Uncovering Problems Related to Cultural Differences -- Need for Adaptation
65(1)
5.6 Conclusion
66(3)
6 Conveying Results
69(16)
Valerie Chepp
Paul Scanlon
6.1 Introduction
69(1)
6.2 Contents of a Cognitive Interviewing Report
70(10)
6.2.1 Introduction
70(1)
6.2.2 Summary of Findings
71(2)
6.2.3 Methods
73(4)
6.2.4 Question-by-Question Review
77(3)
6.2.5 Appendix
80(1)
6.3 Characteristics of a Cognitive Interviewing Report
80(4)
6.3.1 Transparency
81(1)
6.3.2 Reflexivity
82(2)
6.4 Conclusion
84(1)
7 Case Study: Evaluation of a Sexual Identity Question
85(22)
Kristen Miller
J. Michael Ryan
7.1 Introduction
85(1)
7.2 Background
86(7)
7.2.1 Intended Construct for the National Health Interview Survey Sexual Identity Question
86(1)
7.2.2 Review of Data Quality Problems
87(2)
7.2.3 Development of an Improved Sexual Identity Question
89(4)
7.3 Case Study: Cognitive Interviewing Evaluation of the National Health Interview Survey Revised Sexual Identity Question
93(3)
7.3.1 Recruitment and Respondent Demographics
93(1)
7.3.2 Interviewing Procedures
93(2)
7.3.3 Data Analysis
95(1)
7.4 Case Study Findings
96(10)
7.4.1 Summary of Question Performance
96(1)
7.4.2 Basis of Respondents' Answers
97(2)
7.4.3 Cases of Response Problems
99(1)
7.4.4 Interpretation of Categories
100(5)
7.4.5 Study Conclusions
105(1)
7.5 Conclusion
106(1)
8 Analysis Software for Cognitive Interviewing Studies: Q-Notes and Q-Bank
107(26)
Justin Mezetin
Meredith Massey
8.1 Introduction
107(1)
8.2 Q-Notes Analysis Features
108(10)
8.2.1 Level 1: Conducting Interviews
108(2)
8.2.2 Level 2: Summarizing Interview Notes
110(2)
8.2.3 Level 3: Comparing Across Respondents
112(3)
8.2.4 Level 4: Comparing Across Groups
115(3)
8.2.5 Level 5: Drawing Conclusions about Question Performance
118(1)
8.3 Project Management Features
118(7)
8.3.1 Streamlined Communication
119(1)
8.3.2 Interview Data Collection
119(2)
8.3.3 Respondent Descriptors
121(1)
8.3.4 Controlled Access by Project
121(1)
8.3.5 Adding Questions
122(2)
8.3.6 Question Translations
124(1)
8.3.7 Coding Schemes
124(1)
8.4 Q-Bank: Making Cognitive Interview Findings Publicly Accessible
125(1)
8.5 Q-Bank Features
126(4)
8.5.1 Searching for Questions
126(1)
8.5.2 Advanced Search
127(1)
8.5.3 Question Details
128(1)
8.5.4 Value of Q-Bank
129(1)
8.6 Q-Bank: Challenges for the Past and Future
130(1)
8.7 Conclusion
130(3)
9 Cognitive Interviewing in Mixed Research
133(20)
Isabel Benitez Baena
Jose-Luis Padilla
9.1 Introduction
133(1)
9.2 The Mixed Research Paradigm: Characteristics and Design
134(2)
9.2.1 Cognitive Interviewing Studies and Research Design
135(1)
9.3 Mixed Method Research and Survey Question Evaluation
136(16)
9.3.1 Case 1: Cognitive Interviewing and Survey Field Testing
137(8)
9.3.2 Case 2: Cognitive Interviewing and Differential Item Functioning (DIF)
145(3)
9.3.3 Case 3: Cognitive Interviewing and Psychometric Scales
148(4)
9.4 Conclusion
152(1)
10 Conclusion
153(10)
Kristen Miller
Stephanie Willson
Valerie Chepp
Jose-Luis Padilla
10.1 Introduction
153(1)
10.2 Summary of Practices
154(5)
10.2.1 Data Collection
154(2)
10.2.2 Analysis
156(1)
10.2.3 Documenting Study Findings
157(2)
10.3 New Directions
159(4)
10.3.1 Topics for Examination
159(1)
10.3.2 Mixed Method Research
160(1)
10.3.3 Accepted Standards of Cognitive Interviewing Studies
161(2)
Key Concepts 163(4)
Question Evaluation Resources 167(4)
References 171(10)
Index 181
Kristen Miller, PhD, is Director of the Questionnaire Design Research Laboratory, National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). She designs and implements research projects on data quality and comparability, question response, questionnaire design, and cognitive methods theory and methodology. Dr. Miller is a coeditor of Question Evaluation Methods: Contributing to the Science of Data Quality, also published by Wiley.

Stephanie Willson, PhD, is Senior Research Methodologist at the Questionnaire Design Research Laboratory, NCHS. Her research interests include the study of construct validity in survey questions and the methodological evaluation of cognitive interviewing, with particular emphasis on data collection and data analysis.

Valerie Chepp, PhD, is Assistant Professor in the Department of Sociology at Hamline University. Dr. Chepp has 5 years of experience working as a research methodologist at the Questionnaire Design Research Laboratory, NCHS, and her research interests include cultural sociology, theories of inequality and social change, and qualitative research methods.

José-Luis Padilla, PhD, is Professor in the Department of Social Psychology at University of Granada, Spain. His research interests include cross-cultural psychology, psychometrics, and social research methods.