| About the Authors |
|
xiv | |
| Acknowledgments |
|
xvi | |
| To the Student |
|
xx | |
| Getting the Most from This Book |
|
xxii | |
| Case Study: How fast is a snowboarder? |
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1 | (1) |
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Chapter 1 Introduction to Physics |
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2 | (28) |
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1-1 Scientists use special practices to understand and describe the natural world |
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2 | (3) |
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1-2 Success in physics requires well-developed problerr solving using mathematical, graphical, and reasoning skills |
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5 | (2) |
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1-3 Scientists use simplifying models to make it possible to solve problems; an "object" will be an important model in your studies |
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7 | (2) |
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1-4 Measurements in physics are based on standard units of time, length, and mass |
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9 | (7) |
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1-5 Correct use of significant digits helps keep track of uncertainties in numerical values |
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16 | (6) |
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1-6 Dimensional analysis is a powerful way to check the results of a physics calculation |
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22 | (8) |
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26 | (2) |
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28 | (2) |
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30 | (112) |
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Case Study: How can fundamental physics help us understand baseball? |
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31 | (1) |
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32 | (55) |
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2-1 Studying linear motion is the first step in understanding physics |
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32 | (1) |
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2-2 Constant velocity means moving at a constant speed without changing direction |
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33 | (12) |
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2-3 Velocity is the rate of change of position, and acceleration is the rate of change of velocity |
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45 | (10) |
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2-4 Tools for describing constant acceleration motion |
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55 | (6) |
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2-5 Solving linear motion problems: constant acceleration |
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61 | (7) |
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2-6 Objects falling freely near Earth's surface have constant acceleration |
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68 | (19) |
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81 | (4) |
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85 | (2) |
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Chapter 3 Motion in Two or Three Dimensions |
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87 | (55) |
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3-1 The ideas of linear motion help us understand motion in two or three dimensions |
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87 | (1) |
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3-2 A vector quantity has both a magnitude and a direction |
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88 | (7) |
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3-3 Vectors can be described in terms of components |
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95 | (7) |
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3-4 Motion in a plane: reference frames, velocity, and relative motion |
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102 | (8) |
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3-5 Motion in a plane: acceleration and projectile motion |
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110 | (11) |
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3-6 You can solve projectile motion problems using techniques learned for linear motion |
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121 | (21) |
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136 | (4) |
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140 | (2) |
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UNIT 2 Force and Translational Dynamics |
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142 | (142) |
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Case Study: Who wins in a tug-of-war contest? |
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143 | (1) |
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Chapter 4 Forces and Motion I: Newton's Laws |
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144 | (51) |
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4-1 How objects move is determined by their interactions with other objects, which can be described by forces |
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144 | (2) |
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4-2 If a net external force is exerted on an object, the object accelerates |
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146 | (10) |
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4-3 Mass and weight are distinct but related concepts |
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156 | (5) |
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4-4 A free-body diagram is essential in solving any problem involving forces |
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161 | (5) |
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4-5 Newton's third law relates the forces that two objects exert on each other |
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166 | (5) |
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4-6 All problems involving forces can be solved using the same series of steps |
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171 | (24) |
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189 | (4) |
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193 | (2) |
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Chapter 5 Forces and Motion II: Applications |
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195 | (41) |
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5-1 We can use Newton's laws in situations beyond those we have already studied |
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195 | (1) |
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5-2 The static friction force changes magnitude to offset other forces being exerted on a system |
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196 | (7) |
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5-3 The kinetic friction force on a sliding object has a constant magnitude |
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203 | (7) |
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5-4 Problems involving friction are solved like any other force problems |
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210 | (8) |
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5-5 An object moving through air or water experiences a drag force |
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218 | (5) |
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5-6 An ideal spring force can be used to model many interactions |
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223 | (13) |
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229 | (4) |
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233 | (3) |
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Chapter 6 Circular Motion and Gravitation |
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236 | (48) |
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6-1 Gravitation is a force of universal importance; add circular motion and you start explaining the motion of the planets |
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236 | (2) |
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6-2 An object moving in a circle is accelerating even if its speed is constant |
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238 | (7) |
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6-3 For an object in uniform circular motion, the net force exerted on the object points toward the center of the circle |
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245 | (10) |
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6-4 Newton's law of universal gravitation explains the orbit of the Moon, and introduces us to the concept of field |
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255 | (12) |
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6-5 Newton's law of universal gravitation begins to explain the orbits of planets and satellites |
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267 | (5) |
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6-6 Apparent weight and what it means to be "weightless" |
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272 | (12) |
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277 | (3) |
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280 | (4) |
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UNIT 3 Work, Energy, and Power |
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284 | (94) |
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Case Study: How do we determine the energy of a roller coaster? |
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285 | (1) |
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Chapter 7 Conservation of Energy and an Introduction to Energy and Work |
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286 | (48) |
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7-1 The ideas of work and energy are intimately related, and this relationship is based on a conservation principle |
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286 | (3) |
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7-2 The work done by a constant force exerted on a moving object depends on the magnitude of the force and the distance the object moves in the direction of the force |
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289 | (8) |
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7-3 Newton's second law applied to an object allows us to determine a formula for kinetic energy and state the work-energy theorem for an object |
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297 | (6) |
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7-4 The work-energy theorem can simplify many physics problems |
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303 | (3) |
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7-5 The work-energy theorem is also valid for curved paths and varying forces, and, with a little more information, systems as well as objects |
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306 | (9) |
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7-6 Potential energy is energy related to reversible changes in a system's configuration |
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315 | (19) |
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328 | (3) |
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331 | (3) |
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Chapter 8 Application of Conservation Principles to Energy, Work, and Power |
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334 | (44) |
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8-1 Total energy is always conserved, but it is constant only for a closed, isolated system |
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334 | (2) |
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8-2 Choosing systems and considering multiple interactions, including nonconservative ones |
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336 | (9) |
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8-3 Energy conservation is an important tool for solving a wide variety of problems |
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345 | (9) |
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8-4 Power is the rate at which energy is transferred into or out of a system or converted within a system |
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354 | (5) |
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8-5 Gravitational potential energy is much more general, and profound, than our near-Earth approximation |
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359 | (19) |
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371 | (4) |
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375 | (3) |
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378 | (68) |
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Case Study: When two football players collide... who wins? |
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379 | (1) |
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Chapter 9 Momentum, Collisions, and the Center of Mass |
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380 | (66) |
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9-1 Newton's third law will help lead us to the idea of momentum |
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380 | (2) |
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9-2 Momentum is a vector that depends on an object's mass, speed, and direction of motion |
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382 | (5) |
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9-3 The total momentum of a system is always conserved; it is constant for systems that are closed and isolated |
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387 | (11) |
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9-4 In an inelastic collision some of the mechanical energy is dissipated |
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398 | (10) |
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9-5 In an elastic collision both momentum and mechanical energy are constant |
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408 | (7) |
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9-6 What happens in a collision is related to the time the colliding objects are in contact |
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415 | (5) |
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9-7 The center of mass of a system moves as though all the system's mass were concentrated there |
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420 | (26) |
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430 | (2) |
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432 | (3) |
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AP® Physics 1 Practice Exam 1 |
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435 | (11) |
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UNIT 5 Torque and Rotational Dynamics |
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446 | (58) |
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Case Study: How to make it easier to open a new door? |
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447 | (1) |
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Chapter 10 Rotational Motion I: A New Kind of Motion |
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448 | (56) |
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10-1 Rotation is an important and ubiquitous kind of motion |
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448 | (2) |
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10-2 An extended object's rotational kinetic energy is related to its angular velocity and how its mass is distributed |
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450 | (9) |
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10-3 An extended object's rotational inertia depends on its mass distribution and the choice of rotation axis |
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459 | (11) |
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10-4 The equations for rotational kinematics are almost identical to those for linear motion |
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470 | (6) |
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10-5 Torque is to rotation as force is to translation |
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476 | (10) |
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10-6 The techniques used for solving problems with Newton's second law also apply to rotation problems |
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486 | (19) |
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497 | (5) |
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502 | (3) |
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Case Study: How does a diver control her rotation rate during a dive? |
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505 | (1) |
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UNIT 6 Energy and Momentum of Rotating Systems |
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505 | (1) |
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Chapter 11 Torque and Rotation II: Work, Energy, and Angular Momentum |
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506 | (1) |
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11-1 Angular momentum and the next conservation law: conservation of angular momentum |
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506 | (1) |
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11-2 Conservation of mechanical energy also applies to rotating extended objects |
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507 | (12) |
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11-3 Angular momentum is always conserved; it is constant when there is zero net torque (or angular impulse) exerted on a system |
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519 | (10) |
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11-4 Newton's law of universal gravitation along with gravitational potential energy and angular momentum explains Kepler's laws for the orbits of planets and satellites |
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529 | (22) |
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542 | (5) |
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547 | (4) |
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Case Study: At what point during a bungee jump will you reach your greatest speed? |
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551 | (1) |
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551 | (1) |
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Chapter 12 Oscillations Including Simple Harmonic Motion |
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552 | (1) |
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12-1 We live in a world of oscillations |
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552 | (3) |
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12-2 Oscillations are caused by the interplay between a restoring force and inertia |
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555 | (3) |
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12-3 An object changes length when under tensile or compressive stress; Hooke's law is a special case |
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558 | (5) |
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12-4 The simplest form of oscillation occurs when the restoring force obeys Hooke's law |
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563 | (12) |
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12-5 Mechanical energy is constant in simple harmonic motion |
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575 | (7) |
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12-6 The motion of a pendulum is approximately simple harmonic |
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582 | (6) |
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12-7 A physical pendulum has its mass distributed over its volume |
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588 | (14) |
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596 | (3) |
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599 | (3) |
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602 | (78) |
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Case Study: How do we explain why only some things float? |
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603 | (1) |
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Chapter 13 The Physics of Fluids |
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604 | (76) |
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13-1 Liquids and gases are both examples of fluids |
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604 | (2) |
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13-2 Density measures the amount of mass per unit volume |
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606 | (5) |
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13-3 Pressure in a fluid is caused by the impact of molecules |
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611 | (5) |
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13-4 In a fluid at rest pressure increases with increasing depth |
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616 | (7) |
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13-5 A difference in pressure on opposite sides of an object produces a net force on the object |
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623 | (4) |
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13-6 A pressure increase at one point in a fluid causes a pressure increase throughout the fluid |
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627 | (3) |
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13-7 Archimedes' principle helps us understand buoyancy |
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630 | (9) |
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13-8 Fluids in motion: a more robust definition of an ideal fluid, and application of conservation of mass |
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639 | (8) |
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13-9 Bernoulli's equation, an expression of the work-energy theorem, helps us relate pressure and speed in fluid motion |
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647 | (9) |
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13-10 Surface tension explains the shape of raindrops and how respiration is possible |
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656 | (24) |
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661 | (3) |
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664 | (3) |
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AP® Physics 1 Practice Exam 2 |
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667 | (13) |
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680 | (98) |
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Case Study: Why do hot-air balloons rise? |
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681 | (1) |
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Chapter 14 Kinetic Theory, Ideal Gases, Energy Transfer, and Equilibrium |
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682 | (46) |
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14-1 A knowledge of thermodynamics is essential for understanding almost everything around you-- including your own body |
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682 | (2) |
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14-2 Temperature is a measure of the energy within a system |
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684 | (5) |
