Preface |
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xiii | |
Author |
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xvii | |
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1 | (8) |
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2 | (2) |
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1.2 Interfaces Are Closely Related to Colloids |
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4 | (1) |
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1.3 Colloid and Interface Science in a Historical Perspective |
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4 | (2) |
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1.4 Classification of Colloidal Systems |
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6 | (3) |
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Suggestions for Further Reading |
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8 | (1) |
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Chapter 2 Colloidal Particles: Shapes and Size Distributions |
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9 | (10) |
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2.1 Shapes ticle Size Distributions |
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10 | (4) |
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14 | (2) |
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2.4 Specific Surface Area |
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16 | (3) |
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17 | (1) |
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Suggestions for Further Reading |
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18 | (1) |
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Chapter 3 Some Thermodynamic Principles and Relations, with Special Attention to Interfaces |
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19 | (28) |
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3.1 Energy, Work, and Heat: The First Law of Thermodynamics |
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20 | (1) |
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3.2 The Second Law of Thermodynamics: Entropy |
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21 | (1) |
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3.3 Reversible Processes: Definition of Intensive Variables |
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22 | (1) |
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3.4 Introduction of Other Functions of State: Maxwell Relation |
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23 | (2) |
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3.5 Molar Properties and Partial Molar Properties: Dependence of the Chemical Potential on Temperature, Pressure, and Composition of the System |
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25 | (2) |
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3.6 Criteria for Equilibrium: Osmotic Pressure |
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27 | (3) |
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3.7 Phase Equilibria, Partitioning, Solubilization, and Chemical Equilibrium |
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30 | (2) |
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30 | (1) |
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3.7.2 Partitioning and Solubilization |
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31 | (1) |
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3.7.3 Chemical Equilibrium |
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32 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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3.9 Excess Nature of Interfacial Thermodynamic Quantities: The Gibbs Dividing Plane |
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33 | (5) |
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3.10 Gibbs--Duhem Relation |
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38 | (1) |
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3.11 Gibbs Adsorption Equation |
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38 | (2) |
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3.12 Some Applications of the Gibbs Adsorption Equation |
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40 | (3) |
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3.12.1 Adsorption of (Ionic) Surfactants |
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40 | (1) |
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3.12.2 Adsorption of (Bio)poly triers |
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41 | (1) |
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3.12.3 Adsorption of Uncharged Compounds at a Charged Interface |
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42 | (1) |
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43 | (4) |
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44 | (1) |
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Suggestions for Further Reading |
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45 | (2) |
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47 | (14) |
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4.1 Phenomenological Aspects of Water |
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48 | (4) |
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4.2 Molecular Properties of Water |
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52 | (2) |
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54 | (7) |
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55 | (1) |
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4.3.2 Noncharged Components |
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56 | (3) |
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59 | (1) |
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Suggestions for Further Reading |
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60 | (1) |
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Chapter 5 Interfacial Tension |
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61 | (18) |
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5.1 Interfacial Tension: Phenomenological Aspects |
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62 | (1) |
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5.2 Interfacial Tension as a Force: Mechanical Definition of Interfacial Tension |
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63 | (1) |
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5.3 Interfacial Tension as an Interfacial (Gibbs) Energy: Thermodynamic Definition of Interfacial Tension |
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64 | (3) |
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5.4 Operational Restrictions of Interfacial Tension |
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67 | (1) |
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5.4.1 Interfacial Tension of Solids |
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67 | (1) |
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5.4.2 Constant Composition |
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67 | (1) |
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5.4.3 Dynamic Interfacial Tension |
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68 | (1) |
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5.5 Interfacial Tension and the Works of Cohesion and Adhesion |
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68 | (1) |
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5.6 Molecular Interpretation of Interfacial Tension |
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69 | (10) |
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5.6.1 Nearest-Neighbor Interactions |
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69 | (3) |
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5.6.2 Relations between Interfacial Tension γαβ and Surface Tensions γα and γβ |
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72 | (3) |
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75 | (2) |
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Suggestions for Further Reading |
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77 | (2) |
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Chapter 6 Curvature and Capillarity |
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79 | (16) |
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6.1 Capillary Pressure: The Young--Laplace Equation |
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80 | (4) |
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82 | (2) |
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6.2 Some Consequences of Capillary Pressure |
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84 | (3) |
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6.3 Curvature and Chemical Potential: Kelvin's Law and Ostwald's Law |
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87 | (3) |
