| Preface |
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iv | |
| Biological Applications |
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xviii | |
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1 Introduction to Physics |
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1 | (18) |
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1-1 Physicists use both words and equations to describe the natural world |
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1 | (2) |
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1-2 Success in physics requires well-developed problem-solving skills |
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3 | (1) |
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1-3 Measurements in physics are based on standard units of time, length, mass, and other quantities |
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4 | (5) |
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1-4 Correct use of significant figures helps keep track of uncertainties in numerical values |
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9 | (4) |
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1-5 Dimensional analysis is a powerful way to check the results of a physics calculation |
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13 | (6) |
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2 Motion in One Dimension |
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19 | (46) |
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2-1 Studying motion in a straight line is the first step in understanding physics |
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19 | (1) |
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2-2 Constant velocity means moving at a steady speed in the same direction |
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20 | (10) |
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2-3 Velocity is the rate of change of position, and acceleration is the rate of change of velocity |
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30 | (8) |
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2-4 Constant acceleration means velocity changes at a steady rate |
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38 | (4) |
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2-5 Solving one-dimensional motion problems: Constant acceleration |
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42 | (5) |
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2-6 Objects falling freely near Earth's surface have constant acceleration |
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47 | (18) |
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3 Motion in Two or Three Dimensions |
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65 | (51) |
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3-1 The ideas of linear motion help us understand motion in two or three dimensions |
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65 | (1) |
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3-2 A vector quantity has both a magnitude and a direction |
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66 | (6) |
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3-3 Vectors can be described in terms of components |
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72 | (6) |
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3-4 For motion in a plane, velocity and acceleration are vector quantities |
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78 | (6) |
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3-5 A projectile moves in a plane and has a constant acceleration |
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84 | (5) |
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3-6 You can solve projectile motion problems using techniques learned for straight-line motion |
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89 | (6) |
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3-7 An object moving in a circle is accelerating even if its speed is constant |
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95 | (6) |
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3-8 The velocity you measure for an object depends on how you are moving |
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101 | (15) |
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4 Forces and Motion I: Newton's Laws |
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116 | (40) |
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4-1 How objects move is determined by the forces that act on them |
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116 | (1) |
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4-2 If a net external force acts on an object, the object accelerates |
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117 | (7) |
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4-3 Mass, weight, and inertia are distinct but related concepts |
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124 | (4) |
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4-4 Making a free-body diagram is essential in solving any problem involving forces |
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128 | (3) |
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4-5 Newton's third law relates the forces that two objects exert on each other |
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131 | (5) |
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4-6 All problems involving forces can be solved using the same series of steps |
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136 | (20) |
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5 Forces and Motion II: Applications |
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156 | (39) |
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5-1 Newton's laws apply to situations involving friction and drag as well as to motion in a circle |
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156 | (1) |
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5-2 The static friction force changes magnitude to offset other applied forces |
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157 | (5) |
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5-3 The kinetic friction force on a sliding object has a constant magnitude |
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162 | (6) |
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5-4 Problems involving static and kinetic friction are like any other problem with forces |
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168 | (5) |
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5-5 An object moving through air or water experiences a drag force |
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173 | (3) |
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5-6 In uniform circular motion the net force points toward the center of the circle |
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176 | (19) |
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195 | (55) |
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6-1 The ideas of work and energy are intimately related |
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195 | (1) |
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6-2 The work that a constant force does on a moving object depends on the magnitude and direction of the force |
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196 | (7) |
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6-3 Kinetic energy and the work-energy theorem give us an alternative way to express Newton's second law |
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203 | (4) |
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6-4 The work-energy theorem can simplify many physics problems |
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207 | (4) |
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6-5 The work-energy theorem is also valid for curved paths and varying forces |
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211 | (9) |
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6-6 Potential energy is energy related to an object's position |
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220 | (6) |
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6-7 If only conservative forces do work, total mechanical energy is conserved |
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226 | (6) |
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6-8 Energy conservation is an important tool for solving a wide variety of problems |
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232 | (4) |