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14-3 In a gas, temperature and molecular kinetic energy are directly related |
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689 | (10) |
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14-4 Heat is the amount of energy that is transferred in a thermal process |
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699 | (6) |
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14-5 Heating and cooling do not always result in a temperature change |
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705 | (6) |
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14-6 Thermal processes of energy transfer are radiation, convection, and conduction |
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711 | (17) |
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723 | (3) |
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726 | (2) |
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Chapter 15 Laws of Thermodynamics |
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728 | (50) |
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15-1 The laws of thermodynamics involve energy and entropy |
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728 | (1) |
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15-2 The first law of thermodynamics applies conservation of energy to thermal processes |
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729 | (5) |
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15-3 A graph of pressure versus volume helps to describe what occurs in a thermodynamic process |
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734 | (10) |
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15-4 The concept of molar specific heat helps us understand isobaric, isovolumetric, and adiabatic processes for ideal gases |
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744 | (7) |
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15-5 The second law of thermodynamics describes why some processes are impossible |
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751 | (13) |
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15-6 The entropy of a system is a measure of its disorder |
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764 | (14) |
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773 | (3) |
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776 | (2) |
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UNIT 10 Electric Force, field, and Potential |
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778 | (94) |
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Case Study: How does electric charge make your hair stand on end? |
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779 | (1) |
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Chapter 16 Electric Charge, Force, and Field |
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780 | (37) |
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16-1 Electric forces and electric charge are all around you--and within you |
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780 | (2) |
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16-2 Matter contains objects with positive and negative electric charge |
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782 | (5) |
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16-3 Charge moves freely in a conductor but not in an insulator |
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787 | (3) |
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16-4 Coulomb's law describes the force between charged objects |
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790 | (7) |
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16-5 Electric forces are the true cause of many other forces you experience, and electric fields can help model electric forces |
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797 | (20) |
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811 | (3) |
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814 | (3) |
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Chapter 17 Electric Potential and Electric Potential Energy |
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817 | (55) |
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17-1 Electric energy is important in nature and for technology; electric and gravitational potential energy have similar forms |
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817 | (2) |
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17-2 Electric potential energy of a system changes when a charged object moves in an electric field |
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819 | (10) |
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17-3 Electric potential difference relates to the change in electric potential energy |
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829 | (8) |
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17-4 The electric potential has the same value everywhere on an equipotential surface |
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837 | (4) |
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17-5 A capacitor stores equal amounts of positive and negative charge |
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841 | (7) |
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17-6 A capacitor is a storehouse of electric potential energy |
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848 | (3) |
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17-7 Capacitors can be combined in series or in parallel |
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851 | (6) |
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17-8 Placing a dielectric between the plates of a capacitor increases the capacitance |
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857 | (15) |
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866 | (4) |
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870 | (2) |
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872 | (58) |
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Case Study: How does a flashlight work? |
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873 | (1) |
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Chapter 18 DC Circuits: Electric Charge in Motion |
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874 | (56) |
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18-1 Life on Earth and our technological society are possible only because of charge in motion |
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874 | (2) |
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18-2 Electric current equals the rate at which charge moves |
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876 | (7) |
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18-3 The resistance to current through an object depends on the object's resistivity and dimensions |
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883 | (7) |
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18-4 Conservation of energy and conservation of charge make it possible to analyze electric circuits |
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890 | (15) |
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18-5 The rate at which energy is transferred by a circuit element depends on the current through the element and the electric potential difference across it |
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905 | (8) |
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18-6 A circuit containing a resistor and a capacitor has a current that varies with time |
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913 | (17) |
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925 | (2) |
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927 | (3) |
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UNIT 12 Mangetism and Electromagnetism |
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930 | (80) |
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Case Study: How does a planet's magnetic field cause lights in its sky? |
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931 | (1) |
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Chapter 19 Magnetism: Forces and Fields |
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932 | (46) |
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19-1 The magnetic force, like the electric force, is a long-range force |
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932 | (2) |
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19-2 Magnetism is an interaction between moving charged objects |
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934 | (3) |
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19-3 A moving point charge can experience a magnetic force |
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937 | (4) |
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19-4 A mass spectrometer uses magnetic forces to differentiate atoms of different masses |
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941 | (4) |
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19-5 Magnetic fields exert forces on current-carrying wires |
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945 | (4) |
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19-6 A magnetic field can exert a torque on a current loop |
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949 | (6) |
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19-7 Current-carrying wires create magnetic fields |
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955 | (9) |
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19-8 Two current-carrying wires exert magnetic forces on each other |
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964 | (14) |
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972 | (4) |
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976 | (2) |
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Chapter 20 Electromagnetic Induction |
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|
978 | (32) |
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20-1 The world runs on electromagnetic induction |
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978 | (2) |
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20-2 A changing magnetic flux creates an electric field |
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980 | (7) |
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20-3 Lenz's law describes the direction of the induced emf |
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987 | (4) |
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20-4 Faraday's law explains how alternating currents are generated |
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991 | (4) |
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20-5 Maxwell's equations tie electricity and magnetism together |
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995 | (15) |
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1006 | (2) |
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1008 | (2) |
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UNIT 13 Waves, Sound, and Physical Optics |
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1010 | (176) |
|
Case Study: How do you hear on a can phone! |
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|
1011 | (1) |
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Chapter 21 Mechanical Waves and Sound |
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1012 | (56) |
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21-1 Waves transport energy and momentum from place to place without transporting matter |
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1012 | (3) |
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21-2 Mechanical waves can be transverse, longitudinal, or a combination of these; their speed depends on the properties of the medium |
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1015 | (4) |
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21-3 Sinusoidal waves are related to simple harmonic motion |
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1019 | (10) |
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21-4 Waves pass through each other without changing shape; while they overlap, the net displacement is just the sum of the displacements of the individual waves |
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1029 | (7) |
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21-5 A standing wave is caused by interference between waves traveling in opposite directions |
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1036 | (7) |
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21-6 Wind instruments, the human voice, and the human ear use standing sound waves |
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1043 | (7) |
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21-7 Two sound waves of slightly different frequencies produce beats |
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1050 | (3) |
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21-8 The frequency of a sound depends on the motion of the source and the listener |
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1053 | (15) |
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1062 | (3) |
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1065 | (3) |
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Chapter 22 Electromagnetic Waves and Physical Optics |
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|
1068 | (62) |
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22-1 Light is one example of an electromagnetic wave, and its wave nature explains much about how light behaves |
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1068 | (2) |
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22-2 In an electromagnetic plane wave, electric and magnetic fields both oscillate |
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1070 | (6) |
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22-3 Huygens' principle explains the reflection and refraction of light |
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1076 | (8) |
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22-4 In some cases light undergoes total internal reflection at the boundary between media |
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1084 | (4) |
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22-5 The dispersion of light explains the colors from a prism or a rainbow |
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1088 | (3) |
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22-6 In a polarized light wave the electric field vector points in a specific direction |
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1091 | (6) |
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22-7 Light waves reflected from the surfaces of a thin film can interfere with each other, producing dazzling effects |
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1097 | (7) |
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22-8 Interference can occur when light passes through two narrow, parallel slits |
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1104 | (5) |
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22-9 Diffraction is the spreading of light when it passes through a narrow opening |
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1109 | (7) |
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22-10 The diffraction of light through a circular aperture is important in optics |
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1116 | (14) |
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1123 | (5) |
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|
1128 | (2) |
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Chapter 23 Geometric Optics: Ray Properties of Light |
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|
1130 | (56) |
|
23-1 Mirrors or lenses can be used to form images |
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1130 | (1) |