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6.4 Curvature and Nucleation |
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90 | (5) |
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92 | (2) |
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Suggestions for Further Reading |
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94 | (1) |
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Chapter 7 Monolayers at Fluid Interfaces |
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95 | (18) |
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7.1 The Interfacial Pressure |
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97 | (1) |
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7.2 Gibbs and Langmuir's Monolayers: Equations of State |
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98 | (1) |
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7.3 Formation of Monolayers |
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98 | (2) |
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7.4 Pressure--Area Isotherms of Langmuir's Monolayers: Two-Dimensional Phases |
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100 | (5) |
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7.4.1 Influence of the Temperature on the π(A) Isotherm |
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103 | (2) |
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7.5 Transfer of Monolayers to Solid Surfaces: Langmuir--Blodgelt and Langmuir--Schaefer Films |
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105 | (3) |
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7.6 Covalent Organic Monolayers |
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108 | (5) |
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7.6.1 Alkyl Thiols on Noble Metals |
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108 | (1) |
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7.6.2 Alkyl Silanes on Oxides |
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108 | (1) |
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7.6.3 Alkenes on Silicon and Silica |
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109 | (1) |
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109 | (2) |
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Suggestions for Further Reading |
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111 | (2) |
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Chapter 8 Wetting of Solid Surfaces |
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113 | (18) |
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8.1 Contact Angle: Equation of Young and Dupre |
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114 | (1) |
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8.2 Some Complications in the Establishment of the Contact Angle: Hysteresis, Surface Heterogeneity, and Roughness |
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115 | (2) |
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8.3 Wetting and Adhesion: Determination of Surface Polarity |
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117 | (2) |
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8.4 Approximation of the Surface Tension of a Solid: The Critical Surface Tension of Wetting |
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119 | (2) |
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119 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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8.5 Wetting by Solutions Containing Surfactants |
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121 | (1) |
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8.6 Capillary Penetration |
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121 | (2) |
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8.7 Some Practical Applications and Implications of Wetting: Impregnation, Flotation, Pickering Stabilization, and Cleansing |
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123 | (8) |
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123 | (1) |
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124 | (1) |
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8.7.3 Pickering Stabilization |
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125 | (1) |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (2) |
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Suggestions for Further Reading |
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129 | (2) |
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Chapter 9 Electrochemistry of Interfaces |
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131 | (24) |
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132 | (6) |
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138 | (1) |
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9.3 The Gibbs Energy of an Electrical Double Layer |
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139 | (2) |
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9.4 Models for the Electrical Double Layer |
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141 | (7) |
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9.4.1 The Molecular Condenser |
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141 | (1) |
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9.4.2 The Diffuse Double Layer |
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142 | (3) |
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9.4.3 The Gouy--Chapman--Stern Model |
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145 | (3) |
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9.5 Donnan Effect, Donnan Equilibrium, Colloidal Osmotic Pressure, and Membrane Potential |
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148 | (7) |
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152 | (2) |
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Suggestions for Further Reading |
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154 | (1) |
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Chapter 10 Electrokinetic Phenomena |
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155 | (20) |
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10.1 The Plane of Shear: The Zeta Potential |
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156 | (1) |
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10.2 Derivation of the Zeta Potential from Electrokinetic Phenomena |
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157 | (7) |
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157 | (3) |
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160 | (2) |
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10.2.3 Streaming Current and Streaming Potential |
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162 | (2) |
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10.3 Some Complications in Deriving the Zeta Potential |
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164 | (5) |
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10.3.1 Surface Conduction |
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165 | (1) |
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10.3.2 Viscoelectric Effect |
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165 | (2) |
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10.3.3 Permeable Surface Layer Containing Fixed Charges |
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167 | (2) |
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10.4 Interpretation of the Zeta Potential |
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169 | (1) |
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10.5 Applications of Electrokinetic Phenomena |
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170 | (5) |
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172 | (2) |
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Suggestions for Further Reading |
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174 | (1) |
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Chapter 11 Self-Assembly of Amphiphilic Molecules |
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175 | (26) |
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11.1 Self-Assembly as Phase Separation |
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177 | (2) |
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11.2 Different Types of Self-Assembled Structures |
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179 | (2) |
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11.3 Aggregation as a "Start--Stop" Process: Size and Shape of Self-Assembled Structures |
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181 | (3) |
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11.4 Mass Action Model for Micellization |
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184 | (3) |
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11.5 Factors That Influence the Critical Micelle Concentration |