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6-9 Power is the rate at which energy is transferred |
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236 | (14) |
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250 | (40) |
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7-1 Gravitation is a force of universal importance |
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250 | (1) |
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7-2 Newton's law of universal gravitation explains the orbit of the Moon |
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251 | (9) |
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7-3 The gravitational potential energy of two objects is negative and increases toward zero as the objects are moved farther apart |
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260 | (8) |
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7-4 Newton's law of universal gravitation explains Kepler's laws for the orbits of planets and satellites |
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268 | (10) |
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7-5 The properties of the gravitational force explain Earth's tides and space travelers' apparent weightlessness |
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278 | (12) |
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8 Momentum, Collisions, and the Center of Mass |
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290 | (44) |
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8-1 Newton's third law helps lead us to the idea of momentum |
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290 | (1) |
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8-2 Momentum is a vector that depends on an object's mass, speed, and direction of motion |
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291 | (5) |
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8-3 The total momentum of a system of objects is conserved under certain conditions |
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296 | (8) |
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8-4 In an inelastic collision some of the mechanical energy is lost |
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304 | (8) |
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8-5 In an elastic collision both momentum and mechanical energy are conserved |
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312 | (5) |
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8-6 What happens in a collision is related to the time the colliding objects are in contact |
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317 | (3) |
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8-7 The center of mass of a system moves as though all of the system's mass were concentrated there |
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320 | (14) |
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334 | (71) |
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9-1 Rotation is an important and ubiquitous kind of motion |
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334 | (1) |
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9-2 The equations for rotational kinematics are almost identical to those for linear motion |
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335 | (8) |
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9-3 Torque is to rotation as force is to translation |
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343 | (8) |
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9-4 An object's moment of inertia depends on its mass distribution and the choice of rotation axis |
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351 | (8) |
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9-5 The techniques used for solving problems with Newton's second law also apply to rotation problems |
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359 | (9) |
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9-6 An object's rotational kinetic energy is related to its angular speed and its moment of inertia |
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368 | (8) |
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9-7 Angular momentum is conserved when there is zero net torque on a system |
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376 | (6) |
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9-8 Rotational quantities such as angular momentum and torque are actually vectors |
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382 | (23) |
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10 Elastic Properties of Matter: Stress and Strain |
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405 | (28) |
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10-1 When an object is under stress, it deforms |
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405 | (1) |
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10-2 An object changes length when under tensile or compressive stress |
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406 | (7) |
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10-3 An object expands or shrinks when under volume stress |
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413 | (4) |
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10-4 A solid object changes shape when under shear stress |
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417 | (4) |
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10-5 Objects deform permanently or fail when placed under too much stress |
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421 | (12) |
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433 | (61) |
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11-1 Liquids and gases are both examples of fluids |
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433 | (2) |
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11-2 Density measures the amount of mass per unit volume |
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435 | (4) |
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11-3 Pressure in a fluid is caused by the impact of molecules |
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439 | (4) |
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11-4 In a fluid at rest pressure increases with increasing depth |
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443 | (3) |
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11-5 Scientists and medical professionals use various units for measuring fluid pressure |
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446 | (4) |
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11-6 A difference in pressure on opposite sides of an object produces a net force on the object |
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450 | (3) |
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11-7 A pressure increase at one point in a fluid causes a pressure increase throughout the fluid |
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453 | (2) |
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11-8 Archimedes' principle helps us understand buoyancy |
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455 | (7) |
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11-9 Fluids in motion behave differently depending on the flow speed and the fluid viscosity |
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462 | (7) |
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11-10 Bernoulli's equation helps us relate pressure and speed in fluid motion |
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469 | (8) |
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11-11 Viscosity is important in many types of fluid flow |
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477 | (5) |
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11-12 Surface tension explains the shape of raindrops and how respiration is possible |
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482 | (12) |
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494 | (44) |
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12-1 We live in a world of oscillations |
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494 | (1) |
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12-2 Oscillations are caused by the interplay between a restoring force and inertia |
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495 | (4) |
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12-3 The simplest form of oscillation occurs when the restoring force obeys Hooke's law |
