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E-grāmata: Cognitive Psychology of Planning

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The Cognitive Psychology of Planning assesses recent advances in the scientific study of the cognitive processes involved in formulating, evaluating and selecting a sequence of thoughts and actions to achieve a goal. Approaches discussed range from those which look at planning in terms of problem-solving behaviour to those which look at how we control thoughts and actions within the frameworks of attention, working memory or executive function. Topics covered include: simple to complex tasks, well- and ill-defined problems and the effects of age and focal brain damage on planning. This survey of recent work in the cognitive psychology and cognitive neuropsychology of planning will be an invaluable resource for anyone studying or researching in the fields of thinking and reasoning, memory and attention.
List of contributors ix
1. Introduction to the psychology of planning
1(34)
Geoff Ward and Robin Morris
Introduction
1(1)
Theoretical background
2(22)
Methodology and planning
24(2)
Neuropsychology and planning
26(1)
Overview of the chapters in this volume
27(5)
References
32(3)
2. Planning and problem solving in well-defined domains
35(18)
Simon P. Davies
Introduction
35(1)
Characterizing planning behaviour in well-defined domains
36(3)
Selection and effectiveness of different planning behaviours
39(1)
Problem complexity and planning strategy
39(2)
Problem-solving environment and planning strategy
41(3)
Individual and group differences and planning strategy
44(2)
Effectiveness of initial planning
46(2)
Summary and conclusions
48(1)
References
48(5)
3. Planning and ill-defined problems
53(18)
Thomas C. Ormerod
Introduction
53(2)
Planning in puzzle solving
55(5)
Plans, planning and expert skill
60(7)
Conclusions
67(2)
References
69(2)
4. Working memory and planning
71(18)
K.J. Gilhooly
Introduction
71(2)
General strategies for developing plans of action
73(2)
Working memory in computational models of problem solving and planning
75(1)
Multi-component approaches to working memory
76(2)
Single resource approaches to working memory
78(1)
"Move" tasks: The Tower of London (TOL)
78(5)
Studies of planning and working memory in chess
83(2)
Concluding comments
85(1)
References
85(4)
5. Planning and the executive control of thought and action
89(22)
Geoff Ward
Introduction
89(3)
Do we possess "lower level" action plans?
92(1)
Lower order planning: How do we control the initiation of lower level action plans?
93(3)
"Higher order" planning I: Planning what to do to solve a problem
96(3)
"Higher order" planning II: Planning when to do things to solve a problem
99(6)
When and why do we plan?
105(2)
Summary
107(1)
References
108(3)
6. Adult ageing and cognitive planning
111(24)
Louise H. Phillips, Mairi S. MacLeod, and Matthias Kliegel
Age, the frontal lobes and executive function
111(2)
Effects of ageing on the Tower of London (TOL) planning task
113(2)
Formulating complex plans in the laboratory
115(4)
Age and action planning: Six Elements Task (SET)
119(3)
Age and errand planning in a naturalistic setting
122(2)
Comparison of age effects on realistic and abstract planning tasks
124(1)
Adult ageing and planning: Themes emerging from the literature
125(6)
References
131(4)
7. Cognitive planning in Humans: New insights from the Tower of London (TOL) task
135(18)
Adrian M. Owen
Introduction
135(1)
The Tower of London (TOL)
136(3)
Psychological considerations: Cognitive components of performance identified from eye-tracking behaviour
139(3)
Anatomical considerations: Localizing the core neural substrates of performance using functional neuroimaging
142(4)
Further considerations: Is planning just working memory for the future?
146(2)
Conclusions
148(1)
References
148(5)
8. Planning in patients with focal brain damage: From simple to complex task performance
153(28)
Robin Morris, Maria Kotitsa, and Jessica Bramham
Introduction
153(1)
Illustrative case examples
154(2)
Development of strategies
156(2)
Problem solving on the Tower of Hanoi (TOH)
158(8)
Planning and organizational abilities investigated through simulation
166(4)
Virtual reality exploration of strategy formation, rule breaks and prospective memory
170(7)
Conclusions
177(1)
References
177(4)
9. Planning and the brain
181(18)
Jordan Grafman, Lee Spector, and Mary Jo Rattermann
Introduction
181(1)
Cognitive and computational perspectives on planning
182(3)
Cognitive neuroscience perspectives
185(6)
Conclusions
191(4)
References
195(4)
10. The search for specific planning processes 199(30)
Paul Burgess, Jon Simons, Laure Coates, and Shelley Channon
Introduction
199(1)
Challenge 1: Is "planning" just a label for a range of disparate human activities?
200(2)
Challenge 2: Planning as the expression of stored preferences
202(2)
Challenge 3: Is the existing experimental evidence consistent with the assumption that "look-ahead" is the principal construct underpinning planning performance?
204(6)
Summary so far
210(1)
Experimental evidence from our laboratory
211(2)
Planning using real-life analogue tasks
213(4)
Evidence from neurological patients
217(2)
Planning deficits and localization
219(1)
Planning and "construct validity"
220(1)
Conclusion
221(3)
References
224(5)
Author index 229(10)
Subject index 239


Robin Morris - Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London UK



Geoff Ward - University of Essex, Colchester UK.
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