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187 | (1) |
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188 | (3) |
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191 | (2) |
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193 | (3) |
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11.9 Self-Assembled Structures in Applications |
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196 | (5) |
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198 | (2) |
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Suggestions for Further Reading |
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200 | (1) |
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201 | (24) |
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12.1 Polymers in Solution |
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203 | (3) |
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12.2 Conformations of Dissolved Polymer Molecules |
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206 | (1) |
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12.3 Coil-Like Polymer Conformations |
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207 | (3) |
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12.4 Semi-Dilute and Concentrated Polymer Solutions |
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210 | (1) |
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211 | (3) |
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12.6 Phase Separations in Polymer Solutions: Complex Coacervation |
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214 | (5) |
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12.6.1 Polyelectrolyle Multilayers |
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216 | (1) |
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12.6.2 Complex Coacervate Core Micelles |
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217 | (2) |
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219 | (1) |
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220 | (5) |
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223 | (1) |
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Suggestions for Further Reading |
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224 | (1) |
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225 | (30) |
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13.1 The Amino Acids in Proteins |
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226 | (5) |
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13.2 The Three-Dimensional Structure of Protein Molecules in Aqueous Solution |
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231 | (4) |
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13.3 Noncovalent Interactions That Determine the Structure of a Protein Molecule in Water |
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235 | (8) |
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13.3.1 Hydrophobic Interaction |
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236 | (1) |
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13.3.2 Electrostatic Interactions |
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237 | (1) |
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13.3.2.1 Ion-Pair Formation |
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237 | (1) |
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13.3.2.2 Charge Distribution |
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238 | (2) |
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13.3.3 Dipolar Interactions |
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240 | (1) |
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13.3.4 Dispersion Interactions |
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241 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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13.3.6 Bond Lengths and Angles |
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243 | (1) |
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13.4 Stability of Protein Structure in Aqueous Solution |
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243 | (2) |
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13.5 Thermodynamic Analysis of Protein Structure Stability |
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245 | (5) |
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13.6 Reversibility of Protein Denaturation: Aggregation of Unfolded Protein Molecules |
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250 | (5) |
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251 | (2) |
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Suggestions for Further Reading |
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253 | (2) |
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255 | (22) |
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14.1 Adsorbent--Adsorbate Interactions |
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257 | (2) |
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259 | (2) |
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14.2.1 Transport toward the Interface |
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259 | (1) |
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14.2.2 Interaction with the Interface: Attachment and Detachment |
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259 | (2) |
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14.3 Adsorption Equilibrium |
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261 | (9) |
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14.3.1 Configuration Entropy |
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262 | (1) |
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4.3.2 Interaction Entropy |
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263 | (2) |
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14.3.3 Nearest-Neighbor Interactions |
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265 | (2) |
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267 | (1) |
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14.3.5 Adsorption of Ions |
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268 | (2) |
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270 | (2) |
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14.5 Applications of Adsorption |
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272 | (5) |
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273 | (2) |
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Suggestions for Further Reading |
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275 | (2) |
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Chapter 15 Adsorption of (Bio)Polymers, with Special Emphasis on Globular Proteins |
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277 | (28) |
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279 | (6) |
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15.2 Morphology of the Interface |
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285 | (1) |
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15.3 Relaxation of the Adsorbed Molecule |
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285 | (1) |
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15.4 Adsorption Affinity: Adsorption Isotherm |
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286 | (4) |
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286 | (2) |
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288 | (2) |
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15.5 Driving Forces for Adsorption of Globular Proteins |
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290 | (6) |
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15.5.1 Interaction between Electrical Double Layers |
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291 | (2) |
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15.5.2 Dispersion Interaction |
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293 | (1) |
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15.5.3 Changes in the State of Hydration |
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294 | (1) |
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15.5.4 Rearrangements in the Protein Structure |
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295 | (1) |
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15.6 Reversibility of the Protein Adsorption Process: Desorption and Exchange |
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296 | (2) |
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15.7 Competitive Protein Adsorption |
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298 | (7) |
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299 | (3) |
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Suggestions for Further Reading |
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302 | (3) |