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499 | (10) |
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12-4 Mechanical energy is conserved in simple harmonic motion |
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509 | (6) |
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12-5 The motion of a pendulum is approximately simple harmonic |
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515 | (4) |
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12-6 A physical pendulum has its mass distributed over its volume |
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519 | (3) |
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12-7 When damping is present, the amplitude of an oscillating system decreases over time |
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522 | (4) |
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12-8 Forcing a system to oscillate at the right frequency can cause resonance |
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526 | (12) |
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538 | (62) |
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13-1 Waves are disturbances that travel from place to place |
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538 | (1) |
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13-2 Mechanical waves can be transverse, longitudinal, or a combination of these |
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539 | (2) |
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13-3 Sinusoidal waves are related to simple harmonic motion |
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541 | (10) |
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13-4 The propagation speed of a wave depends on the properties of the wave medium |
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551 | (4) |
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13-5 When two waves are present simultaneously, the total disturbance is the sum of the individual waves |
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555 | (5) |
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13-6 A standing wave is caused by interference between waves traveling in opposite directions |
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560 | (6) |
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13-7 Wind instruments, the human voice, and the human ear use standing sound waves |
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566 | (5) |
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13-8 Two sound waves of slightly different frequencies produce beats |
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571 | (2) |
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13-9 The intensity of a wave equals the power that it delivers per square meter |
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573 | (8) |
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13-10 The frequency of a sound depends on the motion of the source and the listener |
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581 | (19) |
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14 Thermodynamics I: Temperature and Heat |
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600 | (45) |
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14-1 A knowledge of thermodynamics is essential for understanding almost everything around you---including your own body |
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600 | (1) |
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14-2 Temperature is a measure of the energy within a substance |
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601 | (4) |
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14-3 In a gas, temperature and molecular kinetic energy are directly related |
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605 | (9) |
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14-4 Most substances expand when the temperature increases |
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614 | (4) |
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14-5 Heat is energy that flows due to a temperature difference |
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618 | (4) |
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14-6 Energy must enter or leave an object for it to change phase |
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622 | (6) |
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14-7 Heat can be transferred by radiation, convection, or conduction |
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628 | (17) |
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15 Thermodynamics II: Laws of Thermodynamics |
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645 | (45) |
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15-1 The laws of thermodynamics involve energy and entropy |
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645 | (1) |
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15-2 The first law of thermodynamics relates heat flow, work done, and internal energy change |
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646 | (4) |
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15-3 A graph of pressure versus volume helps to describe what happens in a thermodynamic process |
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650 | (7) |
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15-4 The concept of molar specific heat helps us understand isobaric, isochoric, and adiabatic processes for ideal gases |
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657 | (7) |
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15-5 The second law of thermodynamics describes why some processes are impossible |
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664 | (11) |
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15-6 The entropy of a system is a measure of its disorder |
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675 | (15) |
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16 Electrostatics I: Electric Charge, Forces, and Fields |
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690 | (39) |
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16-1 Electric forces and electric charges are all around you---and within you |
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690 | (1) |
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16-2 Matter contains positive and negative electric charge |
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691 | (4) |
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16-3 Charge can flow freely in a conductor but not in an insulator |
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695 | (2) |
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16-4 Coulomb's law describes the force between charged objects |
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697 | (5) |
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16-5 The concept of electric field helps us visualize how charges exert forces at a distance |
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702 | (9) |
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16-6 Gauss's law gives us more insight into the electric field |
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711 | (5) |
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16-7 In certain situations Gauss's law helps us calculate the electric field and determine how charge is distributed |
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716 | (13) |
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17 Electrostatics II: Electric Potential Energy and Electric Potential |
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729 | (47) |
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17-1 Electric energy is important in nature, technology, and biological systems |
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729 | (1) |
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17-2 Electric potential energy changes when a charge moves in an electric field |
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730 | (9) |
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17-3 Electric potential equals electric potential energy per charge |
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739 | (7) |
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17-4 The electric potential has the same value everywhere on an equipotential surface |
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746 | (2) |
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17-5 A capacitor stores equal amounts of positive and negative charge |
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748 | (6) |