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23-2 A plane mirror produces an image that is reversed back to front |
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1131 | (4) |
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23-3 A concave mirror can produce an image of a different size than the object |
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1135 | (5) |
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23-4 Simple equations give the position and magnification of the image made by a concave mirror |
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1140 | (6) |
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23-5 A convex mirror always produces an image that is smaller than the object |
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1146 | (2) |
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23-6 The same equations used for concave mirrors also work for convex mirrors |
|
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1148 | (6) |
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23-7 Convex lenses form images like concave mirrors and vice versa |
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1154 | (6) |
|
23-8 The focal length of a lens is determined by its index of refraction and the curvature of its surfaces |
|
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1160 | (7) |
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23-9 A camera and the human eye use different methods to focus on objects at various distances |
|
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1167 | (5) |
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23-10 The concept of angular magnification plays an important role in several optical devices |
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1172 | (14) |
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1181 | (3) |
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1184 | (2) |
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|
1186 | (1) |
|
Case Study: What gives a neon sign its reddish glow? |
|
|
1187 | (1) |
|
Chapter 24 Quantum Physics and Atomic Structure |
|
|
1188 | (1) |
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24-1 Experiments that probe the nature of light and matter reveal the limits of classical physics |
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1188 | (1) |
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24-2 Electromagnetic waves carry both electric and magnetic energy, and come in packets called photons |
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1189 | (8) |
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24-3 The photoelectric effect and blackbody radiation show that light is absorbed and emitted in the form of photons |
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1197 | (7) |
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24-4 As a result of its photon character, light changes wavelength when it is scattered |
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1204 | (5) |
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24-5 Matter, like light, has aspects of both waves and particles |
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1209 | (4) |
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24-6 The spectra of light emitted and absorbed by atoms show that atomic energies are quantized |
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1213 | (7) |
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24-7 Models by Bohr and Schrodinger give insight into the intriguing structure of the atom |
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1220 | (12) |
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24-8 In quantum mechanics, it is impossible to know precisely both a particle's position and its momentum |
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1232 | (13) |
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1240 | (3) |
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1243 | (2) |
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Chapter 25 Nuclear Physics |
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1245 | (52) |
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25-1 The quantum concepts that help explain atoms are essential for understanding the nucleus |
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1245 | (2) |
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25-2 The strong force holds nuclei together |
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1247 | (7) |
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25-3 Some nuclei are more tightly bound and more stable than others |
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1254 | (5) |
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25-4 The largest nuclei can release energy by undergoing fission and splitting apart |
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1259 | (4) |
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25-5 The smallest nuclei can release energy if they are forced to fuse together |
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1263 | (3) |
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25-6 Unstable nuclei may emit alpha, beta, or gamma radiation |
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1266 | (31) |
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1281 | (3) |
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1284 | (2) |
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APv® Physics 2 Practice Exam |
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1286 | (11) |
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Chapter 26 Relativity and an Introduction to Particle Physics |
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1297 | (1) |
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26-1 The concepts of relativity and elementary particles may seem exotic, but they're part of everyday life |
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1297 | (3) |
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26-2 Newton's mechanics includes some ideas of relativity |
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1300 | (5) |
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26-3 The Michelson-Morley experiment shows that light does not obey Newtonian relativity |
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1305 | (3) |
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26-4 Einstein's relativity predicts that the time between events depends on the observer |
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1308 | (7) |
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26-5 Einstein's relativity also predicts that the length of an object depends on the observer |
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1315 | (7) |
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26-6 The speed of light is the ultimate speed limit |
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1322 | (3) |
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26-7 The equations for kinetic energy and momentum must be modified at very high speeds |
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1325 | (6) |
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26-8 Einstein's general theory of relativity describes the fundamental nature of gravity |
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1331 | (4) |
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26-9 Most forms of matter can be explained by just a handful of fundamental particles |
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1335 | (6) |
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26-10 Four fundamental forces describe all interactions between material objects |
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1341 | (13) |
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|
1354 | |
| Math Tutorial |
|
1 | (1) |
| Appendix A SI Units and Conversion Factors |
|
1 | (2) |
| Appendix B Numerical Data |
|
3 | (2) |
| Appendix C Periodic Table of Elements |
|
5 | |
| Glossary/Glosario |
|
1 | (1) |
| Answers to Odd Problems |
|
1 | (1) |
| Index |
|
1 | |