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Chapter 16 Stability of Lyophobic Colloids against Aggregation |
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305 | (30) |
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16.1 Forces Operating between Colloidal Particles |
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307 | (8) |
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16.1.1 London--van der Waals Forces or Dispersion Forces |
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307 | (3) |
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16.1.2 Electrical Double Layer Forces |
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310 | (4) |
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16.1.3 Short-Range Forces |
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314 | (1) |
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16.2 DLVO Theory of Colloid Stability |
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315 | (4) |
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16.2.1 Critical Coagulation Concentration |
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317 | (2) |
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16.3 Influence of Polymers on Colloidal Stability |
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319 | (5) |
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16.3.1 Nonadsorbing Polymers: Depletion Flocculation |
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319 | (2) |
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16.3.2 Adsorbing Polymers: Bridging Flocculation and Steric Stabilization |
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321 | (3) |
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16.4 Aggregation Kinetics |
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324 | (4) |
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16.5 Morphology of Colloidal Aggregates |
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328 | (7) |
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330 | (3) |
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Suggestions for Further Reading |
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333 | (2) |
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Chapter 17 Rheology, with Special Attention to Dispersions and Interfaces |
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335 | (22) |
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17.1 Rheological Properties |
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338 | (3) |
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17.1.1 Compression at All Sides |
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338 | (1) |
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17.1.2 Elongation in One Direction |
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339 | (1) |
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339 | (2) |
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17.2 Classification of Materials Based on Their Rheological Behavior |
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341 | (3) |
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17.2.1 Time-Independent Behavior |
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341 | (1) |
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17.2.2 Time-Dependent Behavior |
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342 | (2) |
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17.3 Viscosity of Diluted Liquid Dispersions |
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344 | (6) |
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344 | (3) |
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17.3.2 Uncharged Polymers |
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347 | (1) |
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348 | (2) |
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17.4 Interfacial Rheology |
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350 | (7) |
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17.4.1 Dilation or Compression |
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350 | (1) |
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351 | (2) |
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353 | (2) |
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Suggestions for Further Reading |
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355 | (2) |
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Chapter 18 Emulsions and Foams |
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357 | (18) |
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18.1 Phenomenological Aspects |
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358 | (1) |
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18.2 Emulsification and Foaming |
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359 | (2) |
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18.3 Emulsion and Foam Stability |
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361 | (10) |
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18.3.1 Sedimentation and Creaming |
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362 | (1) |
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363 | (2) |
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365 | (1) |
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365 | (3) |
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368 | (3) |
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18.4 Modulation of the Coarseness and Stability of Emulsions and Foams |
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371 | (4) |
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372 | (1) |
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Suggestions for Further Reading |
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373 | (2) |
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Chapter 19 Physicochemical Properties of Biological Membranes |
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375 | (16) |
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19.1 Structure and Dynamics of Biomembranes |
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377 | (2) |
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19.2 Electrochemical Properties of Biomembranes |
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379 | (2) |
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19.3 Transport in Biological Membranes |
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381 | (5) |
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19.4 Transmembrane Potential |
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386 | (5) |
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388 | (2) |
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Suggestions for Further Reading |
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390 | (1) |
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391 | |
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20.1 A Qualitative Description of Biofilm Formation |
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393 | (2) |
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395 | (2) |
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20.3 Physieochernical Models for Cell Deposition and Adhesion |
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397 | (5) |
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397 | (1) |
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20.3.2 Stability of Lyophobic Colloids |
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398 | (3) |
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20.3.3 Balance of Interfacial Tensions: The Wetting Approach |
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401 | (1) |
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20.4 Surface Modification to Reduce (Bio)Adhesion |
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402 | (4) |
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20.4.1 Positively Charged Surfaces |
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402 | (1) |
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20.4.2 Low Surface Free Energy Coatings |
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403 | (1) |
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20.4.3 Polymer Brush Coatings |
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403 | (3) |
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20.5 General Thermodynamic Analysis of Particle Adhesion |
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406 | |
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409 | (1) |
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Suggestions for Further Reading |
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410 | (3) |
Appendix: Solutions to Exercises |
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413 | (54) |
Index |
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467 | |