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17-6 A capacitor is a storehouse of electric potential energy |
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754 | (2) |
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17-7 Capacitors can be combined in series or in parallel |
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756 | (6) |
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17-8 Placing a dielectric between the plates of a capacitor increases the capacitance |
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762 | (14) |
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18 DC Circuits: Electric Charges in Motion |
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776 | (47) |
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18-1 Life on Earth and our technological society are only possible because of charges in motion |
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777 | (1) |
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18-2 Electric current equals the rate at which charge flows |
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777 | (7) |
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18-3 The resistance to current through an object depends on the object's resistivity and dimensions |
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784 | (4) |
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18-4 Resistance is important in both technology and physiology |
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788 | (4) |
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18-5 Kirchhoff's rules help us to analyze simple electric circuits |
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792 | (8) |
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18-6 The rate at which energy is produced or taken in by a circuit element depends on current and voltage |
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800 | (7) |
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18-7 A circuit containing a resistor and capacitor has a current that varies with time |
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807 | (16) |
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19 Magnetism: Forces and Fields |
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823 | (42) |
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19-1 Magnetic forces, like electric forces, act at a distance |
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823 | (1) |
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19-2 Magnetism is an interaction between moving charges |
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824 | (3) |
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19-3 A moving point charge can experience a magnetic force |
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827 | (4) |
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19-4 A mass spectrometer uses magnetic forces to differentiate atoms of different masses |
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831 | (3) |
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19-5 Magnetic fields exert forces on current-carrying wires |
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834 | (3) |
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19-6 A magnetic field can exert a torque on a current loop |
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837 | (5) |
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19-7 Ampere's law describes the magnetic field created by current-carrying wires |
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842 | (9) |
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19-8 Two current-carrying wires exert magnetic forces on each other |
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851 | (14) |
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20 Electromagnetic Induction |
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865 | (20) |
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20-1 The world runs on electromagnetic induction |
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865 | (1) |
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20-2 A changing magnetic flux creates an electric field |
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866 | (7) |
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20-3 Lenz's law describes the direction of the induced emf |
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873 | (3) |
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20-4 Faraday's law explains how alternating currents are generated |
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876 | (9) |
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21 Alternating-Current Circuits |
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885 | (35) |
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21-1 Most circuits use alternating current |
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885 | (1) |
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21-2 We need to analyze ac circuits differently than dc circuits |
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886 | (3) |
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21-3 Transformers allow us to change the voltage of an ac power source |
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889 | (5) |
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21-4 An inductor is a circuit element that opposes changes in current |
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894 | (4) |
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21-5 In a circuit with an inductor and capacitor, charge and current oscillate |
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898 | (7) |
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21-6 When an ac voltage source is attached in series to an inductor, a resistor, and a capacitor, the circuit can display resonance |
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905 | (6) |
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21-7 Diodes are important parts of many common circuits |
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911 | (9) |
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920 | (28) |
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22-1 Light is just one example of an electromagnetic wave |
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920 | (1) |
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22-2 In an electromagnetic plane wave, electric and magnetic fields both oscillate |
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921 | (4) |
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22-3 Maxwell's equations explain why electromagnetic waves are possible |
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925 | (11) |
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22-4 Electromagnetic waves carry both electric and magnetic energy, and come in packets called photons |
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936 | (12) |
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23 Physical Optics: Wave Properties of Light |
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948 | (48) |
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23-1 The wave nature of light explains much about how light behaves |
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948 | (1) |
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23-2 Huygens' principle explains the reflection and refraction of light |
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949 | (7) |
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23-3 In some cases light undergoes total internal reflection at the boundary between media |
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956 | (3) |
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23-4 The dispersion of light explains the colors from a prism or a rainbow |
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959 | (2) |
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23-5 In a polarized light wave the electric field vector points in a specific direction |
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961 | (5) |
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23-6 Light waves reflected from the surfaces of a thin film can interfere with each other, producing dazzling effects |
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966 | (6) |
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23-7 Interference can occur when light passes through two narrow, parallel slits |
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972 | (4) |
