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E-grāmata: Colloid Science: Theory, Methods and Applications illustrated edition [Wiley Online]

  • Formāts: 304 pages, 62 illustrations
  • Izdošanas datums: 30-Aug-2005
  • Izdevniecība: Wiley-Blackwell (an imprint of John Wiley & Sons Ltd)
  • ISBN-10: 1444305395
  • ISBN-13: 9781444305395
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
  • Wiley Online
  • Cena: 91,16 €*
  • * this price gives unlimited concurrent access for unlimited time
  • Formāts: 304 pages, 62 illustrations
  • Izdošanas datums: 30-Aug-2005
  • Izdevniecība: Wiley-Blackwell (an imprint of John Wiley & Sons Ltd)
  • ISBN-10: 1444305395
  • ISBN-13: 9781444305395
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
The textbook has grown out of an annual one-week course in chemistry that has been held since 1972 at Bristol University. The 14 lectures are intended as a basic introduction to colloid and interface science for students with a first degree in chemistry or physics, or some closely related discipline, who are working in an industrial, government, or academic research-and-development laboratory, and who need the basics of the science for their research. Annotation ©2006 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

Colloidal systems are important across a range of industries, such as the food, pharmaceutical, agrochemical, cosmetics, polymer, paint and oil industries, and form the basis of a wide range of products (eg cosmetics & toiletries, processed foodstuffs and photographic film). A detailed understanding of their formation, control and application is required in those industries, yet many new graduate or postgraduate chemists or chemical engineers have little or no direct experience of colloids.

This book is based on lectures given at the highly successful Bristol Colloid Centre Spring School, designed to provide a thorough introduction to colloid science for industrial chemists, technologists and engineers. The course has attracted a wide range of industrialists from major companies with over 1000 delegates attending in all. This book brings together the BCC Spring School lectures and presents them in a coherent and logical text on practical colloid science. The authors are well known internationally in their respective fields and the book will be uniquely focussed on providing the reader with a detailed understanding of the practical application of colloid science.

