The Companion Encyclopedia of Geography provides an authoritative and provocative source of reference for all those concerned with the earth and its people. Examining both physical and human geography and charting human activities within their habitat up to the present day, this Companion also asks what lies in the future: * A differentiated world * A world transformed by the growth of a global economy * The global scale of habitat modification * A world of questions * Changing worlds, changing geographies * Geographical futures. The forty-five self contained chapters are bound into a unifying whole by the editors' general and part introductions; each chapter provides details of the most useful sources of further reading and research, and the volume is concluded with a comprehensive index. This is an invaluable resource not only for students, teachers and researchers in the academic domain but also professionals in interested commercial and public-sector organisations.
Preface ix The Contributors xiii General Introduction 1(10) Richard Huggett Mike Robinson PART I: A DIFFERENTIATED WORLD Introduction 11(4) Richard Huggett Mike Robinson Planet Earth 15(29) Cliff D. Ollier The ever-changing climate 44(23) Andrew Goudie The biosphere 67(19) Alfred G. Fischer Human evolution 86(21) Bernard Wood The geography of language 107(13) William C. Brice Religion: nature and origins 120(17) E. Geoffrey Parrinder The modification of the earth by humans in pre-industrial times 137(25) I. G. Simmons PART II: A WORLD TRANSFORMED BY THE GROWTH OF A GLOBAL ECONOMY Introduction 159(3) Richard Huggett Mike Robinson European Settlement, 1450--1750 162(20) Len Guelke Jeanne Kay European expansion and land cover transformation 182(24) Michael Williams The origins of the capitalist world economy 206(22) John Langton Industrialization and world agriculture 228(21) Brian W. Ilbery Ian R. Bowler Changes in global demography 249(25) John I. Clarke Origins of modern environmentalism 274(19) J. M. Powell The saviour city: beneficial effects of urbanization in England and Wales 293(17) Brian T. Robson From a `cultural world to a `political one 310(22) Paul Claval PART III: THE GLOBAL SCALE OF HABITAT MODIFICATION Introduction 329(3) Richard Huggett Mike Robinson Unity and division in global political geography 332(21) Peter Taylor The geography of conflicts and the prospects for peace 353(17) John OLoughlin A new `geo-economy: patterns, processes, problems 370(21) Peter Dicken Third World urbanization 391(17) Alan Gilbert From riches to rags: the international debt crisis 408(22) Stuart Corbridge Monitoring, modelling and mothering the environment: the impact of science and technology since the Second World War 430(19) Richard Huggett Environmentalism on the move 449(33) Timothy ORiordan PART IV: A WORLD OF QUESTIONS Introduction 479(3) Richard Huggett Mike Robinson Climatic variation and global change 482(26) F. Kenneth Hare Ocean uses, environment and management 508(18) Alastair D. Couper Water: confronting the critical dilemma 526(27) Peter Crabb Surface instability and human modification in geomorphic systems 553(20) Jonathan D. Phillips William H. Renwick The tropical rain forest 573(26) John R. Flenley Humanitys resources 599(21) I. G. Simmons Environmental hazards 620(31) John Whittow The sustainability of sustenance: land and agricultural production in the Third World 651(26) William C. Clarke Famines and surplus in world food production 677(25) David Grigg The nature of Third World cities 702(28) David Drakakis-Smith Western cities and their problems 730(22) David T. Herbert Changing countrysides 752(20) Hugh Clout The quality of life: human welfare and social justice 772(22) David M. Smith PART V: CHANGING WORLDS, CHANGING GEOGRAPHIES Introduction 793(1) Richard Huggett Mike Robinson The expansion and fragmentation of geography in higher education 794(24) R. J. Johnston Achievements of spatial science 818(19) Arild Holt-Jensen Geography and humanism in the late twentieth century 837(23) Anne Buttimer Structural themes in geographical discourse 860(28) Richard Peet Challenging the boundaries: survival and change in a gendered world 888(18) Janice Monk Place 906(20) Edward Relph PART VI: GEOGRAPHICAL FUTURES Introduction 925(1) Richard Huggett Mike Robinson Concern for geography: a case for equal emphasis of the geographical traditions 926(13) Adetoye Faniran Home and world, cosmopolitanism and ethnicity: key concepts in contemporary human geography 939(13) Yi-Fu Tuan Palaeoenvironmental narrative and scenario science 952(13) Frank Oldfield Geographical futures: some personal speculations 965(9) Peter Haggett Index 974
IAN DOUGLAS is Professor of Physical Geography at the University of Manchester, England. He gained his BA and BLitt at Balliol College, University of Oxford, and his PhD at the Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. From 1966 to 1971 he was a lecturer in Geography at the University of Hull, and from 1971 to 1978 he was Professor of Geography at the University of New England, Australia. RICHARD J. HUGGETT is a Senior Lecturer in Geography at the University of Manchester, England. He studied geography at University College London, both as an undergraduate and postgraduate. After a brief spell as a geography teacher at the Haberdashers Askes School, Elstree, he moved to his current post. His research interests include catastrophism, neodiluvialism, geoecology, mathematical modelling in the environmental and physical geographical sciences, and the history of ideas in the environmental and physical geographical sciences. MIKE ROBINSON has been a Lecturer in Geography at the University of Manchester, England, since 1970. He gained his BA from the University of Leicester in 1963 and his PhD from the Australian National University in 1967. He has been at the University of Manchester since 1967: to 1968 as a Demonstrator in Geography, from 1968 to 1970 as an Assistant Lecturer, and from 1970 as a Lecturer. From 1985 to 1987 he held a visiting appointment as a part-time Lecturer in Geography at De La Salle College. In 1993, with Dr D.W.Shim well, he was responsible for the establishment of the Palaeoecological Research Unit at the University of Manchester.
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