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23-8 Diffraction is the spreading of light when it passes through a narrow opening |
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976 | (6) |
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23-9 The diffraction of light through a circular aperture is important in optics |
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982 | (14) |
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24 Geometrical Optics: Ray Properties of Light |
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996 | (52) |
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24-1 Mirrors or lenses can be used to form images |
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996 | (1) |
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24-2 A plane mirror produces an image that is reversed back to front |
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997 | (3) |
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24-3 A concave mirror can produce an image of a different size than the object |
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1000 | (5) |
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24-4 Simple equations give the position and magnification of the image made by a concave mirror |
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1005 | (5) |
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24-5 A convex mirror always produces an image that is smaller than the object |
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1010 | (2) |
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24-6 The same equations used for concave mirrors also work for convex mirrors |
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1012 | (5) |
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24-7 Convex lenses form images like concave mirrors and vice versa |
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1017 | (5) |
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24-8 The focal length of a lens is determined by its index of refraction and the curvature of its surfaces |
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1022 | (6) |
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24-9 A camera and the human eye use different methods to focus on objects at various distances |
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1028 | (4) |
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24-10 The concept of angular magnification plays an important role in several optical devices |
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1032 | (16) |
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1048 | (42) |
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25-1 The concepts of relativity may seem exotic, but they're part of everyday life |
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1048 | (1) |
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25-2 Newton's mechanics includes some ideas of relativity |
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1049 | (6) |
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25-3 The Michelson--Morley experiment shows that light does not obey Newtonian relativity |
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1055 | (2) |
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25-4 Einstein's relativity predicts that the time between events depends on the observer |
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1057 | (6) |
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25-5 Einstein's relativity also predicts that the length of an object depends on the observer |
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1063 | (7) |
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25-6 The speed of light is the ultimate speed limit |
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1070 | (2) |
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25-7 The equations for kinetic energy and momentum must be modified at very high speeds |
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1072 | (6) |
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25-8 Einstein's general theory of relativity describes the fundamental nature of gravity |
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1078 | (12) |
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26 Quantum Physics and Atomic Structure |
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1090 | (45) |
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26-1 Experiments that probe the nature of light and matter reveal the limits of classical physics |
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1090 | (1) |
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26-2 The photoelectric effect and blackbody radiation show that light is absorbed and emitted in the form of photons |
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1091 | (7) |
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26-3 As a result of its photon character, light changes wavelength when it is scattered |
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1098 | (4) |
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26-4 Matter, like light, has aspects of both waves and particles |
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1102 | (3) |
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26-5 The spectra of light emitted and absorbed by atoms show that atomic energies are quantized |
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1105 | (6) |
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26-6 Models by Bohr and Schrodinger give insight into the intriguing structure of the atom |
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1111 | (11) |
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26-7 In quantum mechanics, it is impossible to know precisely both a particle's position and its momentum |
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1122 | (13) |
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1135 | (36) |
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27-1 The quantum concepts that help explain atoms are essential for understanding the nucleus |
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1135 | (1) |
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27-2 The strong nuclear force holds nuclei together |
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1136 | (7) |
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27-3 Some nuclei are more tightly bound and more stable than others |
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1143 | (3) |
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27-4 The largest nuclei can release energy by undergoing fission and splitting apart |
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1146 | (3) |
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27-5 The smallest nuclei can release energy if they are forced to fuse together |
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1149 | (2) |
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27-6 Unstable nuclei may emit alpha, beta, or gamma radiation |
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1151 | (20) |
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28 Particle Physics and Beyond |
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1171 | (10) |
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28-1 Studying the ultimate constituents of matter helps reveal the nature of the universe |
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1171 | (1) |
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28-2 Most forms of matter can be explained by just a handful of fundamental particles |
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1172 | (5) |
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28-3 Four fundamental forces describe all interactions between material objects |
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1177 | (8) |
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28-4 We live in an expanding universe, and the nature of most of its contents is a mystery |
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1185 | |
| Appendix A SI Units and Conversion Factors |
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1 | (2) |
| Appendix B Numerical Data |
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3 | |
| Glossary |
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1 | (1) |
| Math Tutorial |
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1 | (1) |
| Answers to Odd Problems |
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1 | (1) |
| Index: Periodic Table of the Elements |
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1 | |