Contributors xii
Preface xiii
Introduction xv
Introduction to Colloidal Dispersions
1(13)
Brian Vincent
Introduction
1(2)
Some basic definitions
3(2)
Polydispersity
3(1)
Particle concentration
4(1)
Average particle separation
5(1)
Interfacial area
5(1)
Interfacial structure
5(1)
Preparation of colloidal dispersions
6(3)
Comminution
6(2)
Nucleation and growth
8(1)
Properties of dilute dispersions
9(2)
Properties of concentrated dispersions
11(1)
Control of colloid stability
12(2)
References
13(1)
General textbooks in colloid and surface science
13(1)
Charge in Colloidal Systems
14(22)
Jason Riley
Introduction
14(1)
The origin of surface charge
14(2)
Ionisation of surface groups
15(1)
Ion adsorption
15(1)
Dissolution of ionic solids
16(1)
Isomorphous substitution
16(1)
Potential determining ions
16(1)
The distribution of inert ions at a charged interface
16(13)
The mercury/electrolyte interface
17(2)
The Helmholtz model
19(3)
Gouy--Chapman theory
22(3)
The Stern modification
25(3)
Specific adsorption
28(1)
Inter-particle forces
28(1)
Electrokinetic properties
29(7)
Electrolyte flow
30(1)
Streaming potential measurements
30(1)
Electro-osmosis
31(1)
Electrophoresis
32(3)
Electroacoustic technique
35(1)
References
35(1)
Colloid Stability
36(14)
John Eastman
Introduction
36(1)
The colloidal pair potential
36(6)
Attractive forces
37(1)
Electrostatic repulsion
38(2)
Effect of particle concentration
40(1)
Total potential
40(2)
Criteria for stability
42(4)
Salt concentration
42(1)
Counter-ion valency
43(1)
ζ-potential
44(1)
Particle size
45(1)
Kinetics of coagulation
46(3)
Diffusion limited rapid coagulation
46(1)
Interaction limited coagulation
47(1)
Experimental determination of the ccc
48(1)
Conclusions
49(1)
References
49(1)
Surfactant Aggregation and Adsorption at Interfaces
50(27)
Julian Eastoe
Characteristic features of surfactants
50(1)
Classification and applications of surfactants
51(4)
Types of surfactants
51(2)
Surfactant uses and development
53(2)
Adsorption of surfactants at interfaces
55(7)
Surface tension and surface activity
55(1)
Surface excess and thermodynamics of adsorption
56(4)
Efficiency and effectiveness of surfactant adsorption
60(2)
Surfactant solubility
62(1)
The Krafft temperature
62(1)
The cloud point
63(1)
Micellisation
63(7)
Thermodynamics of micellisation
63(4)
Factors affecting the CMC
67(1)
Structure of micelles and molecular packing
68(2)
Liquid crystalline mesophases
70(7)
Definition
70(2)
Structures
72(1)
Phase diagrams
73(1)
References
74(3)
Microemulsions
77(21)
Julian Eastoe
Microemulsions: definition and history
77(1)
Theory of formation and stability
78(3)
Interfacial tension in microemulsions
78(1)
Kinetic instability
79(2)
Physicochemical properties
81(17)
Predicting microemulsion type
81(4)
Surfactant film properties
85(5)
Microemulsion phase behaviour
90(6)
References
96(2)
Polymers and Polymer Solutions
98(15)
Terence Cosgrove
Introduction
98(1)
Polymerisation
98(2)
Condensation
99(1)
Free radical
99(1)
Ionic methods
99(1)
Copolymers
100(1)
Polymer physical properties
100(2)
Polymer Uses
102(1)
Theoretical models of polymer structure
102(4)
Radius of gyration
103(1)
Worm-like chains
104(1)
Radius of gyration in ideal solution
104(1)
Excluded volume
104(1)
Scaling theory: blobs
105(1)
Polyelectrolytes
106(1)
Measuring polymer molecular weight
106(2)
Polymer solutions
108(5)
References
112(1)
Polymers at Interfaces
113(30)
Terence Cosgrove
Introduction
113(4)
Steric stability
113(1)
The size and shape of polymers in solution
114(2)
Adsorption of small molecules
116(1)
Adsorption of polymers
117(1)
Configurational entropy
117(1)
The Flory surface parameter Xs
117(1)
Models and simulations for terminally attached chains
118(10)
Atomistic modelling
118(1)
Exact enumeration: terminally attached chains
119(2)
Approximate methods: terminally attached chains
121(1)
Scaling models for terminally attached chains
122(1)
Physically adsorbed chains: Scheutjens and Fleer theory
123(3)
Scaling theory for physical adsorption
126(2)
Experimental aspects
128(8)
Volume fraction profiles
128(1)
Adsorption isotherms
128(3)
The bound fraction
131(2)
The layer thickness
133(3)
Copolymers
136(4)
Liquid/liquid interfaces
139(1)
Polymer brushes
140(1)
Conclusions
141(2)
References
141(2)
Effect of Polymers on Colloid Stability
143(16)
Jeroen van Duijneveldt
Introduction
143(1)
Colloid stability
143(1)
Limitations of charge stabilisation
143(1)
Effect of polymers on interactions
144(1)
Particle interaction potential
144(1)
Measuring surface forces
144(1)
Steric stabilisation
145(6)
Theory
145(3)
Steric stabiliser design
148(1)
Marginal solvents
149(2)
Depletion interactions
151(4)
Bridging interactions
155(2)
Conclusion
157(2)
References
157(2)
Wetting of Surfaces
159(21)
Paul Reynolds
Introduction
159(1)
Surfaces and definitions
159(1)
Surface tension
160(1)
Surface energy
161(1)
Contact angles
161(1)
Wetting
162(2)
Liquid spreading and spreading coefficients
164(1)
Cohesion and adhesion
165(1)
Two liquids on a surface
166(2)
Detergency
168(2)
Spreading of a liquid on a liquid
170(2)
Characterisation of a solid surface
172(1)
Polar and dispersive components
172(1)
Polar materials
173(1)
Wettability envelopes
174(2)
Measurement methods
176(2)
Conclusions
178(2)
References
178(2)
Aerosols
180(21)
Jonathan Reid
Introduction
180(4)
Generating and sampling aerosol
184(4)
Generating aerosol
185(1)
Sampling aerosol
186(2)
Determining particle concentration and size
188(7)
Determining number concentration
189(1)
Determining mass concentration
189(1)
Determining particle size
190(5)
Determining particle composition
195(4)
Sampling and off-line analysis
195(1)
Real-time analysis
196(1)
Single particle analysis
197(2)
Concluding remarks
199(2)
References
200(1)
Practical Rheology
201(27)
Roy Hughes
Introduction
201(1)
Making measurements
201(11)
Definitions
201(2)
Designing an experiment
203(3)
Geometries
206(1)
Viscometry
207(3)
Shear thinning and thickening behaviour
210(2)
Rheometry and viscoelasticity
212(7)
Viscoelasticity and Deborah number
212(1)
Oscillation and linearity
212(2)
Creep compliance
214(1)
Liquid and solid behaviour
214(2)
Sedimentation and storage stability
216(3)
Examples of soft materials
219(8)
Simple particles and polymers
220(1)
Networks and functionalisation
221(2)
Polymeric additives
223(2)
Particle additives
225(2)
Summary
227(1)
References
227(1)
Scattering and Reflection Techniques
228(27)
Robert Richardson
Introduction
228(1)
The principle of a scattering experiment
229(1)
Radiation for scattering experiments
230(1)
Light scattering
231(2)
Dynamic light scattering
233(1)
Small angle scattering
234(1)
Sources of radiation
235(1)
Small angle scattering apparatus
235(2)
Scattering and absorption by atoms
237(1)
Scattering length density
237(2)
Small angle scattering from a dispersion
239(1)
Form factor for spherical particle
240(1)
Determining particle size from SANS and SAXS
240(1)
Guinier plots to determine radius of gyration
241(1)
Determination of particle shape
242(1)
Polydispersity
242(1)
Determination of particle size distribution
242(2)
Alignment of anisotropic particles
244(1)
Concentrated dispersions
245(1)
Contrast variation using SANS
246(1)
High Q limit: Porod law
247(3)
Introduction to X-ray and neutron reflection
250(1)
Reflection experiment
250(1)
A simple example of a reflection measurement
251(1)
Conclusion
252(3)
References
253(2)
Optical Manipulation
255(11)
Paul Bartlett
Introduction
255(1)
Manipulating matter with light
255(3)
Force generation in optical tweezers
258(2)
Nanofabrication
260(1)
Single particle dynamics
261(4)
Measuring nanometre displacements
261(1)
Brownian fluctuations in an optical trap
262(1)
Dynamical complexity in colloidal gels
263(2)
Conclusions
265(1)
References
265(1)
Electron Microscopy
266(17)
Sean Davis
General features of (electron) optical imaging systems
266(2)
Conventional TEM
268(7)
Background
268(1)
Practical aspects
268(1)
Polymer latex particles
269(1)
Core/shell particles
270(2)
Internal structure
272(3)
Conventional SEM
275(6)
Background
275(1)
Types of signal
275(1)
Practical aspects
275(6)
Summary
281(2)
References
282(1)
Index 283


Editor: Prof Terence CosgroveDepartment of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK